2B鉛筆填涂。（以下信息考生必須認(rèn)真填寫(xiě) .PAGE1（14頁(yè)

Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace–a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Userscould whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12 ,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”incyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13 Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns.”Still,theadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“driver’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1．[A][B][C][D]2．[A][B][C][D]3．[A][B][C][D]4．[A][B][C][D]5．[A][B][C][D]6．[A][B][C][D]7．[A][B][C][D]8．[A][B][C][D]9．[A][B][C][D]10．[A][B][C][D]11．[A]carry[B]linger[C]set[D]log12．[A]In[B]In[C]In[D]In13．[A][B][C][D]14．[A][B][C][D]15．[A][B][C][D]16．[A][B][C][D]17．[A][B][C][D]18．[A][B][C][D]19．[A][B][C][D]20．[A][B][C][D]Section ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup,”leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor gainingexcessivefailingtofulfillherrefusingtomakeleavingtheboardintoughWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe generousunbiasedsharepriceindependentAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto becomemorereportincreaseddolesswellinthestockperformworseinItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthehaveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsintheareaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthewilldeclineincentivesfromtheTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.ButcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperBysaying“Newspaperslike...theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers neglectedthesignoffailedtogetstatewerenotcharitablewereinadesperateSomenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause readersthreatenedtopaynewspaperswantedtoreducejournalistsreportedlittleaboutthesesubscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey havemoresourcesofhavemorebalancedarelessdependentonarelessaffectedbyWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperDistinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofCompletenessistoblameforthefailureofForeignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperReadershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmThemostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforAmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeAmericanNewspapers:AThrivingAmericanNewspapers:AHopelessWetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“l(fā)essismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothanMies.Mies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthanalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood–materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybutthatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller–two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet–thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“l(fā)ess”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses–usuallyaround1,200squarefeet–thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“l(fā)essismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,RalphRapsonmayhavemispredictedjusthowthemechanicalrevolutionwouldimpacteverydaylife–fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers–buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’ prosperityandefficiencyandrestraintandprideandWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3abouttheItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarMostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithIthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanMiesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign wasrelatedtolargewasidentifiedwithwasnotreliantonabundantwasnotassociatedwithWhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreTheyignoreddetailsandTheywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthatTheyweremorespaciousthanneighboringTheysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractWhatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyMechanicaldeviceswerewidelyNaturalscenesweretakenintoDetailsweresacrificedfortheoverallEco-friendlymaterialswereWilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfacesanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonisationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonise.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowing,spendingandcompetitiveness,backedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projects,andeventhesuspensionofacountry’svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrancewantssomethingdifferent:“Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFranchgovernmenthavemurmured,euro-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonisation:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalisation,andmakecapitalismbenign. .PAGE11（14頁(yè)TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinevenitssupportersbegintofeelsomeofitsmembercountriesplantoabandonitintendstodenythepossibilityofThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers arecompetingfortheleadingarebusyhandlingtheirownfailtoreachanagreementondisagreeonthestepstowardsTosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat EUfundsforpoorregionsbestricterregulationsbeonlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeTheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetstrictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorloanswillbereadilyavailabletorichrichcountrieswillbasicallycontrolRegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel PartBReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateoverthegovernment’sroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimpose“fattaxes”onunhealthyfoodandintroducecigarette-stylewarningstochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.Thedemandsfollowcommentsmadelastweekbythehealthsecretary,AndrewLansley,whoinsistedthegovernmentcouldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofreebusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.Butseniormedicalfigureswanttostopfast-foodoutletsopeningnearschools,restrictadvertisingofproductshighinfat,saltorsugar,andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald’s.TheyarguethatgovernmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritain’saddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorTerenceStephenson,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPaediatricsandChildHealth,saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseentobejustasdamagingassomkingorexcessivedrinking.“Thirtyyearsago,itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohaveimaginedabanonsmokingintheworkplaceorinpubs,andyetthatiswhatwehavenow.Arewewillingtobejustascourageousinrespectofobesity?Iwouldsuggestthatweshouldbe,”saidtheleaderoftheUK’schildren’sdoctors.Lansleyhasalarmedhealthcampaignersbysuggestinghewantsindustryratherthangovernmenttotakethelead.HesaidthatmanufacturersofcrispsandcandiescouldplayacentralroleintheChange4Lifecampaign,thecentrepieceofgovernmenteffortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.HehasalsocriticisedthecelebritychefJamieOliver’shigh-profileattempttoimproveschoollunchesinEnglandasanexampleofhow“l(fā)ecturing”peoplewasnotthebestwaytochangetheirbehaviour.StephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldincludebanningTVadvertisementsforfoodshighinfat,saltorsugarbefore9pmandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincinemas.“Ifwewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayascigarettes–bysettingstrictlimitsonadvertising,productplacementandsponsorshipofsportsevents,”hesaid.SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald’s,whichsponsorstheyouthcoachingschemerunbytheFootballAssociation.Fast-foodchainsshouldalsostopoffering“inducements”suchastoys,cuteanimalsandmobilephonecredittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.ProfessorDineshBhugra,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists,said:“Ifchildrenaretaughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhasontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,atleastinformationisavailableupfront.”Healsourgedcouncilstoimpose“fast-food-freezones”aroundschoolsandhospitals–areaswithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.ADepartmentofHealthspokespersonsaid:“Weneedtocreateanewvisionforpublichealthwhereallofsocietyworkstogethertogethealthyandlivelonger.Thisincludescreatinganew‘responsibilitydeal’withbusiness,builtonsocialresponsibility,notstateregulation.Laterthisyear,wewillpublishawhitepapersettingoutexactlyhowwewillachievethis.”Thefoodindustrywillbealarmedthatsuchseniordoctorsbacksuchradicalmoves,especiallythecalltousesomeofthetoughtacticsthathavebeendep