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搶分秘籍03閱讀理解

(主旨大意+推理判斷+細(xì)節(jié)理解+詞義猜測(cè))

目錄

【高考預(yù)測(cè)】(閱讀理解)主旨大意+推理判斷+細(xì)節(jié)理解+詞義猜測(cè)01

【思維導(dǎo)圖】閱讀理解考點(diǎn)考向思維導(dǎo)圖02

【應(yīng)試秘籍】閱讀理解??键c(diǎn)及應(yīng)對(duì)的策略02

【誤區(qū)點(diǎn)撥】閱讀理解點(diǎn)撥常見的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)02

【搶分通關(guān)】閱讀理解押題新高考方向,講解通關(guān)策略(含新考法)19

【模擬新題練】19

【押題演練】25

高考預(yù)測(cè)

概率預(yù)測(cè)☆☆☆☆☆

題型預(yù)測(cè)閱讀理解一一主旨大意+推理判斷+細(xì)節(jié)理解+詞義猜測(cè)

主旨大意+推理判斷+細(xì)節(jié)理解+詞義猜測(cè)

考向預(yù)測(cè)

☆☆☆☆☆

【思維導(dǎo)圖】

文章標(biāo)題

段落大意

主旨大意

文章大意

引申推斷

作者的寫作意圖

文章出處

人和事物特征

推斷單詞的意思

推斷短語(yǔ)的意思

推斷代詞指代的意思

直接信息題

細(xì)節(jié)理解間接信息題

一、主旨大意題

應(yīng)試秘籍

秘籍:主旨大意題分為歸納文章標(biāo)題、段落大意和文章大意。標(biāo)題歸納題屬于文章中心思想的精煉表達(dá)。

標(biāo)題具有以下特征:①概括性:能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨;②針對(duì)性:內(nèi)涵相符,范圍一致;③新穎

性:新穎奇特,吸引眼球;④精準(zhǔn)性:不改變?cè)牡囊馑己透星樯盛莺?jiǎn)短性:名詞短語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或祈

使句。

段落大意題解題時(shí)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注段落第一句,段落第一句往往是段落的主旨句,有時(shí)會(huì)和段落結(jié)尾句首尾呼應(yīng)。

文章大意題解答時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注文章第一段和最后一段。第一段往往會(huì)點(diǎn)明文章的主要內(nèi)容和線索,有時(shí)

在各個(gè)段落的主旨句中也可以提煉文章的大意。

誤區(qū)點(diǎn)撥

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1:文章標(biāo)題的常見錯(cuò)誤(①斷章取義;②以偏概全)

I—I

典例精講

(2025年1月?浙江卷)Anoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.

Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,and

evensomeofthedesigning.Eschewingfertilizers(化月巴)andpowertools,ifsbasedonanelegantlysimple

principle:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.

TheconceptwasbomwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarII

inareproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.Plannerscreatedplantingmixesthatcouldbeused

modularly(模塊化).Inamatrixgarden,plantswithsimilarculturalneedsaregroupedsothattheywillgrow

togetheraboveandbelowground,formingacooperativeecosystemthatconserveswateranddiscouragesweeds.

DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolFsgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstothe

plantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfour-seasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.

Beautifulyear-round,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundofgrassesinthegentlewindto

thesculptureofodd-lookingseedheads.

Ittakesalotofthoughttolookthisnatural.Whilematrixgardensappearwild,theyarecarefullyplanned,

withculturalneedsthefirstconsideration.Ledbytheconceptof"rightplant,rightplace,“theymatchplantsthat

enjoythesamesoil,sunandweatherconditions,andarrangethemaccordingtotheirpatternsofgrowth.

Thebenefitsaresubstantialforbothgardenerandplanet.Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,the

garden9secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemost

gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.Comparedtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,

reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.

31.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ThefutureofgardeningisWILD.B.NaturetreatsalllivesasEQUALS.

C.MatrixgardensneedmoreCARE.D.OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS.

這是一個(gè)很容易做錯(cuò)的一個(gè)高考典例,有些同學(xué)選D.OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS,他們從文章找到

了Comparedtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,reducestormwaterrunoffandboost

habitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.,認(rèn)為Oldgardenplots是traditionalgardenplots的改寫,有些相似之處,

就以為找到了答案,沒(méi)有認(rèn)真分析哪里來(lái)的workWONDERS;有些同學(xué)從文中找到了matrixgardens就選C

MatrixgardensneedmoreCARE,但不口文中的Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegive

mostgardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.相悖,故錯(cuò)誤。選標(biāo)題時(shí)一定要從文章整體把握,切不可斷

章取義、以偏概全。

1.解題技巧:

關(guān)鍵詞法反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ),多次重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)就是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞

主題句法根據(jù)文章主題句,確定中心詞充當(dāng)標(biāo)題

串聯(lián)法分析文章細(xì)節(jié),確定共同點(diǎn),如同穿珠般,串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點(diǎn),確定標(biāo)題

逆向法根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng),考慮其可能內(nèi)容,對(duì)照原文,最相似者為最佳選項(xiàng)

2.思維方法:

要首先找出文章的主題句,然后根據(jù)文章主題句確定文章標(biāo)題,如果沒(méi)有主題句再尋找全文重復(fù)性強(qiáng)

的關(guān)鍵詞或者概括全文。

①正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上,揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨;

②反面否定法:撇開原文,設(shè)想各選項(xiàng)寫出來(lái)應(yīng)是什么樣的文章,然后和原文比對(duì),逐一排除不符項(xiàng);

③研讀備選項(xiàng):認(rèn)真研讀備選項(xiàng)里的中心詞、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性、修飾詞的變化,查看與中心思想是否相符。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2:文章的段落大意定位不準(zhǔn)

I—I

典例精講

(2025年1月?浙江卷)D篇Martinseesasilverlining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism

(擬人化)""providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes.^^Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadership1汰e

runningcompanies,itreducesnegativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbe

createdtotakeonstereotype-inconsistentroles-amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelps

docalculations,forinstance.

35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?

A.Thequalityofgenderlessproducts.B.Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.

C.Themeaningofanthropomorphism.D.Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.

解題技巧:

段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思,是對(duì)一個(gè)段落的基本內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段

落大意就是用準(zhǔn)確的、簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言把一個(gè)段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來(lái)。

做題時(shí)要特別注意“首尾兼顧”,即所問(wèn)段落的首句和尾句。一是因?yàn)樗鼈兺w現(xiàn)主旨要義,二是因?yàn)?/p>

利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架,在框架下的主旨判斷,其準(zhǔn)確性更高。

總分式(總一段落首句為主題句,段落其他各句是例子

分/總分總)或論證

L段落開頭是舉例子或?qū)訉油七M(jìn)的論述,段

尸尾才是段落主題句

段落開頭列舉具體事例,通過(guò)事例得出結(jié)

[分總分式卜論,這個(gè)結(jié)論就是段落主題句,后面的內(nèi)容

只是繼續(xù)或拓展該結(jié)論

無(wú)主題段落雖無(wú)主題句,但可通過(guò)一些關(guān)鍵詞或

句式相似結(jié)構(gòu)歸納出段落主題句

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3:文章大意把握不準(zhǔn)

典例精講

(2024?新高考II卷)C篇

Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksof

travelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer^marketsareasolidchoicetoreduce

thejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.

BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuch

asahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyof

freshgreens.

Specifically,ifsafarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotely

monitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,

itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystem

providesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod

(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.

Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit'seatenmeanszeroemissions(NF放)fromtransporting

plantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there5snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarms

andthesurroundingenvironment.

BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Inside

theoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.

“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,9,saidaBMFemployee.

11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.BMF'smajorstrengths.B.BMF'sgeneralmanagement.

C.BMF'sglobalinfluence.D.BMF'stechnicalstandards.

甘國(guó)因國(guó)圓

本文的文章大意需要從文中各段進(jìn)行總結(jié),最后總結(jié)概括文章大意。

文章在不同的段落里說(shuō)明了巴比倫微型農(nóng)場(chǎng)的特點(diǎn):減少食物運(yùn)輸距離、通過(guò)云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動(dòng)

化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等,很顯然這都是農(nóng)場(chǎng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。故A選項(xiàng)正

確。它是對(duì)全文的高度概括,語(yǔ)言精練。

」圖圖圖國(guó)

文章大意解題指導(dǎo)

方法1:主題句法

解答主旨大意題,找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。

(1)根據(jù)文體和寫作手法來(lái)定位主題句

(2)根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來(lái)定位主題句

轉(zhuǎn)折詞如but,however,infact,actually等時(shí),其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。

總結(jié)詞如therefore,thus,inshort,conclude等,其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題。

疑問(wèn)句若首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí),對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答可能是文章的主題。

方法2:高頻詞法

全文中無(wú)明顯主題句時(shí),我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的,因

此,有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞,即高頻詞,也叫做主題詞。抓住了它,便

容易抓住文章的中心。

方法3:逆向思維法

在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去都十分正確無(wú)法選擇時(shí),試著從選項(xiàng)出發(fā),想象一下如果自己以此選項(xiàng)來(lái)寫文章會(huì)

有哪些內(nèi)容,然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較,接近的即為正確選項(xiàng)。

二、推理判斷題

應(yīng)試秘籍

推理判斷題包括隱含意義推斷題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度、文章出處或?qū)懽鲗?duì)象、.目的意圖和下文預(yù)測(cè)推斷題。推理判

斷題的命題選項(xiàng)采用的方法:

同義替換對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換,最終成為正確選項(xiàng)

正話反說(shuō)把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。

語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化把原文中復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化,設(shè)置為答案。

具有概括性,用精練的語(yǔ)言概括原文中分散的或復(fù)雜的信息,考查考生的

信息歸納

概括和歸納能力

改變?cè)~性或語(yǔ)態(tài)改變?cè)闹攸c(diǎn)詞性或語(yǔ)態(tài),給考生制造了某些障礙。

特殊句式使用特殊句式如虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝句、雙重否定等增加句子理解難度。

國(guó)國(guó)國(guó)圖

注意:比較級(jí)后面常有than,有時(shí)前面會(huì)有any,much,far,even,still,abit等修飾其程度。

誤區(qū)點(diǎn)撥

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1:對(duì)人物和事件的描述出錯(cuò)

I—I

典例精講

1.(2025年1月?浙江卷)C篇DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolFsgardenspopularizedthisstyle,

addingartisticflavorstotheplantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfour-seasoninterestand

servingtheneedsofwildlife.Beautifulyear-round,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundof

grassesinthegentlewindtothesculptureofodd-lookingseedheads.

30.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesPietOudolf'sgardens?

A.Traditional.B.Odd-looking.

C.Tasteful.D.Well-protected.

2.(2025年1月浙江卷)

FvebeentryingoutthesestrategiesandI'vefoundthatwhenI'mlessrestrictive,theydomakebetter

decisions.""Feedingisalonggame,^^saysMarkey.46Thefoodyouhaveavailablemakesahugedifference.Evenif

theydon'teatit,they9reseeingit.Andthenallofasuddenitclicks.”

27.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthestrategiesshehasbeenfollowing?

A.Costly.B.Complex.C.Workable.D.Contradictory.

如何判斷人物和事件的特征

(1)思維導(dǎo)圖

征grateful感激的;helpful有幫助的;innovative創(chuàng)新的;

positive積極的;ashamed慚愧的;regretful后悔的;

disappointed失望的;amazed吃驚的;satisfied滿意的;

disappointed失望的;shocked震驚的;pleased滿意的;

indifferent冷漠的;sorrowfiil悲傷的;sympathetic同情

的;sensitive敏感的。

(2)人物和事件特征的設(shè)問(wèn)方式

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes..?

2.Accordingtothetext,whichwordscanbestdescribe..?

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribe..accordingtoParagraph...?

4.Howwouldtheauthorfeelabouttheoutcomeoftheevent?

5.Whatdidtheauthorthinkof..?

(3)解題技巧

把描述人物的性格特征的詞一一列出,基本上考題不會(huì)超出這些詞匯,考前把它們的意思記熟。預(yù)測(cè)每個(gè)

詞需要和什么樣的事跡相對(duì)應(yīng),這樣在考場(chǎng)上就能迅速地找到答案。對(duì)這種題要迅速解決,以給其他試題

提供做題時(shí)間。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2:寫作態(tài)度易錯(cuò)

1.(2024■全國(guó)甲卷)

Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain'sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups."Iwasveryimpressed

bythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,,,

saysDucke."Theywerethebestchanceformanyraralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.5,

31.WhatisDucke5sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas'services?

A.Appreciative.B.DoubtfulC.Ambiguous.D.Cautious.

2.(2023?新高考全國(guó)I卷?閱讀理解D篇)

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroup

membersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Did

theyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominant

response.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.^Somehow,these

argumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashave

limitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingare

enormous.

()35.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas5studies?

A.Unclear.

B.Dismissive.

C.Doubtful.

D.Approving.

甘印打圓o

解題方法:

做此類題目必須透過(guò)文章的字面意義去理解。作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)無(wú)非也就是三種:支持、贊同、樂(lè)觀;

反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀;中立、客觀。作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)常用一些形容詞、副詞和不定意義的動(dòng)詞來(lái)表

達(dá),如possible,impossible,seem,strange等。這時(shí)需要注意的是:一定要理清作者所列舉的事例與其觀點(diǎn)、

態(tài)度是一致的還是相反的。有些文章作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度隱含在文章的字里行間,需要通讀全文,才能做出正

確的判斷。注意熟悉一些常見的有關(guān)作者情感、態(tài)度的詞語(yǔ)。

褒義詞有:supportive(支持的);positive(積極的);optimistic(樂(lè)觀的);enthusiastic(熱情的)等。

貶義詞有:negative(否定的,消極的);ironic(諷刺的);critical(批評(píng)的);disgusted(厭惡的);

disappointed(失望的)等。

中性詞有:indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的);uninterested(不感興趣的);objective(客觀的);neutral(中立的)等。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3:對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)文章走勢(shì)茫然不知所措

(2023?全國(guó)乙卷?閱讀理解C篇)

WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerof

meatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritainhasareputationfor

less-than-impressivecuisine,itisproducingmoretopclasschefswhoappearfrequentlyonourtelevisionscreens

andwhoserecipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.

IfsthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritonsareturningawayfrom

meat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.Itisrecently

reportedthatthenumberofthosestickingtoatraditionaldietisslowlydecliningandaroundhalfofBritain's

consumerswouldliketochangeorimprovetheircookinginsomeway.Therehasbeenariseinthenumberof

studentsapplyingforfoodcoursesatUKuniversitiesandcolleges.ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelped

changewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking.

Accordingtoanewstudyfrommarketanalysts,1in5BritonssaythatwatchingcookeryprogrammesonTV

hasencouragedthemtotrydifferentfood.Almostonethirdsaytheynowuseawidervarietyofingredients(配料)

thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualityingredientsthanbefore.Oneinfouradults

saythatTVchefshavemadethemmuchmoreconfidentaboutexpandingtheircookeryknowledgeandskills,and

youngpeoplearealsogettingmoreinterestedincooking.TheUK'sobsession(癡迷)withfoodisreflectedthrough

televisionscheduling.Cookeryshowsanddocumentariesaboutfoodarebroadcastmoreoftenthanbefore.Withan

increasingnumberofmalechefsonTYit'snolonger"uncool“forboystolikecooking.

()31.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingabout?

A.Theartofcookinginothercountries.

B.MalechefsonTVprogrammes.

C.TablemannersintheUK.

D.Studiesofbigeaters.

國(guó)(03

如何判斷文章走勢(shì)

(1)思維導(dǎo)圖

利用因果關(guān)系推斷

走利用對(duì)比關(guān)系推斷

勢(shì)

利用文章最后一段的內(nèi)容及最后幾句話推

(2)文章走勢(shì)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式

1.Whatwillbediscussedfurtherinthecomingparagraph?

2.Whatmaytheresearchersdonextaccordingtothelastparagraph?

3.Whatwouldtheauthormostprobablydiscussnext?

4.Wheredoesthearticlegonext?

5.Whatwouldthefollowingparagraphtalkabout?

(3)解題技巧

對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局或下一段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行猜測(cè)推理。做此類題目時(shí),務(wù)必把握作者的寫作思

路,如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)描寫,也可能按因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)敘述,從而做出比較科學(xué)的、合

情合理的預(yù)測(cè)判斷。特別要注意文章最后一段的內(nèi)容及最后幾句話。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)4:寫作目的和意圖易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

1.(2024?新課標(biāo)I卷)

Farberiscertainthattheholisticapproachwillgrowmorepopularwithtime,andifthepastisany

indication,hemayberight:Since1982,membershipintheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociation

hasgrownfrom30toover700."Sometimesitsurprisesmethatitworkssowell/9hesays."Iwilldoanything

tohelpananimal.Thafsmyjob.”

27.WhydoestheauthormentiontheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociation?

A.ToproveFarber'spoint.B.Toemphasizeitsimportance.

C.Topraiseveterinarians.D.Toadvocateanimalprotection.

2.(2023?新高考全國(guó)I卷■閱讀理解B)

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolved

problems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretiny

creatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemesses

peopleweremaking.

Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandasking

questions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria終田菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causing

chemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastetheway

naturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.

ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,he

constructedaseriesofclearfibreglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsand

streamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,these

differentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthe

sludge.

Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbeganto

eatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.

Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreated

sewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterin

Fuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.

“Ecologicaldesign^^isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.tlLifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfor

theinventor,9,hesays/4Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhafshappening.Thenyouletthese

newsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”

()26.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?

A.ToreviewJohn'sresearchplans.

B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn'sidea.

C.TocompareJohn'sdifferentjobs.

D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn'sinvention.

£倒等因o

如何判斷寫作目的和意圖

(1)思維導(dǎo)圖

根據(jù)文章或段落主旨推斷作者的寫作

主旨推

^法目的

開篇提問(wèn)讓讀者關(guān)注主題

講述相關(guān)之事引出主題或提供背景

舉例、引語(yǔ)或數(shù)據(jù)證明某一觀點(diǎn)或

說(shuō)明某個(gè)主題

說(shuō)月艮作者接受兔-須點(diǎn)或提倡兄利」做法

議論文

-Itoprove/nnalyxc/show/safgue

(介紹臬——事物四解粹裝——現(xiàn)象

雁說(shuō)明文tointvoduce/explain/infovm...

講述故事娑分享經(jīng)歷,愉悅讀者,逐表達(dá)

寫祥者之恃然,疲榕最后東

冬又乂-t~otellastory/tosliai'canexperience/to

en-ertainreaders________________________________

推銷產(chǎn)品亞月艮務(wù),吸弓I顧濟(jì)、游否、

訂戶察覺(jué)勵(lì)捐贈(zèng)等____________________

尸-JU文toattractvisitors/tosellaproduct:/

topi,oino*e(…

、新聞報(bào)道類toinfoi'm/i'eport...

(2)目的意圖題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式

Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?

Thepurposeofthetextistogetmorepeopleto.

Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat.

Thefact...ismentionedbytheauthortoshow.

Theauthorwritersthelastparagraphinorderto.

(3)解題技巧:

寫作意圖推斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述,揣測(cè)作者的寫作意圖及作者運(yùn)用某種寫作手法的目的。作

者一般不直接表明自己的意圖,而是通過(guò)文章所提供的事實(shí),客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這種題

型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意,同時(shí)還要具備對(duì)作者闡述問(wèn)題的方法進(jìn)行分析和歸納總結(jié)的能力。

一般來(lái)說(shuō),我們可以通過(guò)分析文章的文體特點(diǎn),理解作者的詞句選擇和識(shí)別文章的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)推斷出作者

的寫作意圖。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)5:引申推斷題易錯(cuò)

1.(2025年1月浙江卷)BWhenIwasachildIwasoftentoldwhatnottoeat."Youdon'twanttogetfat”was

onconstantrepeatthroughoutmychildhood.Itreallymessedupmyrelationshipwithfood——somethingthattook

meyearstoovercome.Becauseofthis,I'mcarefulnottoconnectwhatmykidsweighwiththeirworthaspeople.I

encouragemydaughtertomakehealthysnackchoicesandoftendissuade(勸阻)herfromaseconddessert.But

onedaywhenIheardhersaying“IthinkI'mtoofat,“myheartsank.Itmademewonderifgivingheradviceon

snackswashavinganunintentionallynegativeimpact.

24.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheauthorfromthefirstparagraph?

A.Sheisupsetbyherkids'weight.B.Sheiscriticalofthewayshewasfed.

C.Sheisinterestedinmakingfood.D.Sheisparticularaboutwhatsheeats.

【答案】B

2.(2024新課標(biāo)I卷)C

Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnot

availableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,

educatorsshouldn'tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.

31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?

A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.

B.Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.

C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.

D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.

占圖。國(guó)齒

如何進(jìn)行引申推斷

根據(jù)閱讀文章整體或某一段落的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行引申推斷得出推斷結(jié)果。引申推斷的方法:1.通過(guò)分析文章內(nèi)

容,推斷出文章中事實(shí)的結(jié)論,得出新的判斷;2.推理判斷的結(jié)論不是文章中的原句,而是在文章基礎(chǔ)上,

通過(guò)邏輯推理得出的結(jié)論。

(1)思維導(dǎo)圖

一找將題干中的about或from之后的內(nèi)容或infer后that

從句的主語(yǔ)作為定位詞,找到答案依據(jù)___________

二理理解信息句的字面意思

三推依據(jù)字面意思,結(jié)合已有常識(shí),進(jìn)行符合情理的

推斷_________________________________________________

四比比較各選項(xiàng),確定答案

簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)僅為文中信息的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù),而非推斷的結(jié)論

無(wú)中生有文中無(wú)信息支撐

黑白顛倒與文中所述事實(shí)相反

推理過(guò)度推得不合情理

張冠李戴利用文中詞語(yǔ)迷惑考生

(2)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

1.似是而非:只是對(duì)原文信息簡(jiǎn)單重述,而不是依據(jù)文章提供事實(shí)依據(jù)推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論。

2.夸大事實(shí):對(duì)文章的事實(shí)或證據(jù)進(jìn)行夸大;有時(shí),選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與原文一致無(wú)需推斷。

3.推理過(guò)度:選項(xiàng)往往過(guò)于絕對(duì)化或片面化(以偏概全),有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)。nly,all等詞語(yǔ)。

4.摻入常識(shí):根據(jù)考生已有常識(shí)是正確的,但不是根據(jù)文章中的證據(jù)推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論。

(3)解題技巧:

引申推斷題屬于深層理解題,要求根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容,推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)。做此類題目關(guān)鍵是要正確把握文章的內(nèi)

在關(guān)系,理解文章的真正含義,要忠實(shí)于原文,千萬(wàn)不能主觀臆斷,隨意揣測(cè),更不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替

作者的觀點(diǎn)。

①定位信息:通過(guò)尋讀找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)。

②字面理解:理解相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)字面意義。

③深層理解:進(jìn)而理解作者的言外之意。

三、猜測(cè)詞義

應(yīng)試秘籍

分析近三年新高考卷考查詞義猜詞的題目可知,對(duì)短語(yǔ)的考查與對(duì)生詞的考查都有所涉及。我們都要

運(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系、上下文、生活常識(shí)、文化背景、構(gòu)詞法等來(lái)猜測(cè)其含義。因此,在閱讀過(guò)程中,考生需要

結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,聯(lián)系上下文進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。

?誤區(qū)點(diǎn)撥

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1:詞義/短語(yǔ)含義易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

[—]

典例精講

1.(2025?浙江新高考卷?閱讀理解C篇節(jié)選)

Anoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.Referredtoasmatrix

planting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthe

designing.Eschewingfertilizers(化月巴)andpowertools,it'sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmore

likenaturedoes.

28.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordtcEschewmg,?inthefirstparagraphmean?

A.Runningoutof.B.Keepingawayfrom.

C.Puttingupwith.D.Takingadvantageof.

2.(2023?新高考全國(guó)I卷?閱讀理解C篇節(jié)選)

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatit

asksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideifsrightforyou.

Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigital

minimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallivesincreasingly

intolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.

Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.

Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,

youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassive

benefitstothethingsyouvalue.

()29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"declutter“inParagraph3mean?

A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.

因5

一、利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義

1.重述

作者為了使某一復(fù)雜難懂的詞或術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義更清楚,通常會(huì)使用常用的、簡(jiǎn)明的詞或詞組對(duì)其進(jìn)行解

釋,這就是重述。重述部分通過(guò)逗號(hào)(有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)或括號(hào))與句子的其他部分隔開或用

信號(hào)詞引導(dǎo)。常見的信號(hào)詞匯有:or,namely,thatis,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputin

anotherway等。

2.定義

作者有時(shí)會(huì)通過(guò)給某些詞匯下定義來(lái)幫助讀者理解詞義,尤其是在一些科普類、社科類及與專業(yè)內(nèi)容

相關(guān)的文章中。此時(shí),常使用的信號(hào)詞語(yǔ)有:i.e.,is,are,is/arecalled,mean,referto,knownas等。

3.舉例

有時(shí),畫線詞后會(huì)跟有一些具體的例子,這些例子能幫助考生理解畫線詞的詞義。此時(shí)常出現(xiàn)的信號(hào)詞語(yǔ)

有:suchas,forexample,forinstance,like,including,especially等0

4.同義詞或近義詞

有時(shí),在畫線單詞或短語(yǔ)的上下文會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞匯,它往往暗示了畫線詞或短語(yǔ)的含義,

這時(shí)就可以根據(jù)同義、近義的替代關(guān)系推知生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。同義詞、近義詞常見的信號(hào)詞匯有:and,or,

like,aswell,similarly,too,also,either等。

5.反義詞

有時(shí)作者會(huì)用表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞連接意思相反的兩個(gè)詞或句子,這時(shí)就可根據(jù)反義詞線索猜測(cè)

詞義。常見的表示對(duì)比或反義的信號(hào)詞/詞組有:(whether…)or,unlike,but,yet,however,while,although,

nevertheless,instead,ratherthan,incontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand等。

二、根據(jù)上下文邏輯猜測(cè)詞義

有時(shí)作者并未在文中對(duì)某個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行明顯的解釋說(shuō)明,此時(shí)可根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理,

以確定某一復(fù)雜難懂的單詞或短語(yǔ)的意義。

1.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:利用轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

2.對(duì)比關(guān)系:有時(shí),文中會(huì)對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述,或會(huì)出現(xiàn)與生詞意思相反的詞。因

此,可以根據(jù)句中的對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。

3.類比關(guān)系

作為一種推理方法,類比關(guān)系是指類比各對(duì)象之間存在的一種相似性(共同特征),它通過(guò)比較不同對(duì)象間的

某些相似屬性,從而推出另一屬性也可能相似。常見的表示類比關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞匯有:similarly,like,also,just

as,aswell等。

三、根據(jù)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

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