考研外語(yǔ)專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè)過(guò)關(guān)卷1

一、UseofEnglish

1、Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinking

andtalkingabouttheirpastlives,[1]aboutthefuture.These

reminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories,[2]

istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson's

recollectionsofthepasthelpto[3]anidentitythatis

becomingincreasinglyfragile:[4]anyrolethatbringsrespect

oranygoalthatmightprovide[5]tothefuture,theindividual

mentionshispastasaremindertolisteners,thatherewasa

life[6]living.[7],thememoriesform,partofacontinuing

life[8],inwhichtheperson【9】theeventsandexperiences

ofthe-yearsgonebyand[10]ontheoverallmeaningofhisor

herownalmostcompletedlife.

Asthelifecycle[11]toitsclose,theagedmustalsolearn

toaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.[12]this

taskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta[13]

subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathis

oftenregardedas[14].Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopic

frighteningandare[15]tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynot

totalkaboutit[16]thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Death

hasachievedthistaboo[17]onlyinthemodernindustrial

societies.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour

reluctanceto[18]theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthat

deathremains[19]ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneof

thenaturalprocesses[20]isso.

(1)

A.betterthan

B.ratherthan

C.lessthan

D.otherthan

2、(2)

A.so

B.even

C.nor

D.hardly

3、(3)

A.preserve

B.conserve

C.resume

D.assume

4、⑷

A.performing

B.playing

C.undertaking

D.lacking

5、(5)

A.orientation

B.implication

C.succession

D.presentation

6、(6)

A.worthy

B.worth

C.worthless

D.worthwhile

7、(7)

A.Inaword

B.Inbrief

C.Inaddition

D.Inparticular

8、(8)

A.prospect

B.impetus

C.impression

D.review

9、(9)

A.integrates

B.incorporates

C.includes

D.interacts

10、(10)

A.reckons

B.counts

C.reflects

D.conceives

11、(11)

A.keeps

B.draws

C.inclines

D.tends

12、(12)

A.Therefore

B.And

C.Yet

D.Otherwise

13、(13)

A.taboo

B.dispute

C.contempt

D.neglect

14、(14)

A.notorious

B.indecent

C.obscure

D.desperate

15、(15)

A.ready

B.willing

C.liable

D.reluctant

16、(16)

A.at

B.on

C.with

D.in

17、(17)

A.status

B.circumstance

C.environment

D.priority

18、(18)

A.encounter

B.confront

C.tolerate

D.expose

19、(19)

A.under

B.above

C.beyond

D.within

20、(20)

A.which

B.what

C.as

D.that

二、ReadingComprehension

1>PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfined,ofcourse,tothe

growthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowere

fundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.Thesystemof

manufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddle

Ageswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselves,

dominatedbythemastercraftsmen,hadgrownselfishand

exclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafew

privilegedfamilies.Besides,theyweresocompletelychoked

bytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentsto

changingconditions.Moreover,newindustrieshadsprungup

entirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexamples

wereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapid

developmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnical

advances,suchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthe

discoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrass,whichsavedabout

halfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmelting

industriesaform,oforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothat

whichhasprevailedeversince.

Butthemosttypicalform,ofindustrialproductioninthe

CommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystem,developedfirst

ofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesits

namefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesof

industrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.

Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductwere

givenoutoncontract,thesystemisalsoknownastheputting

outsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproduction,the

organizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwas

purchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworker,

eachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulated

payment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbe

givenoutfirstofalltothespinners,thentotheweavers,

fullers,anddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinally

finished,itwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopen

marketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring.

Accordingtothearticle,whatchangesdidtheCommercial

Revolutionbringabout?

A.Methodsofproduction

B.AppearanceofcraftguiIds

C.Increasedtradevolume

D.Growthoftrade,bankingandmethodsofproduction

2、

Theword"defunct"inthefirstparagraphmostprobably

means.

A.popular

B.obsolete

C.potential

D.flourishing

3、

Accordingtothearticle,inwhichareawasitmore

energy-efficient?

A.Smeltingindustry

B.Miningindustry

C.Banking

D.Weaving

4、

Theauthorimpliesthat.

A.Theguildsystemwasmoreefficient

B.Thedomesticsystemwascapitalistic

C.Thetechnicaladvancesstimulatedtheguildsystem

D.Thedomesticsystemwasnotasefficientastheguildsystem

5、

Accordingtothearticle,whichoneofthefollowing

statementsisNOTtrue?

A.Technicaladvancesstimulatedthedevelopmentof

enterprises

B.Inthewoolenindustry,weaverswouldpassontheir

productstospinners

C.Thedomesticsystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem

D.Theword“clothier“issynonymousto“entrepreneur"inthis

context

6、Insomeways,theUnitedStateshasmadespectacular

progress.Firesnolongerdestroy18,000buildingsastheydid

intheGreatChicagoFireof1871,orkillhalfatownof2,400

people,astheydidthesamenightinPeshtigo,Wisconsin.Other

thantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977,it

hasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedina

fire.

Butevenwithsuchsuccesses,theUnitedStatesstillhasone

oftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssay

theproblemisneithermoneynortechnology,butthe

indifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefires

seriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeofthe

world'sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnited

StateshastwiceJapan'spopulation,and40timesasmanyfires.

Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.

AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyat

children,whodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfires

butwho,contrarytopopularmyth,startveryfewofthem.

0-----￡

J10

Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenot

reallyanyone;sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountries,where

bothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseithera

personalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;ofthe

estimated48firesinworldhistory,thatburnedmorethan

10,000buildings,Japanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausinga

severefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment.

IntheUnitedStates,mosteducationdollarsarespentin

elementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoo1imited

audience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedby

childrenplayingwithmatches.

TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlaws

orsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentof

allhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehome

sprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffifthey

aretipped.

ThereasonwhysomanyAmericansdieinfiresisthat.

A.Theytooknointerestinnewtechnology

B.theydidnotattachgreatimportancetopreventingfires

C.theyshowedindifferencetofightingfires

D.theydidnotspendenoughmoneyonfirefacilities

Althoughthefiredeathratehasdeclined,theUnited

States.

A.stillhastheworstfiredeathrateintheworld

B.isstillalerttothefireproblem

C.isstilltrainingalargenumberofsafetyexperts

D.isstillconfrontedwiththeseriousfireproblem

8、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A.firesafetylessonsshouldbeaimedatAmericanadults

B.Americanchildrenhavenotreceivedenougheducationof

firesafetylesson

C.Japanisbetterequippedwithfirefacilitiesthanthe

UnitedStates

D.America'slargepopulationaccountsforhightfire

frequency

9、

InwhataspectsshouldtheUnitedStateslearnfromJapan?

A.Architectureandbuildingmaterial.

B.Educationandtechnology.

C.Lawsandattitude.

D.Alloftheabove.

10、

TonarrowthegapbetweenthefiredeathrateintheUnited

Statesandthatinothercountries,theauthorsuggests.

A.developingnewtechnology

B.countingmoreonlawsandsocialpressure

C.placingafireextinguisherineveryfamily

D.reinforcingthesafenessofhouseholdappliances

11、Inolddays,whenaglimpseofstockingwaslookedupon

assomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkof

anoffice,secretariesweremen.

ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswere

replacedbywomen.Aman'ssecretarybecamehispersonal

servant,chargedwithrememberinghiswife'sbirthdayand

buyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;

tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwish

tospeaktoatbayand,ofcourse,typingandfilingandtaking

shorthand.

Nowallthismaybechangingagain.Themicrochipandhigh

technologyissweepingtheBritishoffice,takingwithitmuch

oftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid.

“Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerally,thestatusofthe

jobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythe

high-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain.”

Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutives(male)ofoneofthe

biggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.Whathehas

predictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.Onegirldescribed

tomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobs

inSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatal1themenshedealtwith

appearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttothe

oldstory.

Overhere,though,therearemencomingontothejobmarketas

secretaries.Classically,girlshavelearnedshorthandand

typingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthe

bottom----andthat'swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhe

joinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwoman

seniormanager,hehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministration

job.

“Ifilledintheapplicationform,andsaidIcoulddo

audio/typing,andinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirls

werereluctanttoworkforthisyoung,glamorousnewwomanwith

allthispowerinthefirm.”

“Ididtypingatschool,andthenacommercialcourse.Ijust

thoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.Inevergotanyfunny

treatmentfromthegirls,thoughIadmitI'venevermetanother

malesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerk

andcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriter,andwroteletters,

andthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood

￡1,000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortage

atthattime,yousee.”

“Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshe

madedecisions,shetoldeverybodywhatshethought,andthere

wasnoneofthatstuff,ringthisnumberformedear,whichmen

goinfor.”

“Don'tforget,wewereateam—that'showIaboutit—notboss

andservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesame

purpose.”

Oncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutine,

willtherebemaletakeover?Menshouldbewareofthinkingthat

theycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotof

womensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecause

theyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithword

processorsandcomputers,andmen.

BeforethefirstWorldWar,femalesecretarieswererare

becausethey.

A.worestockings

B.werenotasseriousasmen

C.werelessefficientthanmen

D.wouldhavedisturbedtheotherofficeworkers

12、

Asecretaryinthefuturewill

A.bebetterpaid

B.havelessworktodo

C.havehigherstatus

D.havemoreworktodo

13、

JohnBowmanwasgivenhisfirstjobasasecretarybecause

A.hewaslucky

B.nooneelseapplied

C.hehadthebestqualifications

D.hewantedtoworkforawoman

14、

Whenhewasapostofficeclerk,secretarieswerebetterpaid

because.

A.theywereinshortage

B.theywerebettertrained

C.theyworkedlongerhours

D.theyhadgreaterresponsibility

15、

Thewriterbelievesthatbeforelong.

A.menandwomenwillcompeteforsecretarialwork

B.menwilltakeoverwomen'sjobsassecretaries

C.womenwilloperatemostofficemachines

D.menwillbebetterwithmachines

16、Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulation,the

upperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation，swealth.

Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.

Basically,theupper-upperclassisthe“oldrich”—families

thathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracy

ofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegister,

alistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.Afewareknown

acrossthenation,suchastheRockefellers,Roosevelts,and

Vanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.They

liveingrandseclusion,drawingtheirincomefromthe

investmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrast,the

lower-upperclassisthe"newrich”.Althoughtheymaybe

wealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustled

tomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.

Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrich,

whohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheir

money,andwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich.

Howeveritswealthisacquired,theupperclassisvery,very

rich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivatean

interestintheartsandtocollectrarebooks,painting,and

sculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareas,belongto

exclusivesocialclubs,communicatewitheachother,andmarry

theirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthe

massesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.More

thananyotherclass,theytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembers

ofaclass.Theyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerand

influencehereandabroad,astheyholdmanytopgovernment

positions,runtheCouncilonForeighRelations,andcontrol

multinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesof

millions.

Al1thefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTthat.

A.theupper-upperclassisofaristocraticorigin

B.the"oldrich“enjoyhigherprestigethanthe"newrich”

C.the"oldrich"isolatethemselvesandleadalonelylife

D.theupperclassownsatleastaquarterofthecountry"s

wealth

17、

The“oldrich“getricher.

A.throughtheSocialRegister

B.throughtheirreputation

C.byinvestingtheirinheritedwealth

D.bycollectingpaintingsandsculptures

18、

Thereasonwhythe“oldrich“l(fā)ookdownuponthe“newrich”

isthat.

A.theformerarewealthierthanthelatter

B.thelattersweatthemselvestomakemoney

C.the“newrich"havenointerestinarts

D.the“oldrich"areconsciousofbeingmembersoftheupper

class

19、

Theupperclassisalsocalledtheout-of—sightclass

because.

A.theykeepawayfromthegeneralpublic

B.theyspendmostoftheirtimeabroad

C.theydon'tcommunicatewithanypeople

D.theymovefrequentlyfromplacetoplace

20、

Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat

A.theupperclassispowerfulandinfluential

B.theupperclasscollectsrarebookstomakemoney

C.theupperclassholdsalltopgovernmentpositions

D.the"oldrich"makesmuchmoremoneythanthe"newrich”

21、PartB(10points)

Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatest

excitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsare

regularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillions

ofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownon

ourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman'snewest

achievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsof

thesemassiveeffortsto'conquerspace'andatthesametime

theyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecansee

isanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresenta

planetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingto

endupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbe

putbehindglassinsomemuseum.(41)

(42)Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweron

earth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydoso

inthenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinreality,all

theyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywantto

impressus,theirspectators,withamagnificentshowof

strength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappeared

onearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.

Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargument

that"mightisright”.

(43)Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethe

sufferingoftheearth'sstarvingmillions?Inwhatwayhasit

raisedthestandardof1ivingofanyoneofus?Asfarasthe

laymanisconcerned,thepracticalresultsofallthis

expenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thanksto

spaceresearch,wecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmitted

livehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanuse

non-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomes

utterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsman

overcomes,itisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotravel

eventotheneareststar.

(44)Forthefirsttimeinhishistory,manhasthe

overwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansuffering,

yethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits.

(45)Individualswith1imitedbudgetsusuallyget

theirprioritiesright;theyprovidethemselveswith

necessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan'tgreat

nationsactinthesamesensibleway?Letusputourhousein

orderfirstandletspacelookafteritself.

[A]Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspace

travelinrecentyears.

[B]Poverty,hunger,diseaseandwarareman'sgreatestenemies

andtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthe

powerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttothese

problemsastheydotothespacerace.

[C]Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchfor

knowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe.

[D]Ontheotherhand,peoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthe

developmentofscienceandtechnology.

[E]Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourown

earthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymore

excitingandspectacular.

[F]Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-how,acquiredin

attemptingtogetusintoorbit,willbeutilizedtomakebetter

onearth.

[G]Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinorder

tobuyandrunacar,wewouldconsiderhimmad.

(41)

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftout,ornot

sufficientlyexperienced,thechildmayhavetogobackand

capturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossible,

forexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplay

withaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhe

stillneedstodoso.(46)Thisprinciple,infact,underlies

allpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswith

theirdevelopment,andisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.

Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventhe

youngestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfood,to

sleepandwakeatregul