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GuidancetotheGreenhouseGasAbatementCostModel(GACMO)

VersionMarch2025

InitiativeforClimateActionTransparency-ICAT-

GuidancetotheGreenhouseGasAbatementCostModel(GACMO)

AUTHORS

AiymgulKerimray,UNEPCopenhagenClimateCenter

DenisDesgain,UNEPCopenhagenClimateCenter

JacobIpsenHansen,UNEPCopenhagenClimateCenterJacobIpsenHansenandTruptiYargattimathhavebeenresponsiblefortheprogrammingandcodingoftheversion2oftheGACMOtoolinExcel.

TruptiYargattimath,UNEPCopenhagenClimateCenter

March2025

COPYRIGHT?

Thispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandinanyformforeducationalornon-profitpurposeswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgmentofthesourceismade.UNEPCopenhagenClimateCenter(UNEP-CCC)wouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource.NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleorforanyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromUNEP-CCC.

DISCLAIMER

ThispublicationhasbeenproducedaspartofacomponentoftheInitiativeforClimateActionTransparencyproject(ICAT)implementedbyUNEP-CCC.TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofUNEP-CCC.

PREPAREDUNDER

TheInitiativeforClimateActionTransparency(ICAT),supportedbyAustria,Canada,Germany,Italy,andtheChildren'sInvestmentFundFoundation.

TheICATprojectismanagedbytheUnitedNationsOfficeforProjectServices(UNOPS).

Tableofcontent

TOC\h\u\z\t"Heading1,1,Heading2,2,Heading3,3,"

GACMOCOPYRIGHTS

4

WhatisGACMO?

5

WhatisGACMOusedforandwhatarethemainresults?

8

WhatisthestructureofGACMO?

10

STEP-BY-STEPGUIDEONTHEUSEOFGACMO

13

STEP1=TheAssumptionssheet:

13

STEP2=TheEnergyBalancesheet:

15

STEP3=TheGHGBalancesheet:

16

STEP4=TheGrowthsheet:

17

STEP5=TheBAUprojectedEnergyBalancessheet:

17

STEP6=TheBAUprojectedGHGBalancessheet:

18

STEP7=TheMitigationOptionsheet:

19

Technologysheets

21

STEP8=TheResultssheet:

25

STEP9=ResultsinBTRformat:

26

STEP10=TheTrackingprogresssheet:

27

APPENDIX1-ListofemittingcategoriesofactivityincludedintheGACMOtool

29

APPENDIX2-ListofthemitigationoptionsincludedintheGACMOtool

31

GACMOCOPYRIGHTS

TheGACMOtoolhasbeendevelopedbytheUNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre(UNEP-CCC).TheGACMOtoolhasbeendevelopedbyourcolleagueJ?rgenFenhann.J?rgenhasworkedfortheUNEPCopenhagenClimateCentreformorethan40years.ThefirstversionoftheGACMOtoolwasdevelopedabouttwentyyearsago.Sincethen,thetoolhasevolvedtoincludenewmitigationoptionsandtoaccountforthenewIPCCrequirementsintermsofcalculatingGHGemissionreductions.

ThisversionofthetoolhasbeendevelopedundertheInitiativeforClimateActionTransparency(ICAT).

Thetoolisregularlyupdated.ThelastversionoftheGACMOtoolisalwaysmadeavailableontheUNEP-CCCwebsiteat

/gacmo-tool/

AlltheversionsoftheGACMOtoolcanbedownloadedandusedfreeofchargebyanyuserandcanbeinstalledonapersonalcomputer.However,commercialuseoftheGACMOtoolwithoutthepriorauthorizationofUNEP-CCCisnotpermitted.

Foranyinquiriesandauthorizationrequests,pleasecontactUNEP-CCCat

\h

unep-ccc@

.

WhatisGACMO?

TheGACMO(GreenhouseGasAbatementCostModel)toolisabottom-upgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsmodellingtooldevelopedbyUNEPCopenhagenClimateCentre(UNEP-CCC).Themodelhasbeendevelopedoverthecourseofmorethantwentyyears.

TheGACMOtoolallowscountriestocarryoutrapidbutaccurateevaluationofhowavarietyofmitigationoptionsimpactGHGemissions.ThetoolisusedtocalculatetheGHGemissionsreductionsresultingfromspecificmitigationactionsandtoestablishamitigationscenariobuiltonthespecificmitigationactionscomparedtoabusinessasusual(BAU)scenario.TheGACMOtoolcanthussupporttechnicalexpertsanddecision-makerstoassessandunderstandtheGHGemissionsimpactsofclimatemitigationactions.

TheGACMOtoolcanalsobeusedtomonitortheGHGemissionreductionsachievedthroughtheeffectiveimplementationofmitigationoptions.Therefore,itcanbeusedasatoolfortrackingtheprogressinachievingemissionsreductionsfromtheimplementationofclimatechangemitigationoptions,forexampleinthecontextoftrackingtheprogressinimplementingandachievingtheNationallyDeterminedContribution(NDC).

TheGACMOtoolcanbeusedatthenationallevel(countrylevel)butcanalsobeadaptedtobeusedatthesub-nationallevel(regionorcity).Itcanbeveryusefulforthepreparationofnationalreportssuchasnationalcommunications,biennialupdatereports(BURs),biennialtransparencyreports(BTRs)includingthecommontabularformattables(CTF),orforthepreparationandupdateofNDCs.

ThisversionoftheGACMOtoolincludestenspreadsheetswithtechnicaldatathattheuserneedstoconsiderfollowingastepwiseapproach.Theinterfaceofthetoolismadesothattheuseristakenfromthefirstspreadsheettothelastspreadsheetfollowingalogicalorder.Thecalculationsandthegenerationofgraphsaredoneinanautomatedway.Thismeansthattheuser,whohasthedatarequiredtousetheGACMOtool,doesnotneedtobefamiliarwiththecalculationsthemselvesinordertousethetool,butonlywithhowtoentertheinputsandinterprettheresults.

TheGACMOtoolalsoincludesaseriesofdefaultvalues,thatarealreadypre-loadedinthetoolandthattheuserdoesnothavetoupdateunlesstheuserhasbetterinputsandwantstomakemorepreciseestimates.Thesedefaultvaluesareallvisibleandaccessibletotheuser.Thefirstgroupofdatawithdefaultvaluesarethoseofkeymitigationparameters,suchastheIPCCdatabaseofemissionfactors(2006IPCCGuidelines)andtheglobalwarmingpotential(GWP).InthecaseofGWP,theGACMOtoolusesbydefaultthevaluesofthefifthassessmentreportpublishedbytheIPCC,asestablishedintheModalities,Procedures,andGuidelines(MPGs)adoptedintheKatowiceClimatePackagethroughdecision18/CMA.However,previousGWPvaluesarealsoavailableinthetool.Thesecondgroupofdatawithdefaultvaluesarethoseforthemitigationpotentialparametersandeconomic-financialparametersofeachmitigationoptionandtheircorrespondingreferenceoptioninthebaselinesituation.Inthiscase,theGACMOtoolusesbydefault,averagevaluescalculatedfromrelevantCDMprojectsavailableontheCDMwebsiteandsummarizedintheprojectpipelinedevelopedatUNEP-CCC.Experiencehasshownthattheuseofdefaultvaluesfordatarelatedtobaselineandmitigationoptionsworkswellinthetool.However,itisrecommendedforaGACMOusertomodifythosedefaultvaluesforthedatarelatedtothemitigationandreferenceoptions,byreplacingthemwithvaluesspecifictotheircase(e.g.,country,city,region,industrialactivity).ThisallowstheusertoadapttheGACMOtooltothespecificnational/localcontext.

ThemaindatarequiredtousetheGACMOtoolarethoseoftheenergybalanceforaspecificyear(consideredasthestartyear),thatis,thedataonthesectoralenergyconsumptionoffossilfuelsandelectricityofacountry,aswellastheGHGemissionsfortheothersectors(notrelatedtofuelcombustion)forthesameyear(takenfromanationalGHGinventoryreport).Forothersectors,datamustbeprovidedcategorizedbygases(CO2,CH4,andN2O)andbysectors,inaccordancewiththesectordefinitionsandcategoriesspecifiedinthe2006IPCCGuidelines.Fromthesedata,GACMOestimatesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionandsummarizestheGHGemissionsforthestartyear,thatis,fortheyearinwhichthedatawerecollected(generallythemostrecentyearforwhichtheGHGinventorydataisavailable).Then,applyinggrowthfactorsforeachsector(thesefactorsarespecifictothecountryandareestimatedandenteredinthetoolbytheuser),theGACMOtoolwillprojecttheGHGemissionstobuildareferencescenario(alsocalledbaselinescenarioorbusinessasusual-BAU),thatincludescalculationsfortheyears2025,2030,2035,2040,2045,and/or2050.

TobuildtheGHGmitigationscenario,theGACMOtoolproposesalistof119mitigationoptionsfordifferentsectors.Thesemitigationoptionsareorganizedinto24categoriesofactivities,suchasagriculture,biomassenergy,energyefficiencyinhomes,forestry,aswellasgeothermal,hydroelectric,solar,andwindenergy,amongothers.ItmustbenotedthatsomemitigationoptionsincludedintheGACMOtoolstillimplytheuseoffossilfuels(e.g.,energyefficiencyimprovement,naturalgaspowerplant).Thosemitigationoptionsmayleadtoemissionsreductions,thoughmaybeinsufficienttobeinlinewitha1.5°CdegreeclimategoalwhichimpliesglobalnetanthropogenicCO2emissionsreachingnetzeroaround2050.ThoughtheGACMOtooldoesnotseektopromotesuchoptions,theyareincludedinthelistofmitigationoptionsbecausesomecountriesstillconsiderusing(orareintheprocessofimplementing)themtoreducetheiremissionscomparedtotheuseofhigh-emittingtechnologies.Inthiscontext,theGACMOtoolcanalsohelptoanalysewhetherthemitigationactionsadoptedand/orplannedbyacountryareinlinewithcertainclimategoals(e.g.,net-zerogoal),andifnot,helptoselectwhichmitigationoptionscouldbeimplementedtomeetthosegoals.

Oncethemitigationoptionsofinteresthavebeenselectedbytheuser,thetoolcalculatestheemissionsbasedonthedefinedgrowthfactorsandestablishesamitigationscenariotowardstheyears2025,2030,2035,2040,2045,and/or2050.TheGACMOtoolcalculatesalsotheGHGemissionsreductionsandanapproximationoftheinvestmentcosts,aswellasoperationandmaintenancecoststhatresultfromeachselectedmitigationaction.

Insummary,thekeydatausedasinputsandrequiredforrunningtheGACMOtoolare:

Basicdataaboutthecountry,suchaspopulation,GDP,discountrate;

Keyassumptions(e.g.,gridemissionfactor,energyprices,emissionfactors,calorificvaluesoffuels,etc.);

Energybalancedatainthestartyear,thatis,theproduction/consumptiondataonfossilfuelsandelectricityforacountry;

DataontheGHGemissionsforothersectorsnotrelatedtofuelcombustioninthestartyearbygases(CO2,CH4,N2O):Agriculture,Landuse,landusechangeandforestry(LULUCF),Waste,IndustrialprocessesandproductuseandFugitiveemissionsfromfuels;

Growthfactorsestimatedoverspecifictimeperiodsfordifferentsectorsofactivities;

Thenumberofunitsofeachmitigationoption(selectedbytheuser)penetratingtowardtheyears2025,2030,2035,2040,2045,and/or2050;

Technicalandeconomicalparametersofthetechnology/mitigationoptions(e.g.,solarinsolation,annualdistancefortransport,numberofhoursusageoflighting,etc.)

WhatisGACMOusedforandwhatarethemainresults?

TheGACMOtoolisa"bottom-up"modellingtool.TheGHGemissionsprojectionsarebasedonmitigationoptionsimplementedontheground(andnotonmacrodatadefinedatthecountrylevelsuchasmacro-economicdata).

Therefore,theGACMOtoolisusuallyusedtoestablishabusiness-as-usual(BAU)scenarioandamitigationscenariobasedonasetofmitigationoptionschosenbyacountry.Theseoptionscanbe,forexample,themitigationoptionschosenbyacountrytobetakenintoconsiderationintheNDCofthecountryorinasectorialmitigationplans

Ifacountryhasamitigationgoalthathasbeenpre-defined,ausercanalsotestdifferentmitigationoptionsincludedinthetooltodeterminehowthismitigationgoalcouldbeachievedthroughdifferentsetsofmitigationoptions.

Finally,theGACMOtoolcanbeusedtoestimatetheindividualGHGemissionsreductionimpactofaspecificmitigationoptionconsideringdifferentlevelsofimplementation.

TheGACMOtoolisaGHGemissionsaccountingtoolthatcanbeusedatthenationallevel(countrylevel)orsub-nationallevel(regionorcitylevel)toestimatetheaggregatedGHGemissionsanddevelopthecorrespondingbaselinescenario,aswellasone(ormore)mitigationscenariosbasedonspecificmitigationoptions.Therefore,theGACMOtoolcanbeusedex-ante(thatis,beforeimplementingmitigationoptionsandbeforeemissionsoccur).Inthiscase,itallows"planning"andestimatingtheGHGemissionsthatwilloccur.

TheresultsfromtheGACMOtoolcanbeusedasinputsforthebiennialtransparencyreport(BTR),inparticularfortheCommontabularformats(CTF)fortheelectronicreportingofthe“informationnecessarytotrackprogressmadeinimplementingandachievingnationallydeterminedcontributionsunderArticle4oftheParisAgreement”.ForamoredetailedexplanationofhowtousetheresultsofthetoolasinputstotheCTFtables,theusercanrefertothedescriptionofSTEP9(ResultsinBTRFormat)inthisguidanceandStep10(Trackingprogresssheet).

TheGACMOtoolcanalsobeusedex-post,thatis,afterimplementingmitigationoptions.Inthiscase,thetoolallowsthecountry(regionorcity)toestimateandtrackthereductionsinGHGemissionsresultingfromtheimplementationofitsmitigationoptions.

Insummary,themainresultsobtainedfromtheuseoftheGACMOtoolare:

TheestablishmentofaGHGemissionsBAUscenario(towardstheyears2025,2030,2035,2040,2045,and/or2050);

TheestablishmentofaGHGemissionsmitigationscenario(towardstheyears2025,2030,2035,2040,2045,and/or2050);

UseoftheGACMOtoolinGhana

Between2017and2018,GhanausedtheGACMOtooltoidentifynewmitigationopportunitiesindifferentsectors.Basedon27newmitigationoptions,thecountryhasusedthetooltoupdatethebaselinescenarioandthemitigationscenarioofitsNDC.Theimplementationofthe27mitigationoptionswouldallowGhanatoreduceitsemissionsby53%in2030comparedtothebaselinescenario.Bydoingthis,theywouldhavesaved$622millionayear.

Theestimationoftheexpected(inthecaseofex-ante)orachieved(inthecaseofex-post)GHGemissionreductionassociatedwitheachmitigationoptionchosenbytheuser;

Theestablishmentofa"marginalabatementrevenuecurve"(graph)thatcompares,amongallselectedoptions,theabatementcost/revenueforanoptiontoreduceoneunitofCO2emissions,withthetotalpotentialofemissionsreductionofthisoption.

InadditiontotheGACMOtool,therearealargenumberofmodelsthatcanbeusedfordevelopingprojectionsofGHGemissionsandanalyzingtheimpactofmitigationmeasures(e.g.,LEAP,TIMES,Prospects,etc.).Eachmodelcananswerdifferentresearchquestionsandprovidenumerical(quantitative)assessmentsofthebaselineemissionsandoftheimpactofmitigationmeasuresonemissions.However,theirusemaybelimitedbythehighrequirementfordataandthelicensecoststocarryouttheassessments.Inaddition,somemodelsrequirehighlevelsofexpertisetousethesoftware,whichmightnotbeavailableinsomecountriesandmighttaketimetobuild.

Amongalltheothermodelsavailable,LEAPisprobablythemodelwhichshowsthemostsimilaritiestotheGACMOtool.Therefore,itisinterestingtodiscusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofGACMOversusLEAP,andhowtheycaneventuallycomplementeachother:

GACMOmodellingisbasedonthemethodologyoftrend/regressionanalysis,whileLEAPmodellingisbasedonanaccountingframework/optimisationmodel.

TheGACMOtoolisrelativelysimpleandquickertodevelopwithlowinitialinputdatarequirementscomparedtoLEAP.However,adisadvantageisitsrelianceonstrong(sometimesoversimplified)assumptions,itsgreaterrelianceonthequalityofinputs,anditslackofaccountingforsectoralinteractions.

TheadvantageoftheLEAPmodelisitsaccountingforsectorallinkages,hightemporalgranularity,extensiveusersupport,multi-scenarioanalysis,flexibilityinitsstructure,etc.ThedisadvantageoftheLEAPmodelisitsrelativelyhighlevelofexpertiserequirement,higherinputdatarequirements,andthegreateramountoftimeneededtodevelopthemodel.

WhileGACMOisafreeandopen-sourceExcel-basedmodel,LEAPrequiressoftwareandalicense(providedforfreetolow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountries).

Inthiscontext,GACMOcancomplementtheLEAPmodel,byprovidingaquickandsimpleassessmentofemissionreductionandabatementcostsfromtheindividualmitigationoptions(withouthavingtheneedtobuildanentireenergysystemmodel).

WhatisthestructureofGACMO?

WhenauserinstallstheGACMOtoolonapersonalcomputerandopensthe“ExcelGACMOfile”,onlytwospreadsheetsarevisible:

Introduction:thisspreadsheetprovidesanoverviewofwhattheGACMOtoolisandwhatitsstructureis.

Guidance:thisspreadsheetprovidesaquickstep-by-stepexplanationforusingtheGACMOtool.

TheGACMOtoolincludesthensevenspreadsheetswithtechnicaldatathattheuserneedstoconsiderfollowingastepwiseapproach.Theinterfaceofthetoolismadesothattheuseristakenfromthefirstspreadsheettothelastspreadsheetfollowingalogicalorder.Thesespreadsheetsare:

Assumptions:thisspreadsheetincludesallthebasiccountrydata,fuelprices,andtechnicaldatathattheGACMOtoolneedsasinputsforthecalculations.Thissheetmustbefilledinbytheuser.

EnergyBalance:thisspreadsheetincludestheenergydatadisaggregatedbysectorofactivityforthestartyear.Thissheetmustbefilledinbytheuser.

GHGBalance:thisspreadsheetincludestheGHGemissionsdatadisaggregatedbysectorofactivityforthestartyear.TheCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionareestimatedbytheGACMOtoolautomatically.TheCH4andN2Oemissionsfromfuelcombustionandemissionsfromthenon-energysectorsmustbefilledinbytheuser.

Growth:thisspreadsheetincludestheexpectedgrowthinenergyconsumptionforthedifferentsectorsofactivityfordifferentperiodsoftime.Thissheetmustbefilledinbytheuser.

BAUprojectedEnergyBalances:thisspreadsheetincludesthefutureenergybalancesfortheyears2025,2030,2035,2040,2045,and2050.ThedatainthissheetareautomaticallycalculatedbytheGACMOtool.

BAUprojectedGHGBalances:thisspreadsheetincludesthefutureGHGemissionsfortheyears2025,2030,2035,2040,2045,and2050.ThedatainthissheetareautomaticallycalculatedbytheGACMOtool.

MitigationOptions:thisspreadsheetincludesallthemitigationoptionsthattheusermayselectdependingonthenationalcontext,aswellasthedatarelativetothosemitigationoptionsthattheGACMOtoolneedsasinputsforthecalculations.Thissheetmustbefilledinbytheuser.Inaddition,thisspreadsheetincludesdataabouttheemissionreductionpotentialofthemitigationoptionsaswellasdataabouttheircostswhichareautomaticallycalculatedbythetool.

Inaddition,theGACMOtoolincludesthreeadditionalspreadsheets:

Results:thisspreadsheetincludesalltheresultswiththeGHGemissionsprojectionsfortwoscenariosbysectors,bygasesaswellasMARcurves.Thesheetalsodisplaysthegraphicalresultsfromthedataanalysis.

ResultsinBTRformat:thisspreadsheetincludesCTFTablesoftheBiennialTransparencyReport:CTFTables7,8and9.Itincludesprojectionsforthethreescenarios:scenariowithoutmeasures,scenariowithmeasuresandscenariowithadditionalmeasures(bysectorsandbygasesinlinewiththeBTRMPGrequirements).

Trackingprogress:thisspreadsheetisusedbytheusertomonitortheprogressmadeinimplementingeachmitigationaction.TheTrackingprogresssheetisthususedex-post,thatis,oncethemitigationoptionsareunderimplementationorhavebeenimplemented,toestimateachievedreductionsoftheGHGemissions.

ThefigurebelowshowstheschematicforbuildingtheGACMOtool.Theboxesinyellowdepictthesheetswheretheuserinsertsthedata.Thesteps1-4involveinputdataforStartYearandBAUscenario.Thesteps5-6presenttheresultsforBAUscenario.Thestep7involvesinputdataforthemitigationscenarioandtechnologysheets(thatispartiallyfilledfromtheAssumptionssheet).Finalmodellingresultsandtrackingprogressaredoneinthesteps8-10.

Notethatoncetheuserclicks“GotoStep5”,thesheetscorrespondingtosteps1-4willbehidden.Thisisbecausethestep4finishestheprocessofinputdatacollectionfortheStartYearandtheBAUscenario,andbecausethenextstepsdepicttheresultsfortheBAUscenario(steps5-6)andstepsforbuildingthemitigationScenario(step7).IftheuserneedstochangetheinputdatafortheBAUscenarioortheStartYearafterviewingtheresultsforBAUscenario,theusercanunhidethesteps1-4byclickingon“GobacktoStep1-4”.

Finally,theGACMOtoolincludesalistofTechnologysheetsorganizedbycategoriesofactivities("Agriculture","BiomassEnergy","CCS","Cement","CoalmineCH4","EEhouseholds","EEIndustry","EEowngeneration","EEservice","EEsupplyside","EEdistribution","Forestry","Fossilfuelswitch",….)whichincludesthetableswiththedefaulttechnicalandcostvaluesforeachspecificmitigationoption.TheseTechnologysheetsarenotdirectlyvisibleinthetool,buttheusercanaccessthetablewiththedefaulttechnicalandcostvaluesforaspecificmitigationoptionbyclickingonthenameofthecorrespondingmitigationoptionincolumnCoftheMitigationOptionssheet.Ausershouldalwaystakethetimetoreviewthetablesincludingallthevaluesfortechnicalandcostdataoftherelevantmitigationoptions.Iftheuserhasvaluesspecifictothecountry’snationalcontextforsomeofthetechnicalandcostdataoftherelevantmitigationoptions,theusershouldreplacethecorrespondingdefaultvalueswiththesespecificvalues.Bydoingso,theuserwillincreasethequalityoftheresultsfromtheGACMOtool.

STEP-BY-STEPGUIDEONTHEUSEOFGACMO

Theinterfaceofthetoolismadesothattheuseristakenfromthefirstspreadsheettothelastspreadsheetfollowingalogicalorder.

WhenusingtheGACMOtool,theusershouldonlyinsertnewnumbersinthecellshighlightedinyellow.Someofthesecellscontainalreadydefaultvalues.Thesevaluescanbemodifiedwhentheuserconsidersitnecessary.Wheninsertingdataintothemodel,itisveryimportanttoinsertthedataaspertheunitindicatedinthetoolforeachdata.

STEP1=TheAssumptionssheet:

Thisspreadsheetincludeseighttableswithallthebasiccountrydata,energypricesandtechnicaldatathattheGACMOtoolneedsasinputsforthecalculations.Thissheetmustbefilledinbytheuser.

Allthecellsintheeighttablesdisplayedonthesheetmustbeconsideredbytheuser.Someofthesecellsmayalreadyincludedefaultvaluesforsomedata,buttheusershouldtrytoadjustthosevalueswithnationalvalues.NotethatthedatainsertedonthissheetaretransferredautomaticallybytheGACMOtoolintotheothersheetswheretheyareusedforcalculations.

Thedatatoinsertinthissheetare:

Firsttable:

Country=nameofthecountry/geographicregionofstudy(C9)

Startyear(latestinventory)=theyearcorrespondingtotheyearoftheenergybalancewhichwillbeusedinthe"Startyearbalance"sheet(C10)

Currency=Currencyofthecountry(C11)

Exchangerateused(1US$=)=theexchangerateforthecountrycurrencytoUS$(C12)

Discountrate=theinterestrateusedindiscountedcashflow(DCF)analysistodeterminethepresentvalueoffuturecashflows(C13)

Secondtable:

Crudeoil/LNG/Coal=theenergypricesforthefutureperiodforCrudeoil(C17),LiquefiedNaturalGas(LNG)(C19),andcoal(C21).NotethattheunitsforthosedataarerespectivelyUS$/bbl,US$/MBTU,andUS$/tonne.Themodelusestheseasconstantfuelpricesandasestimatesfortheinputsinfuturetimesteps.

Thirdtable:

Distillateprice/crudeoilprice(litre/litre)=theratiobetweenthepriceofthedistillateproductandthepriceofthecrudeoil(C27toJ27).Datashouldbeinsertedforthefossilfuelsthatarepartoftheenergymixofthecountry.NotethattheGACMOtoolincludesdefaultvaluesforthosedata,buttheusershouldadjustthemwithcountry-specificdata.

t/m3=densityofthefossilfuels(C30toJ30).Datashouldbeinsertedforthefossilfuelsthatarepartoftheenergymixofthecountryconsidered.NotethattheGACMOtoolincludesdefaultvaluesfordensityoffossilfuels.

GJ/t=energycontentofthefossilfuels(C31toO31).Datashouldbeinsertedforthefossilfuelsthatarepartoftheenergymixofthecountry.NotethattheGACMOtoolincludesdefaultvaluesforthosedata,buttheusercanadjustthemifitisconsiderednecessary.

FourthTable:

US$/kWh=currentelectricitypricewithouttaxesandsubsidies(D35)

FifthTable

Averagegridemissionfactor=GridemissionfactorusedbyGACMOinthetechnologysheetstoestimatetheemissionsforthereferenceoption(withnomitigationoptioninplace)(D39)

FortheuseoftheGACMOtoolatthenationalscale,theuserspecifiesthenationalaveragegridemissionfactor.

Inthecasethatthegeographicallocationofthemitigationoptionisknown,itisrecommendedtospecifylocalgridemissionfactorforthismitigationoption.Theusercanindicatethecorrespondinggridemissionsfactorvalueintherespectivetechnologysheet.

FortheuseoftheGACMOtoolatthecityorstatelevel,thelocal-specificgridemissionfactormustbeused.

Electricitygridlosses&ownconsumption=percentageofelectricitygridlosses(D40).NotethatthisvaluewillbeimportedautomaticallybytheGACMOtoolfromtheEnergyBalancesheet(Step2).

SixthTable:

Sector-specificEmissionfactors(kgGHG/GJ)forCO2=emissionfactorsofthedifferentfossilfuelsusedintheenergymixofthecountry(D45toD53).NotethattheGACMOtoolalreadyincludesdefaultvaluesbasedontheIPCCmethodologies.Theusercan,however,modifythesevaluesifcountry-specificemissionfactorsareavailable.

Sector-specificEmissionfactors(kgGHG/GJ)