題型03主旨大意題

需高=?常見題型解讀

F）命題特點(diǎn)

主旨大意題在高考中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)穩(wěn)定，通常1-2題，但題目具有一定難度。這類試題主要考查通過快

速瀏覽文章，獲得主旨大意，并對文章的標(biāo)題、主題、段落大意等進(jìn)行歸納、概括的能力。

考查方向

主旨大意題題干關(guān)鍵詞besttitle,mainidea/theme/subject,mainlyabout等。題目類型包括標(biāo)題歸納

題、段落大意題、文章大意題。

R命題規(guī)律

1.段首、段尾處?？?/p>

2.轉(zhuǎn)折詞處?？?/p>

3.因果關(guān)系處?？?/p>

4.問題處?？?/p>

02

跟我學(xué)?解題思維剖析

主旨大意題解題思維

i.主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句

子都是對主題句的進(jìn)一步的解釋、說明、論證或拓展。

2.一般說來說明文和議論都有主題句，而且多位于文章的開頭，有時(shí)也位于文章的中間或末尾。

3.不能直接在文章中直接找到主題句，抓每一段的主旨句，一般在段首。理清楚段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系

然后自己歸納總結(jié)。

模板1標(biāo)題歸納題

1.簡潔：短小精悍，多為短語，動(dòng)名詞短語或祈使句。

2.概括：概括全文、涵蓋性強(qiáng)、體現(xiàn)主旨；

標(biāo)題模板

3.針對：標(biāo)題外延與文章內(nèi)容相符，范圍一致，不會(huì)以偏概全；

4.醒目：新穎奇特，激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣；

1.正面思維肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點(diǎn)，斷定標(biāo)題。；

2.逆向思維否定法：拋開原文，設(shè)想各個(gè)選項(xiàng)為“標(biāo)題”用它們寫出來的“文章”會(huì)是什

答題規(guī)律么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對照，依次排除不符選項(xiàng)；

3.研讀備選項(xiàng)差異：研讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、概括性等。

干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)斷章取義（僅為文中一細(xì)節(jié)）、以偏概全、物種生有、范圍過大。

模板2段落大意題

結(jié)構(gòu)法和關(guān)鍵詞法

L總分：主題句在段首；

2.分總：主題句在段尾；

3.總分總：主題句段首尾前后呼應(yīng)；

4.分總分：開頭拋磚引玉，主題在段總；

5.關(guān)鍵詞：抓住段落中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞，然后對其概括和歸納，確定段落大意。

答題規(guī)律主題句的判斷

段首1.主題句多為段首第一句（觀點(diǎn)或?qū)ο螅?；或第一句拋磚引玉引出第二句。

段尾2.主題句也常為段尾句（結(jié)論或總結(jié)）。

段中前面的話是為引出主題而擺出問題或現(xiàn)象。

無主題句沒有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。重點(diǎn)提煉各個(gè)段落首句，兼顧尾句。

模板3文章大意題

四種方法巧利用

1.文體法：新聞報(bào)道主旨在第一句；說明文主旨在第一段或第二段；議論文主旨在首段或尾段；記敘文主

旨一般在尾段或首尾呼應(yīng)。

2.主題句法：讀文章標(biāo)題；略讀各段首尾句；讀首段和尾端；讀邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞后的句子內(nèi)容。

3.高頻詞法：尋找文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞。

4.概括法：中心主旨隱含在句子中，需要考生根據(jù)已知的細(xì)節(jié)歸納出文中的大意。

主題句特點(diǎn)

1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infact,actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。

2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。

4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等詞，通常是主旨。

命題點(diǎn)01標(biāo)題歸納題

:【典例01】

（2023?浙江嘉興?統(tǒng)考一模）

Itwasaquietmorninginthelibrary,andwelibrarianswereenjoyingaratherloudchat.Suddenly,apatron

（?？停﹎archeduptous,gaveusanannoyed“Shush!”andwentbacktoherseat.Howstrangeforagroupof

librarianstobeshushedbyapatron!Shouldn'titbetheotherwayaround?

Well,ifscomplicated.Ifyou'relikeme,amiddle-agedwoman,youprobablyrememberlibrariesasplacesof

silentreading.Thesedays,however,librariesaremorelikeactivecommunitycenters.

Inthepast,mostlibrariesdidn'tfocusmuchonprogramsforkidswhoseagemadeitimpossibleforthemtobe

quietondemand.Butgrowingknowledgeabouttheimportanceofkidsandteenslearningthroughhands-on

experienceshassincecausedaseachangeinhowlibrariesconnectwithyoungreaders.Nowlibrariesbegin

offeringinteractiveprogramsforkids,includingcrafts,boardgames,andstorytimes.Thesetypesofprograms

certainlyaren'tdesignedtobesilent.

Alongwithmoreprogramsforever-youngerchildren,technologytodayhasplayedapartinthetransformation

oflibrariesintoplaceswherebothkidsandadultscanusecomputers,makesomethingona3Dprinterandmore.In

addition,manylibrariesnowofferprogramsforadults,whocanparticipateininbookdiscussion,learncalligraphy,

andeventakecollegeclasses.

Ofcourse,librariesstillneedpeacefulphones.Thesedays,manylibrarieshaveglassed-offstudyroomsor

quietareas.Theyarealsolessnoisyintheearlyafternoons,aftermorningchildren'sprogramsandbeforethe

after-schoolkidcrowdarrive.

IfscleartomenowthatonthedaymycolleaguesandIwereshushedbyapatron,weshouldhavebeenusing

our“l(fā)ibraryvoices“aswetalked.Still,it'sunlikelythatlibrarieswilleverreturntothedayswhentheywereplaces

ofsilence.There5sjusttoomuchfunandlearninghappening.

46.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.LibrariesShouldbeLoudB.ReadingCanbeFuninLibraries

C.LibrariesMakeLearningHappenD.LibraryProgramsTargetChildren

【答案】46.A

【模板】簡潔、概括、醒目、針對性。

【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章就現(xiàn)在圖書館提出自己觀點(diǎn)一圖書館應(yīng)是一個(gè)熱鬧的地方。運(yùn)用答題規(guī)

律;E面思維在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點(diǎn)，斷定標(biāo)題。由文章最后一段"It，sclearto

menowthatonthedaymycolleaguesandIwereshushedbyapatron,weshouldhavebeenusingour"library

voices9aswetalked.Still,it'sunlikelythatlibrarieswilleverreturntothedayswhentheywereplacesofsilence.

There'sjusttoomuchfirnandlearninghappening.（現(xiàn)在我很清楚，在我和同事們被一位?？蛧u的那天，我們應(yīng)

該在交談時(shí)使用我們的‘圖書館聲音盡管如此，圖書館不太可能再回到沉寂的時(shí)代。有太多的樂趣和學(xué)習(xí)

正在發(fā)生。）”以及上文可知，本文主要講圖書館不應(yīng)該一如既往是一個(gè)安靜的地方，而應(yīng)該變得熱鬧起來。

故選A項(xiàng)。

＜【典例02】

（2023?廣東深圳?高三?？茧A段練習(xí)）

Today,poetryandscienceareoftenconsideredtobemutuallyexclusivecareerpaths.Butthatwasn'talways

thecase.ThemathematicianAdaLovelaceandthephysicistJamesClerkMahwahwerebothaccomplishedpoets.

ThepoetJohnKeatswasalicensedsurgeon.Combiningthetwopracticesfelloutoffavorinthe1800s.But

translatingresearchintolyrics,haiku,andotherpoeticformsisresurging（再現(xiàn)）amongscientistsastheylookfor

alternativewaystoinspireotherswiththeirfindings.

“Poetryisagreattoolforquestioningtheworld,saysSamIllingworth,apoetandageoscientistwhoworks

attheUniversityofWesternAustralia.Throughworkshopsandanewscience-poetryjournal,calledConsilience,

Illingworthishelpingscientiststotranslatetheirlatestresultsintopoemsthatcanattractappreciationfromthose

outsideoftheirimmediatescientificfield.

StephanyMazon,ascientistfromtheUniversityofHelsinkiinFinland,joinedoneofIllingworth'sworkshops.

Intheworkshop,shewasgroupedwithotherscientistsandtaskedwithwritingahaiku,a17-syllable-longpoem,

whichspotlightedwater,afluidthatfeaturedinallofthegroupmembers9researchprojects."Itwasalotoffun,

andsurprisinglyeasytowritethepoem,^^Mazonsays.Sheplanstocontinuewriting.caWedoadisservice（傷害）to

ourselvestothinkthatscientistscan'tbeartisticandthatartcan'tbeuseatocommunicatescientificideas,Mazon

says.

ThatviewpointisechoedbyIllingworth,whothinkssciencecommunicationinitiativesaretoooften

dominatedbypubliclectureswiththeirhands-offPowerPointslides."Actually,whensciencecommunication

involveswritingandsharingpoems,itinvitesatwo-waydialoguebetweenexpertsandnonexperts,9,hesays.

Scientist-poetManjulaSilva,aneducatoratImperialCollegeLondon,agrees.Poetryprovidesawaytotranslate

complexscientificconceptsintoalanguagethateveryonecanunderstand,Silvasays.

Scientistsandpoetsarebothtryingtounderstandtheworldandcommunicatethatunderstandingwithothers.

Thedistinctionbetweenscientistsandpoetsislessthanpeoplemightthink.We'realljustpeoplewithhopefully

reallyinterestingthingstosayandtoshare.

39.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Poetry:AGreatTooltoQuestiontheWorld

B.ScientistsTakeonPoetry

C.ScienceCommunication:ATwo-wayDialogue

D.ScientistsandPoetsThinkAlike

【答案】39.B

【模板】運(yùn)用“正面思維宜定法”,串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點(diǎn)，運(yùn)用標(biāo)題模板簡潔、概括、醒目、針對性。

【解析】這是一篇說明文，主要介紹了科學(xué)家和詩人之間的聯(lián)系。文章提到了一些名人，以顯示詩歌和科

學(xué)并不總是被認(rèn)為是互相排斥的職業(yè)道路。

39.主旨大意題。文中提到了一些歷史人物，如數(shù)學(xué)家AdaLovelace和物理學(xué)家JamesClerkMaxwell都

是杰出的詩人，說明詩歌和科學(xué)在過去并不是相互排斥的領(lǐng)域。但是在19世紀(jì)，將兩種領(lǐng)域結(jié)合起來的做

法逐漸沒落。現(xiàn)在，隨著科學(xué)家們在尋找更多向外部人員灌輸科研成果的方法，將研究成果轉(zhuǎn)化為詩歌、

俳句等文學(xué)形式的做法再次流行起來。文章介紹了SamIllingworth學(xué)者和詩人的身份交替和新的科學(xué)詩歌

雜志Consilience,以及他如何鼓勵(lì)科學(xué)家們將自己的成果轉(zhuǎn)化為韻文和詩歌，從而向更廣泛的受眾灌輸他

們的最新研究成果。此外，文章也引用了科學(xué)家ManjulaSilva的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為詩歌為將復(fù)雜的科學(xué)概念轉(zhuǎn)化

為大家都可以理解的語言提供了方便，綜上，文章主要強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)家開始研究詩歌（通過石刻的形式傳播科

學(xué)）。B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家研究詩歌”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選B。

命題點(diǎn)02段落大意題

丁【典例01】

（2023?湖南長沙?高三湖南師大附中校考階段練習(xí)）

Despitebeingconnectedonline,nomatterwhatstateyou'refrom,eachcitystillretainsitsownlanguageand

slang.AtmypublichighschoolinLosAngeles,wehadourownsecretlanguage.Apartywasa"yart”.Abeerwas

a“brewsky”.IfItriedtousethesewordsinfrontofanyonethatdidn'tliveinLosAngeles,theywouldhaveno

ideawhatwasgoingon.WhenIcametocollegeandusedthesewordsaroundmyroommatefromtheEastCoast,

shewouldlookatmewithablankstare.

Whetherthewaywetalkisregionalorfromonline,thesoulofcommunicationliesinitspowertoconnect

people,fosterunderstanding,andfacilitateinteractionsthatshapeourpersonalandsociallives.Ihaveoftenfound

ifsthewayweconnectwiththepeoplewelivearound.

58.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthelastparagraph?

A.Themeansofcommunication.B.Thenatureofcommunication.

C.Theelementsofcommunication.D.Theprocessofcommunication.

【答案】58.B

【模板】段落大意題。段首主題句+關(guān)鍵詞。

［解析］根據(jù)“Whetherthewaywetalkisregionalorfromonline,thesoulofcommunicationliesinitspowerto

connectpeople,fosterunderstanding,andfacilitateinteractionsthatshapeourpersonalandsociallives.（無論我們

的談話方式是地區(qū)性的還是網(wǎng)絡(luò)性的，溝通的靈魂在于它能將人們聯(lián)系起來，增進(jìn)理解，促進(jìn)互動(dòng)，從而

塑造我們的個(gè)人和社會(huì)生活。）”可知，本段的關(guān)鍵詞是“thesoulofcommunication”。故本段主要講了溝通的

本質(zhì)。故選B。

黨【典例02】

（2023?浙江嘉興?統(tǒng)考一模）

Inthepast,mostlibrariesdidn'tfocusmuchonprogramsforkidswhoseagemadeitimpossibleforthemtobe

quietondemand.Butgrowingknowledgeabouttheimportanceofkidsandteenslearningthroughhands-on

experienceshassincecausedaseachangeinhowlibrariesconnectwithyoungreaders.Nowlibrariesbegin

offeringinteractiveprogramsforkids,includingcrafts,boardgames,andstorytimes.Thesetypesofprograms

certainlyaren'tdesignedtobesilent.

44.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?

A.Thepastandthepresentoflibraries.B.Thereasonforthechangeoflibraries.

C.Theactivitiesforyoungchildreninlibraries.D.Theconnectionbetweenlibrariesandreaders.

【答案】44.B

【模板】段落大意題。段首主題句+關(guān)鍵詞。

［解析］由第三段“Inthepast,mostlibrariesdidn'tfocusmuchonprogramsforkidswhoseagemadeit

impossibleforthemtobequietondemand.Butgrowingknowledgeabouttheimportanceofkidsandteens

learningthroughhands-onexperienceshassincecausedaseachangeinhowlibrariesconnectwithyoungreaders.

Nowlibrariesbeginofferinginteractiveprogramsforkids,includingcrafts,boardgames,andstorytimes.These

typesofprogramscertainlyaren'tdesignedtobesilent.（在過去，大多數(shù)圖書館都不太關(guān)注為孩子們提供的項(xiàng)目,

因?yàn)楹⒆觽兊哪挲g使他們無法按需保持安靜。但是，人們越來越了解兒童和青少年通過親身體驗(yàn)學(xué)習(xí)的重

要性，這導(dǎo)致圖書館與年輕讀者的聯(lián)系發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。現(xiàn)在，圖書館開始為孩子們提供互動(dòng)節(jié)目，

包括手工藝品、棋盤游戲和故事時(shí)間。這些類型的程序當(dāng)然不是為了靜音而設(shè)計(jì)的。）”可知，本段主要講圖

書館改變的原因。故選B項(xiàng)。

命題點(diǎn)03文章大意題

【典例】

（2023?河南駐馬店?高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）

WehadfinallydecidedtoskipourtraditionalfamilydinnerandmakethetriptoMacy'sThanksgivingDay

ParadewhenKerrywas5.Likemanyotherfamilieswepackedasmallbackpackwithslicedturkeysandwiches

andjuiceboxes.Aftergettingoffthetrain,wewerewalkinguptotheentrancewhenKerryspottedahomeless

womansittingintheshadows,invisibletoallexceptmycuriousdaughter.

“What'sthat?”sheasked.LindaandIlookedateachother,worriedabouttheneedtoexplainsomethingvery

differentthanthehappyscenewewereabouttojoin.Duringourfirstyearsofparenthoodwe'ddiscussedhowwe

wouldexplainsuchtopicsaslife,death,andlove.Buthomelessness?Itcamesosuddenlythatwejustgaveas

simpleanexplanationaswecouldandcontinuedontotheparade.

Thefollowingyear,wedecidedtoattendtheparadeagain.SothenightbeforeThanksgivingwewent

shoppingforslicedturkeyforsandwiches.4<Canwebringsomesandwichesforthosepeople?”sheinquired,Again,

Kerrycaughtusoffguard.^cWhy?^^wasmyfirstreaction.Butweknewimmediatelywhomshemeant.Howcould

werefuse?Whywouldwerefuse?ThiswasagoldenopportunitytohonorKerry'ssenseofcharity.Six-year-old

Kerrywasteachingusanimportantlesson.Thatnightwepreparedandpackedtwo-dozensandwichesintoournow

overstuffedbackpack.

ScanningtheshadowsafterreachingManhattanagain,Kerryspottedahomelessmansittinginthesamespot

aslastyear.Westoppedandtookoutthefirstofthelittlefeastsfromthepack.Withoutawordofinstruction,we

handedittoKerry.Shewalkedovertothemanslowly,handingthesandwichtohim.Neitherspokeaword.Then

wewereofftotheparade,stoppingalongthewaytodistributetherestofthesandwiches,exceptoneforeachofus.

Somehow,nogiantThanksgivingsit-downfeastevertastedasgoodasthosesandwiches.Overthenext

decadewedidthesamethingsagainandagain.Afterall,there?snothinglikesharingaturkeysandwichwithnew

friends.

8.WhatdoestheauthormainlywanttotellusaboutThanksgiving?

A.Ifsawordofaction.B.Ifsanoldtradition.

C.Ifsagoodtimeofreunion.D.It^asurprisingfeast.

【答案】8.A

［模板】利用“文體法”，兼顧“主題句法”一?記敘文主旨一般在尾段。

【解析】主章大意題。本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者一家人在女兒Kerry五歲的時(shí)候，去梅西百

貨的感恩節(jié)游行，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)無家可歸的女人。從此以后的感恩節(jié)，作者一家都會(huì)把火雞三明治帶給那些

無家可回的人。根據(jù)文章最后——段"Overthenextdecadewedidthesamethingsagainandagain.Afterall,there's

nothinglikesharingaturkeysandwichwithnewfriends.（在接下來的十年里，我們一次又一次地做著同樣的事

情。畢竟，沒有什么比和新朋友分享火雞三明治更好的了戶可知，感恩是一句要付諸行動(dòng)的話。故選A項(xiàng)。

唱焦S?知識(shí)遷移強(qiáng)化

L（2023?河南駐馬店?高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）

Fallenleavesareeverywhereaswintercomes.Traditionally,peoplesweepupthefallenleaves,putthemin

bagsandsendthemtolandfills.Butthereisagrowingmovementtoleaveleavesontheground.They511naturally

breakdownoverthewinterintorichorganicmatter.Thematteralsoshelterssomeinsects.

Butsomeleavespreventthegrowthofotherplants.Blackwalnut（黑胡桃），forexample,containsapoisonin

itsleavesthatkillsmanyplants,includingapples,peppers,tomatoesandpotatoes.Besides,wholeleavesshouldnot

bepermittedtoremainonwalkways,wheretheycouldmakethepathdangerouslyslippery.Theyshouldalsonotbe

leftongrasslawns,wheretheyarelikelytocausedisease.Inareasthatexperiencesnowcover,waterwould

becometrappedbetweengrassandleaves.Inareaswithoutsnow,wholeleavesthatcovergrassesblockwaterand

sunlightfromreachingthesoilbelow.

Manypeoplechoosetobreakuptheleavesusingamachineandletthepiecesfallbetweenpiecesofgrass.

Thenthepiecesbreakdownfurtherinthesoil.However,thistreatmentcankillinsectsandtheireggs.

Anothermethodistotaketheleavesoffthelawnandspreadthemlightlytocovergardenbeds.Theleaves

mostlybreakdownbyspringandalmostentirelybysummer.Butifnot,theyshouldberemovedbeforespring

growthbegins.

Leavesalsocanbeusedtomakeleafmold（腐葉土），atypeoffertilizermadeentirelyfromleaves.Justputthe

leavesinacomer,addnitrogenfertilizer（氮月巴），andthenwaterthemtokeepthemwetinside.Itmaytakeayearor

two,buttheleaveswillbreakdownintoanutritioussoil.

Fallenleavesbuildrichsoil,protectplantrootsandshelterwildlife,inyourgarden,andelsewhere.Done

correctly,leavingtheleavesisoneofthebestwaystoturnyardwasteintofreefertilizer,whichisgoodforplants,

theenvironment,andsavingmoney.Whywastethatimportantresource?

31.Whatisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

A.HowCanFallenLeavesBeTurnedintoArt?B.DoLeavesFalltotheGroundAroundtheRoots?

C.ShouldYou"LeavetheLeaves^^ontheGround?D.WillWhatComesfromLeavesReturntotheSoil?

【答案】31.C

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了人們對于落葉的不同處理方式，指出如果處理得當(dāng)，留下樹葉

是將院子里的垃圾轉(zhuǎn)化為免費(fèi)肥料的最好方法之一，這對植物、環(huán)境和省錢都有好處。

31.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"Fallenleavesareeverywhereaswintercomes.Traditionally,peoplesweepupthe

fallenleaves,puttheminbagsandsendthemtolandfills.Butthereisagrowingmovementtoleaveleavesonthe

ground.They'llnaturallybreakdownoverthewinterintorichorganicmatter.Thematteralsoshelterssome

insects.（冬天來了，到處都是落葉。傳統(tǒng)上，人們把落葉掃起來，裝進(jìn)袋子，然后送到垃圾填埋場。但是在

地面上留下樹葉的運(yùn)動(dòng)越來越多。它們會(huì)在冬天自然分解成豐富的有機(jī)物。這種物質(zhì)也庇護(hù)了一些昆蟲）”

結(jié)合文章主要說明了人們對于落葉的不同處理方式，指出如果處理得當(dāng)，留下樹葉是將院子里的垃圾轉(zhuǎn)化

為免費(fèi)肥料的最好方法之一，這對植物、環(huán)境和省錢都有好處。故C選項(xiàng)“你應(yīng)該“把樹葉”留在地上嗎？”

符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。

2.（2023?寧夏銀川?高三銀川唐徐回民中學(xué)?？迹?/p>

LanguageslikeItalianorFinnishcanbespelledmoreeasilybecauseeachletterofthealphabetmatchestoone

sound.Studentsstudyingtheselanguagescanhave90percentreadingaccuracyafterthefirstyear.However,

studentsevenafteryearsoflearningEnglisharestillfarbelowItalianorFinnishstudentsinreadingaccuracy.

EnglishstartedasaGermaniclanguage.ItismostcloselyconnectedtoGermanandDutch,especiallyin

grammarandbasicvocabulary.DuringtheNormaninvasioninthe12thcentury,OldEnglishwasspokenbut

Frenchwasusedingovernmentandlegaldocuments.AndLatinwasusedinreligiousandeducationalactivities.As

aresult,moreFrenchandLatinwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage.Theprintingpressinventedinthelate1400s

helpedtoestablishEnglishspelling.TheEnglishoftodayishowthelanguagewaswrittenatthetime.However,

thespokenlanguagestartedtochangeinthe1500swiththepronunciationofalllongvowels（元音）.Forexample,

“bite”waspronouncedcloserto"beet"inthe1400s,beforechangingthroughtheyearstoitscurrentsound.The

effectwasthattheEnglishlanguagehadoldspellings,butnewsounds.

Englishhas26lettersinthealphabet,butover44individualsoundsdependingonthevariationofspoken

English.Thereareseveralsoundsrepresentedbyonlyoneletter.Forexample,theletter"C"cansoundlikean"S"

asin"city”.Anditalsosoundslikea"K"asin"cat”.

Thereareonly5or6vowellettersintheEnglishalphabet.TheyincludeA,E,I,O,U,andsometimesY.But

thereare20differentwaystosoundthem.Atthecentreisthemostcommonvowelsoundof"uhhh”.Itisthemost

relaxedandnaturalsound.Ittakesalmostnoeffortofthetongueorthroattocreatethesound.Sinceittakeslittle

effort,thesound"uhhh"oftenmakesitswayintopronunciations.Forexample,theword“please“oftenturnsinto

“PUH-lease“whensomeoneistryingtocallattention.ThisisanotherreasonwhyspellinginEnglishissodifficult!

25.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?

A.ThecomplexhistoryofEnglish.

B.TheformationofmodernEnglish.

C.TheinfluenceofEnglishonotherlanguages.

D.FactorspromotingthedevelopmentofEnglish.

【答案】25.A

【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了英語拼寫困難的原因。

25.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段"EnglishstartedasaGermaniclanguage.（英語起源于日耳曼語）"和"Duringthe

Normaninvasioninthe12thcentury,OldEnglishwasspokenbutFrenchwasusedingovernmentandlegal

documents.（在12世紀(jì)諾曼人入侵期間，人們說古英語，但在政府和法律文件中使用法語）”以及“Theprinting

pressinventedinthelate1400shelpedtoestablishEnglishspelling.TheEnglishoftodayishowthelanguagewas

writtenatthetime.However,thespokenlanguagestartedtochangeinthe1500swiththepronunciationofalllong

vowels.（15世紀(jì)后期發(fā)明的印刷機(jī)幫助確立了英語的拼寫。今天的英語是當(dāng)時(shí)的書寫方式。然而，口語在

16世紀(jì)開始發(fā)生變化，所有長元音的發(fā)音都發(fā)生了變化）”可知，第二段按照時(shí)間年份介紹了英語復(fù)雜的發(fā)

展歷史。故選A。

3.（2023?福建?高三校聯(lián)考期中）

Imagineyoucanopenyourfridge,openanapponyourphoneandimmediatelyknowwhichitemswillgobad

soon.ThisisoneoftheapplicationsthatanewtechnologydevelopedbyengineersattheUniversityofCalifornia

SanDiegowouldenable.

Thetechnologycombinesachip（芯片）integratedintoproductpackagingandasoftwareupdateonyour

phone.Thephonebecomescapableofidentifyingobjectsbasedonsignalsthechipsendsoutfromspecific

frequencies,inthiscaseBluetoothorWiFi.Inanindustrialsetting,asmartphoneequippedwiththesoftwareupdate

couldbeusedasaradiofrequencyidentification（RFID）reader.

Theworkusesbreakthroughsinbackscatter（反向散射）communication,whichusessignalsalreadygenerated

byyoursmartphoneandre-directsthembackinaformatyourphonecanunderstand.Effectively,thistechnique

useslesspowerthanthelatesttechnologytogenerateWiFisignals.

Thecustomchip,whichisroughlythesizeofagrainofsandandcostsonlyafewpenniestoproduce,needs

solittlepowerthatitcanbeentirelypoweredbyLTEsignals,atechniqueforwirelessbroadbandcommunication

formobiledevices.ThechipturnsBluetoothsignalsintoWiFisignals,whichcaninturnbedetectedbya

smartphonewiththatspecificsoftwareupdate.

Thetechnology'sbroaderpromiseisthedevelopmentofdevicesthatdonotneedbatteriesbecausetheycan

harvestpowerfromLTEsignalsinstead.Thisinturnwouldleadtodevicesthataresignificantlylessexpensivethat

lastlonger,saidDineshBharadia,oneofthepaper'sseniorauthors.

“E-waste,especiallybatteries,isoneofthebiggestproblemstheplanetisfacing,afterclimatechange,9,

Bharadiasaid.

Forfutureresearch,theteamwillintegratethistechnologyintootherprojectstodemonstrateitscapabilities,

andtheyalsohopetocommercializeit,eitherthroughastartuporthroughanindustrypartner.

16.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

A.NewtechnologyturnssmartphonesintoRFIDreaders

B.Smartphonesneedtobeequippedwithsoftupdates

C.RFIDreadersobtainnewchipsandhavenewfunctions

D.Backscattercommunicationmakesthebestofsmartphones

【答案】16.A

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。文章介紹了加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的工程師們開發(fā)的一種新技術(shù)，該技術(shù)

結(jié)合了集成在產(chǎn)品包裝中的芯片和手機(jī)上的軟件更新，使人們可以通過打開冰箱或手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序立即知道

哪些物品即將變質(zhì)。文章介紹了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的原理、應(yīng)用和未來發(fā)展。

16.主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第一段中“ImagineyoucanopenyourfHdge,openanapponyourphoneand

immediatelyknowwhichitemswillgobadsoon.(想象一下，你可以打開冰箱，打開手機(jī)上的一個(gè)應(yīng)用程序，

立即知道哪些食物很快就會(huì)變質(zhì)。)”和第二段中“Thetechnologycombinesachip(芯片)integratedintoproduct

packagingandasoftwareupdateonyourphone.Thephonebecomescapableofidentifyingobjectsbasedon

signalsthechipsendsoutfromspecificfrequencies,inthiscaseBluetoothorWiFi.Inanindustrialsetting,a

smartphoneequippedwiththesoftwareupdatecouldbeusedasaradiofrequencyidentification(RFID)reader.(這

項(xiàng)技術(shù)結(jié)合了集成在產(chǎn)品包裝中的芯片和手機(jī)上的軟件更新。手機(jī)可以根據(jù)芯片從特定頻率發(fā)出的信號(hào)來

識(shí)別物體，在這種情況下是藍(lán)牙或WiFi。在工業(yè)環(huán)境中，安裝了軟件更新的智能手機(jī)可以用作射頻識(shí)別(RFID)

閱讀器。廣可知，文章介紹了一項(xiàng)新的技術(shù)可以將手機(jī)變成射頻識(shí)別(RFID)閱讀器。因此“新技術(shù)將智能手

機(jī)變成RFID閱讀器”是文章最佳標(biāo)題。故選A項(xiàng)。

4.（2023?河北?高三泊頭市第一中學(xué)校聯(lián)考期中）

Researchhasfoundthatusingwoodforconstructioninsteadofconcreteandsteelcanreduceemissions.But

TimSearchingeratPrincetonUniversitysaysmanyofthesestudiesarebasedonthefalsefoundationthat

harvestingwoodiscarbonneutral（碳中和）.“Onlyasmallpercentageofthewoodgetsintoatimber（木料）

product,andapartofthatgetsintoatimberproductthatcanreplaceconcreteandsteelinabuilding,9,hesays.

Efficienciesvaryindifferentcountries,butlargeamountsofaharvestedtreearelefttobedividedintoparts,used

inshort-livedproductslikepaperorburnedforenergy,allofwhichgenerateemissions.

InareportfortheWorldResourcesInstitute,Searchingerandhiscolleagueshavemodelledhowusingmore

woodforconstructionwouldaffectemissionsbetween2010and2050,accountingfortheemissionsfrom

harvestingthewood.Theyconsideredvarioustypesofforestsandpartsofwoodgoingtowardsconstruction.They

alsofactoredintheemissionssavingsfromreplacingconcreteandsteel.

Undersomecircumstances,theresearchersfoundsignificantemissionsreductions.Buteachcaserequired

whattheyconsideredanunrealisticallyhighportionofthewoodgoingtowardsconstruction,aswellasrapid

growthonlyseeninwarmerplaces,likeBrazil.Ingeneral,theyfoundalargeincreaseinglobaldemandforwood

wouldprobablyleadtorisingemissionsfordecades.Accountingforemissionsinthisway,theresearchersreported

inarelatedpaperthatincreasingforestharvestsbetween2010and2050wouldaddemissionsequaltoroughly10

percentoftotalannualemissions.

AliAmiriatAaltoUniversityinFinlandsaysthereporfsconclusionsaboutemissionsfromrisingdemandare

probablycorrect,butthestoryisdifferentforwoodwealreadyharvest."Boostingtheefficiencyofcurrentharvests

andusingmorewoodforlongerlivedpurposesthanpaperwouldcutemissions,hesays."Wecannotjustsaywe

shouldstopusingwood.^^

10.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?

A.Theprocessofthenewresearch.B.Thebackgroundofthenewstudy.

C.Thechallengeofthenewresearch.D.Theachievementsofthenewstudy.

【答案】10.A

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。新的研究表明，用木材建造的建筑可能并不像想象中的那么環(huán)保。

10.主旨大意題。由第二段“InareportfortheWorldResourcesInstitute,Searchingerandhiscolleagueshave

modelledhowusingmorewoodforconstructionwouldaffectemissionsbetween2010and2050,accountingfor

theemissionsfromharvestingthewood.Theyconsideredvarioustypesofforestsandpartsofwoodgoingtowards

construction.Theyalsofactoredintheemissionssavingsfromreplacingconcreteandsteel.（在世界資源研究所的

一份報(bào)告中，Searchinger和他的同事們模擬了2010年至2050年間，使用更多的木材進(jìn)行建筑將如何影響

排放，并考慮到了砍伐木材的排放量。他們考慮了各種類型的森林和用于建筑的部分木材。他們還考慮到

了更換混凝土和鋼材所節(jié)省的排放量）”可知，第二段主要介紹新研究的過程。故選A項(xiàng)。

5.（2023?福建泉州?高三校考期中）

IT9SATYPICALmorning:youwakeup,takeashower,brushyourteeth,andthenprick（刺；扎）yourarm

withatinyneedle.Wait,what?Unlessyouhaveaseriousdiseasesuchasdiabetes,youprobablyhaven'tevertested

yourownblood.Butinthefuture,thatmightchange.

ThecompanyCoralreadysellsasystemforhomebloodtesting.Youstickyourarmusingasupposedly

painless,one-off,blood-drawingcartridge（針筒）aboutthesizeofalipstick.Thenyoustickthecartridgeintoa

devicethatlookslikethebaseforanelectrictoothbrush.Afewminuteslater,anapponyourphonebuzzeswith

updatedinformation,includingyourcurrenthealthdataandtipsonwhattoeatandhowtoexerciseduringtheday.

Ifstruethatbloodcontainsawealthofinformationaboutaperson'shealth.Bloodtestscanshowifapersonis

infectedwithadiseaseoratriskforavarietyofproblems,includingaheartattackorastroke.Butmostpeople

don'ttesttheirownblooduntiladoctorsaysit'stime.Healthyyoungadultsgetregularbloodtestsabouteveryfive

years.Thesetestshappenatalab,whereatechnicianoranursesticksalongneedleintothearmtodrawout

severaltubesfullofblood.Corandsimilarcompanies,suchasWellnessFX,aretryingtochangeallthat.They

thinkpeopledeserveaccesstomore