高三英語試卷

(考試時(shí)間105分鐘滿分115分)

I.Grammarandvocabulary

SectionA

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammatically

correct.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheother

blanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

PioneersinartificialintelligencewintheNobelPrizeinphysics

The2024NobelPrizeinphysicshasbeenawardedtoJohn

HopfieldandGeoffreyHinton.Theyareknownfortheirfundamental

discoveriesinmachinelearning,(1)pavedthewayforhow

artificialintelligenceisusedtoday.

Machinelearningdiffersfromtraditionalsoftware.Thesoftware

receivesdata,whichisprocessedaccordingtoacleardescription,and

(2)(produce)theresults.Inmachinelearning,thecomputerlearnsbyexample,enablingittotackle

problemsthataretoocomplicated(3)(manage)bystep-by-stepinstructions.

HintonandHopfield(4)(credit)withusingtoolsfromphysicstoadvancebasicresearchinthe

field.In1982,Hopfielddevelopedamodelofneural(神經(jīng)的)networks,todayknownastheHopfieldnetwork,to

describehowthebrainrecallsmemorieswhen(5)(feed)partialinformation,similartothemethodyour

brainusestorememberawordonthetipofyourtongue.

GeoffHintonandcolleaguesfurtherdevelopedtheHopfieldnetwork.Todothat,Hintonusedstatistical

physics,basedonanequationinventedbythenineteenth-centuryphysicistLudwigBoltzmann,creatinga

("Boltzmannmachine.^^Itcanlearn-notfrominstructions,butfrom(6)(give)examples.Atrained

Boltzmannmachinecanrecognizefamiliartraits(特質(zhì))ininformationithasnotpreviouslyseen.Imaginemeeting

afHend'sbrotherorsister,andyoucanimmediatelyseethatthey(7)berelated.Inasimilarway,the

Boltzmannmachinecanrecognizeanentirelynewexample(8)itbelongstoacategoryfoundinthe

trainingmaterial.

Hintonhasalsourgedcautionaroundthetechnology.Hintonquithisjobasavicepresidentlastyearatatech

giant.Hesaidheleftbecausehewantedtobeabletosharehisconcernsabouttherisksofartificialintelligence

withoutworrying(9)itwouldmeanforhisemployer.

“Oneofthewaysinwhichthesesystemsmightescapecontrolisbywritingtheirowncomputercodetomodify

(10)JHintonsaidina2023interview."That'ssomethingweneedtoseriouslyworryabout.”

SectionB

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethat

thereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.presentB.accomplishmentC.plugD.householdE.defeated

F.significantG.diagnoseH.addictsI.amateurJ.alertedK.picture

Ahacker'slife

Haveyoueverlockedyourselfoutofyourhomeandhadtotrytobreakin?First,yougetasenseof

(11)insucceeding.Butthencomestheworryingrealizationthatifyoucanbreakintoyourownplace

asa(n)(12),aprofessionalcoulddosofivetimesfaster.Soyoulookattheweakpointinyoursecurity

andfixit.Well,that9smoreorlesshowtheDefConhackersconferenceworks.

EveryyearpassionatehackersmeetatDefConinLasVegasto(13)theirknowledgeand

capabilities.Mentiontheword"hacker“andmanyofus(14)aseventeen-year-oldgeek('怪人)sitting

intheirbedroom,illegallyhackingintotheUS'sdefensesecretsinthePentagon(五角大樓).Orwejustthink

“criminals”.Butthatisactuallyamisrepresentationofwhatmosthackersdo.

TheactivitiesandexperimentsthattakeplaceatDefConhaveanenormousimpactonourdailylives.These

arepeoplewholovethechallengeoffindingsecuritygaps:computer(15)whocan'tbreakthehabit.

Theylookwithgreatcareatallkindsofsystems,fromtheInternettomobilecommunicationsto(16)

doorlocks.Andthentheytrytohackthem.Indoingso,theyaredoingallofusagreatservice,becausetheypass

ontheirfindingstotheindustriesthatdesignthesesystems,whicharethenableto(17)thesecurity

holes.

AtypicalexampleofthisiswhenIattendedapresentationonelectronicdoorlocks.Ironically,oneofthemost

securelockstheydemonstratedwasa4,000-year-oldEgyptianlock.Butwhenitcametomoremodemdevices,the

presentersrevealed(18)weaknessesinseveralbrandsofelectro-mechanicallocks.Abio-lockthatuses

afingerprintscanforentrywas(19),easily,byapaperclip.(Unfortunately,althoughallthe

manufacturersoftheinsecurelockswere(20),notallofthemresponded.)

II.ReadingComprehension

SectionA

Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillin

eachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

Whenisangerjustified?

Angerisacomplicatedemotion.Butisitevermorallyrighttobeangry?Andifso,when?Oneofthemost

foundationalunderstandingsof_21_comesfromtheGreekphilosopherAristotle.Inhismodel,there5sasweet

spotforouractionsandemotionalreactions,andifsuptoyoutodeveloppracticalwisdomaboutwhenyoushould

feelwhatandhowstronglytofeelit.

_22_,lefssayyou'regoingtosleepearlybecauseyouhaveanimportantmeetingtomorrowandyour

neighborjuststartedplayingloudmusic.Ifyoucan'tsleep,youmightruinyourmeeting,sofeelingangryis

definitely_23_.Buthowmuchangershouldyoufeel?Andwhatactions,ifany,shouldyoutake?Toanswer

thesequestions,Aristotlewouldneedtoknowmoredetails.Haveyou_24_talkedtoyourneighboraboutthis

issue?Isitareasonabletimetobeplayingmusic?Isyourneighbortryingto_25_you,oraretheyjustenjoying

theirevening?

RelyingonpracticalwisdominAristotle'scase-by-caseapproachmakesalotofsenseforhandling_26_

conflicts.Butwhataboutwhenthere5snooneto_27_foryouranger?Imagineatornadocompletelydestroys

yourhousewhileyourneighbor'shomeis_28_.Noamountofangercanundothedisaster,andthereisn'treally

asuitable_29_foryourfrustration.

Althoughit'shardforustocontrolouranger,theremightbesomethingwecanlearnfromit.PhilosopherPF

Strawson'stheorysuggeststhatexperiencingangerisanaturalpartofhumanpsychologythathelpsuscommunicate

blameandholdeachother_30_.Inthismodel,angercanbeanimportantpartoflettingusknowwhensomething

immoralishappening,so_31_itwouldharmoursociallivesandmoralcommunities.Butfindingtheright

responsetothosepsychologicalalarmbellscanbe_32_.Forinstance,ifyouweresupervisingcruel,disrespectful

youngchildren,itmightbenaturaltofeelanger,butitwouldbe_33_totreattheirmoralmistakeslikethoseof

adults.

Sowhenshouldyou_34_anger?Andcaniteverhelpchangethingsforthebetter?Lefsimagineyour

communityisexperiencingserioushealthissuesbecauseanearbyfactoryis_35_pollutingthewatersupply.In

unjustsituationslikethis,itcouldbeamoralmistaketosuppress（抑制）youranger,insteadofchannelingitinto

positiveaction.

21.A.motionB.passionC.urgeD.anger

22.A.InconclusionB.HoweverC.What'smoreD.Forexample

23.A.exceptionalB.understandableC.uselessD.tragic

24.A.remotelyB.reluctantlyC.previouslyD.ultimately

25.A.upsetB.conquerC.imitateD.motivate

26.A.commercialB.domesticC.culturalD.interpersonal

27.A.consultB.blameC.rejectD.hide

28.A.discoveredB.lockedC.untouchedD.exploded

29.A.targetB.boundaryC.positionD.reason

30.A.accountableB.adorableC.memorableD.sustainable

31.A.expressingB.removingC.releasingD.following

32.A.simpleB.dangerousC.trickyD.sufficient

33.A.matureB.wiseC.easyD.wrong

34.A.bringdownB.actonC.bottleupD.holdback

35.A.illegallyB.remotelyC.steadilyD.inevitably

SectionB

Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinished

statements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccording

totheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

（A）

CarolineRobbinsknewthatthefirstdayofschoolwasvery,veryimportant.Why?Becausethatwastheday

whenyouchosewhereyouwouldsitfortheentireyear.Carolinerealizedthatinsomeclassesthischoicewouldbe

madeforher.Theteacherwouldplacestudentsinalphabetical（按字母用頁序的）order,meaningshewouldhaveto

sitinfrontofZachRodgersyetagain.ZachwasattractedbyCaroline,andwoulddistractherfromherworkby

passingnotesandtellingjokestoimpressher.Ingeneral,beingaRobbinswasprettygood,buthavingtositinfront

ofZachwasdefinitelyadrawback.

Inherotherclasses,though,Carolinewouldbesuretochoosejusttherightseat.Carolinelikedtothinkof

herselfasoneofthecoolkids,butshealsodidwellinschoolandlikedlearning.So,Carolinewantedtositcloseto

thecoolkids,butnottooclose,orshewouldbemoreinterestedintalkingthanpayingattention.Shealsoknewthat

itwasgoodtobefriendswiththesmartkids,becausetheycouldhelpCarolinewithherschoolwork.However,she

didn*twanttosittooclosetothesmartkids.Unfortunately,atCaroline'sschool,thesmartkidsandthecoolkids

werenotthesamekids.

Carolinehadallofthisinmindasshewalkedthroughtheschool'sfrontdooronthefirstday.Sheknewwhere

herfirstclasswas,butshedidn'twanttobethefirstonethere.Ifyouwerethefirstonethere,youdidn'thaveany

controlatall!Otherpeoplegottochoosehowclosetheysattoyou,nottheotherwayaround.Thissimplywould

notdo.So,shetookhertimewalkingdownthehall,takingaminutetotalktoherfriendAlma,whomshehadn't

seenfortheentiresummer.

Atlast,shewalkedthroughthedoorofherfirstclass,andthereitwas,theperfectseat!Twoseatsawayfrom

Jasmine,thesmartestgirlinherentiregrade,andjustinfrontofMarc,whowasverycoolandtotallycute.

Therewasanewguytotheleft,whichcouldbearisk,buthowbadcouldanewguybe?SoCarolinestarted

towardtheseat,beingcarefulnottorush,whenMarc'sbestfriendJasonsatdowninherchair!Sure,therewere

otherseats,butnootherperfectones.Saddenedbutnotdiscouraged,Carolinesatdowninthesecond-bestseatand

immediatelystartedplanningforlunchtime,whenshewasdeterminedtogetthebestseatinthecafeteria.

36.Asusedinparagraph1,theword“drawback“mostnearlymeans"

A.disadvantageB.benefitC.virtueD.withdrawal

37.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?

A.Carolinewasoftenseenasacoolkid,notasmartkid.

B.Carolinewantedtobetheonlysmartkidinherschool.

C.IfCarolinewasseenasasmartkid,noonewouldthinkshewascool.

D.Caroline'sschoolwasunusualinthatsmartkidswerealsocool.

38.Accordingtothepassage,Carolinemakessurenottogettoclasstooearlyby.

A.takingtimetofixherhairB.goingtothewrongclass

C.waitingoutsidetheschoolgateD.stoppingtotalktoherfriend

39.HowdidCarolinefeelaboutthenewguysittingnexttoherdesiredseat?

A.Shewasthrilledtohaveanewfriendtositnextto.

B.Shewasconcernedhemightbeadisturbance.

C.Shewasrelievedthathedidn,ttaketheperfectseat.

D.Shewasdisappointedbecausehedidn'tlookcool.

(B)

Fromthetimehumanbeingsbegantodrawthem,mapshavehelpedpeoplefindtheirwayaroundtheir

environments.Butmapscanshowusmanythings,notjustwhichdirectiontogo.Theyshowthepathofhistory,

theearth'sshape,developmentofmathematics,andtheprogressoftechnology.

Oneoftheoldest-knownlandmapsisanalmost1,600-year-oldtabletfromSouthwestAsia.Themapshowsa

circleoflandthatisdividedbyariverandsurroundedbyocean.Trianglesonthemapindicateeightdifferent

regions.Andthemap'stextdescribeslegendarybeastsandheroesthatwereimportanttotheancientpeopleofthe

area.AroundAD150,aGreekscientistdrewnorth-southandeast-westlinesonamap.Thisadditionapplies

mathematicstomappingandwasanearlyattempttoshowtheearth'sshapeonaflatpieceofpaper.Mapsgradually

becamemuchmoredetailedasnewregionswereexploredandputdownonpaper.Also,mathematicaland

astronomicaladvanceshelpedtoperfecttheworldmaptowhatweknowandlovetoday!

Nowthatyouknowalittleabouttheearlyhistoryofmaps,lefslearnsomefunfacts.

EastattheTop

Thesedays,mostmapsfeaturenorthatthetop.However,duringtheMiddleAges,mostmapshadeastatthe

top.Thiswasdonetopointinthedirectionofthemorningsun.

PuzzleMaps

Whenprintedmapsbecameavailabletothegeneralpopulationintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,not

everyonecouldunderstandthem.Infact,thefirstjigsawpuzzles(拼圖游戲)weredesignedaspracticemapsfor

eighteenth-centurygeographyclasses!

FakePlaces

Mapmakersneedtomakesurethattheirworkisnotcopiedbyothers.Toprotecttheirwork,manymapmakers

addmade-uptownsorstreetstotheirmaps.Onlytheoriginalmapmakerwouldknowaboutthefakeentry.

ModernTechnology

Today,digitalmapsandGPStechnologyhaverevolutionizedthewayweexploreourworld.Withthetouch

ofascreen,wecanseeourexactlocation,planroutes,andevenviewreal-timetrafficupdates.

40.WhichofthefollowingpicturesbestshowsthemodemformoftheGreekscientisfsadditiontothemap?

41.Faketownsorstreetswereoftenaddedtomaps.

A.sothatitwouldbeclearifsomeonecopiedthemap

B.tomakethemapslessboringandmoreaccurate

C.asatrickychallengeforpeopletotakeon

D.tohelppeoplepracticehowtoreadcomplicatedmaps

42.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.Toshowthedevelopmentofmappingtechnology.

B.Toexplaintheimportanceofmapsthroughouthistory.

C.Tointroducethehistoryofmapsandsomeinterestingfacts.

D.Toteachsomemap-makingtricksandtechniques.

(C)

Mosttaxidriversneedasmartphonetogettotheirdestinations.Butsharks,itseems,neednothingmorethan

theirownbodies-andEarth'smagnetic（磁的）field.AnewstudysuggestssomesharkscanreadEarth9sfieldlike

amapanduseittotravellongdistanceswithaccuracy.

Sincethe1970s,researchershavesuspectedthatsomefishcandetectmagneticfields.Butnoonehadshown

thatsharksusethefieldstofindtheirlocationornavigate（導(dǎo)航），partlybecausetheanimalsaren'tsoeasytowork

with.Ifsonethingifyouhaveasmallfish,orababyseaturtle,butwhenyouworkwithsharks,youhavetoupscale

everything.

BryanKeller,anecologistatFloridaStateUniversity,andhiscolleaguesdecidedtodojustthat.Theylineda

bedroom-sizecagewithwireandplacedasmallswimmingpoolinthecenterofthecage.Byrunninganelectrical

currentthroughthewiring,theycouldgenerateacustommagneticfieldinthecenterofthepool.Theteamthen

collected20youngbonnetheadsharks-aspeciesknowntomigratehundredsofkilometers-offtheFloridacoast.

Theyplacedthesharksintothepool,oneatatime,andletthemswimfreelyunderthreedifferentmagneticfields,

appliedinrandomsuccession.Onefieldmimicked（模仿）Earth?snaturalfieldatthespotwherethesharkswere

collected,whiletheothersmimickedthefieldsatlocations600kilometersnorthand600kilometerssouthoftheir

homes.

Theyusedsoftwaretotrackthesharks'responses,observingwhichdirectioninthetanktheyweretryingto

swimtowards.Whentheyoungsharkswereexposedtothemagneticfieldoftheplacetheywerecaptured,or'home',

theystayedput.Butwhensubjectedtothesouthernmagneticfield,thesharkspersistentlychangedtheirheadings

toswimnorth,asiftryingtogetbackhome.Thissuggeststhatthesharkswereusingthemagneticfieldtoguide

them,similartohowhumansuseGPS.

Surprisingly,theresearchersfoundthatthesharksdidn'tfavoranydirectionwhenswimmingunderthe

northernfield.Kellersaysthismightbebecausetheydon'tgonorthoftheirhomelocationsincethereisonlyland

there,andsotheyrarelyhavetofindtheirwaybacksouthagain."Thiscouldsupportthetheorythattheirabilityto

gobackhomeisalearnedbehavior,9,hesays.Theymightnotknowwhattodointhenorthernfieldbecause"they've

neverbeenupthere."saysKeller.

Keller9sresearchaddsasignificantpiecetothestill-incompletepuzzleofsharkbiology.Sharkshavebeen

decliningatanalarmingrateduetomostlyoverfishingandhabitatchange.Studyingthelifecyclesandmigration

patternsofsharkscanhelpusunderstandwhatareastoprotectwhenmanagingmarinespaces.

43.WhyisitdifficultforresearcherstoprovethatsharkscanreadEarth?sfield?

A.Sharksaretoohardtofollowandobserve.

B.Sharksarenotsensitivetomagneticfields.

C.Sharksaredifficulttostudyinalaboratorysetting.

D.Sharksareonthelistofendangeredspecies.

44.AccordingtoKeller,whatmightbethereasonwhysharksdon'tfavoranydirectionwhenswimmingunderthe

northernmagneticfield?

A.Theydon'tliketheclimateinthenorth.

B.They'veneverbeentothenorthoftheirhomebefore.

C.Theylearnedtodosowhentheywereyoung.

D.Thenorthernmagneticfieldwasnotstrongenough.

45.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthatKeller'sresearchissignificantbecauseit.

A.providesanewmethodforcapturingsharks

B.supportstheideathatsharks'migrationpatternsarerandom

C.addscrucialinformationtoourunderstandingofsharkbiology

D.suggeststhatsharksshouldbeprotectedfromoverfishing

46.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.SharksuseEarth'smagneticfieldtofindtheirwayonseas.

B.Researchersdiscoveredanewwaytostudysharksinlabs.

C.Sharkpopulationsaredecliningduetohabitatchange.

D.Sharkshavealearnedbehaviorofreturningtotheirhome.

SectionC

Directions:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentence

canbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.

A.Unfortunately,ourexpectationscanalsoworkagainstus.

B.Believeitornot,therearelimitstoeventhestrongestplaceboeffect.

C.Thiseffectoccurswhenapatientisgivenatreatmentthatisabletoimprovetheirsymptomseventhoughit

lacksanactiveingredient.

D.Additionally,youprobablyassociatepillsingeneralwithrecoveringfromillness.

E.Ifwecanlearntomakeuseofthepowerofpositivethinking,perhapsonedaywecanevenmovebeyond

usingtraditionaldrugstotreatminorsymptoms!

F.Andinroutinemedicalpractice,placebosarerarelyusedonpurpose.

Thepowerofplacebo（安慰劑）

Haveyouevertakenapillforaheadacheandfeltinstantreliefeventhoughthere9snowaythemedicinecould

havetakeneffectsoquickly?Ifso,you'vepersonallyexperiencedamedicalphenomenonknownastheplacebo

effect.47Intheabovesituationregardingyourheadache,theactiveingredient（成分）couldn'thave

beenresponsibleforyourreducedpain.Sowhydidthesymptomsimprove?

Scientistsdon'tcompletelyunderstandthemechanismsbehindtheeffect,buttheyhavedeterminedthatan

individual'sconditioningandexpectationslikelyplayamajorrole.Withyourheadache,forexample,youexpected

thepainkillertoworkbecausepillshaverelievedyourheadachesinthepast.48Infact,thelatter

meansaplacebocanstillworkevenwhensomeoneknowsifsnotrealmedicine!Otherfactorsthatcaninfluence

howwellatreatmentworksincludebeingtoldit'seffectivebyadoctor,yourdoctor'sbodylanguageortoneof

voice,andtheknowledgethatyou'retakingactiontosolvetheproblem.

49Ifyoubelieveadrugwillbeineffectiveatrelievingyoursymptoms,forinstance,itisless

likelytowork.Evenworse,ifyouexpecttosuffersideeffectsfromyourmedication,youprobablywill.Thisputs

doctorsinatrickypositionthey5rerequiredbylawtoinformpatientsofrisks,yetdoingsocouldnegativelyaffect

recovery.Thebestwaytoavoidthisundesirableeffect,accordingtosomeexperts,isfordoctorstophrasedangers

inthemostencouragingwaypossibleoraskpeopleifthey'rewillingtoremainunawareofminorsideeffects.

Thepoweroftheplaceboeffectopensupanexcitingopportunitytoexplorenewavenues.Thoughwemaynot

fullygrasphowtheplaceboeffectswork,onethingisclear:ourmindshaveanamazingabilitytoshapenotonly

ourthoughtsbutalsoourphysicalhealth.50

III.SummaryWriting

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomore

than60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

51.

Whywehatephonecalls

Suddenlyasoundringsout,stoppingyouinyourtracks.Panicking,yousearchforwhereitcouldbecoming

from.It*syourphone,andifyou*relikeaquarterof18to30-year-oldsinarecentBritishstudy,youprobablywon*t

answerit.Thesamestudyfoundthat70%ofthepeopleinthisagegroupprefertextmessagestophonecalls.Why

dosomanyyoungpeoplehatephonecalls?

Whilepreviousgenerationsgrewupusinglandlinestotalktotheirfriends,smartphone-equippedyounger

peoplehavegrownupusedtousingtextmessagesforsocialconversations.There*slesspressurewithtexting.You

canreadandrespondtomessagesonyourownschedule,andyoucantaketimetothinkaboutwhatyouwanttosay

ratherthanbeingputonthespotduringaphonecall.Besides,whenyoucancraftareplyfreeofinterruption,you

havegreatercontroloveryourcontributionstoaconversation.Communicationlikephonecallscanleadpeopleto

feelalossofcontrolandthecorresponding