溫馨提示：此套題為Word版，請按住Ctrl,滑動鼠標滾軸，調(diào)節(jié)合適的觀看比例，答案解析附后。關(guān)閉Word文檔返回原板塊。Module4GreatScientistsGrammar語法精講·探究學習復習被動語態(tài)和by+v.-ing的用法觀察上面對話,用適當?shù)谋粍诱Z態(tài)填寫下面教材中的句子,體會它們的用法。1.Riceisalsogrown(grow)inmanyotherAsiancountries,andinsomeEuropeancountries.2.Theresultsofhisexperimentswerepublished(publish)inChinain1966.

一、被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)用于強調(diào)謂語動詞所表示的動作的承受者或不知道謂語動詞所表示的動作的發(fā)出者的情況。被動語態(tài)常用于陳述事實,一般用在科技文章或新聞報道中。英語中語態(tài)只有兩種,即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。所謂“被動語態(tài)”,相當于中文中常說的“被……”句式。被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成:be+過去分詞(+by+動作執(zhí)行者)。1.一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/aredone(by...)一般過去時was/weredone(by...)*Theclassroomiscleanedbyuseveryday.教室每天都由我們打掃。*Suchsongsareusuallysungbygirls.這些歌通常是女孩子們唱的。*Thewindowwasbrokenbymyson.窗戶被我兒子打破了。語法填空。(1)(2019·天津高考)Amy,aswellasherbrothers,wasgiven(give)awarmwelcomewhenreturningtothevillagelastweek.

(2)Theseflowersarewatered(water)byLiMingeverythreedays.

(3)Alotoftallbuildingswereput(put)upinthiscitylastyear.

2.現(xiàn)在進行時和過去進行時的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/arebeingdone(by...)過去進行時was/werebeingdone(by...)*Ahospitalisbeingbuiltinthecentreofthetown.鎮(zhèn)中心正在建一家醫(yī)院。*Howisthenewteachingmethodbeingtriedthere?那里是怎樣試行這種新教學方法的?*Thehousewasbeingpaintedwhenwearrivedathishome.我們到他家時,他家房子正在粉刷。*WastheTVsetbeingfixedatthistimeyesterday?昨天這個時候電視機正在被修理嗎?語法填空。(1)(2018·天津高考)Mywashingmachineisbeingrepaired(repair)thisweek,soIhavetowashmyclothesbyhand.

(2)Theboywasbeingsaved(save)atthistimelastnight.

3.現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在完成時has/havebeendone(by...)過去完成時hadbeendone(by...)*Theradiohasnotbeenturnedonyet.收音機還沒開。*Hasanewtrainingcentrebeensetupinourtown?我們鎮(zhèn)上新的培訓中心建好了嗎?*Inthe1950sintheUSA,mostfamilieshadjustonephoneathome,andwirelessphoneshadn’tbeeninventedyet.20世紀50年代的美國,大部分家庭中只有一部電話,無線電話還沒有發(fā)明出來。*Shetoldmethatshehadbeendismissedbyherboss.她告訴我,她已被老板解雇了?！局R延伸】

現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時的注意事項

(1)現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)動作從過去某個時候截止到現(xiàn)在,常與下面的時間狀語連用。now,today,tonight,thisweek,thisyear,already,yet,just,recently,in/during/overthepast+時間段,sofar/untilnow/uptonow...等。

(2)過去完成時強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在過去某個動作或時間之前,常與by,before等構(gòu)成的時間短語連用。

(3)當表示一段時間,現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時都可以用for+時間段或since引導的時間狀語從句。(1)語法填空。①Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks,noagreementhasbeenreached(reach)sofarbythetwosides.

②Theroomhadbeencleaned(clean)beforehearrived.

(2)單句改錯。(2018·北京高考)Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswhohadtrappedinthemountainsfortwodays.(trapped前加been)4.一般將來時和過去將來時的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般將來時will/shallbedone(by...)過去將來時wouldbedone(by...)*Theworkwillbedoneimmediately.這項工作將馬上展開。*Willtheschoolsportsmeetingbeheldnextweek?校運動會將在下星期舉行嗎?*WhenshallwebegivenalectureontheInternet?什么時候給我們做有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的講座?*Hesaidthatanewtradecenterwouldbebuiltinthecentreofthecity.他說一個新的貿(mào)易中心將在市中心建起來。語法填空。(1)AChinesePaintingExhibitionwillbeheld(hold)inthislocalcitynextweek.

(2)Moreexpresswayswillbebuilt(build)inSichuansoontopromotethelocaleconomy.

(3)HesaidthatMarywouldbegiven(give)agoldmedalatthemeetingtobeheld.

5.將來完成時和過去將來完成時的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)將來完成時willhavebeendone(by...)過去將來完成時wouldhavebeendone(by...)*TheexamwillhavebeenfinishedbeforeJuly.考試將在七月前結(jié)束。*Hetoldmethathewouldhavegraduatedfromcollegebeforenextmonth.他告訴我下個月之前他將大學畢業(yè)。語法填空。(1)Myhomeworkwillhavebeenfinished(finish)whenyouarrivetomorrow.

(2)Hetoldhisbosshisworkwouldhavebeenfinished(finish)byteno’clock.

6.含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞*Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter.嬰兒應該由保姆好好照顧。*Youngtreesmustbewateredoften.小樹必須經(jīng)常澆水。語法填空。(1)Moretreesmustbeplanted(plant)everyyeartostopthewind.

(2)Childrenshouldbeallowed(allow)tochoosetheirclothes.

7.被動語態(tài)的高頻考點(1)感官動詞和使役動詞have,make,let主動語態(tài)的賓語補足語是不帶to的不定式,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,該不定式前要帶to。*Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.老師讓我走出教室?！鶬wasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).(2)短語動詞的被動語態(tài)短語動詞是一個整體,不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。*YuanLongping’sachievementishighlythoughtofbypeople.袁隆平的成就受到人們的高度評價。(3)“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)被動語態(tài)除常用“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成外,還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中,強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果。其后的動作執(zhí)行者(即by短語)一般不表示出來。*(2020·全國Ⅲ卷)InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband’sfamilywhentheygetmarried.在印度,尤其是在城市以外的地方,年輕女性期望在結(jié)婚后搬到丈夫家去住。(4)表示“據(jù)說”或“人們相信”的詞組,基本上由it+is+believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等的過去分詞+that組成。例如:Itissaidthat...據(jù)說Itisreportedthat...據(jù)報道Itisbelievedthat...大家相信Itishopedthat...大家希望Itiswellknownthat...眾所周知Itisthoughtthat...大家認為Itissuggested/requested/requiredthat...據(jù)建議/要求Ithasbeendecidedthat...大家決定Itmustberememberedthat...務必記住的是*ItisthoughtthatZhongNanshanhasmadegreatcontributionstopreventingCOVID-19.人們認為鐘南山為防控新冠肺炎作出了重大貢獻。*Itissuggestedthatsomethingshouldbedonetopreventandcontrolpandemicdiseases.有人建議要采取措施防控流行性疾病。(5)“主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語”這一句型變成被動語態(tài)在這個句型中,謂語動詞有兩個賓語。變成被動語態(tài)時,一般將指人的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語,但有時也可將指物的直接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語:*Wegavethestudentsomebooks.我們給了這個學生幾本書。→Thestudentwasgivensomebooks.→Somebooksweregiventothestudent.【易錯精點】什么時候需要介詞?用直接賓語作被動語態(tài)的主語時,通常要在間接賓語前加上適當?shù)慕樵~(如to,for,of等)。(1)句型轉(zhuǎn)換。①Thebossmakesthemworkdayandnight.→Theyaremadetoworkdayandnight.

②ThemanagerissaidtohavearrivedbackfromParis.→It’ssaidthatthemanagerhasarrivedbackfromParis.

③We’vegivenhersomeadvice.→Shehasbeengivensomeadvice.

→Someadvicehasbeengiventoher.

(2)單句改錯。AftergettingupIgotdressasquicklyasIcouldandleftinahurry.(dress改為dressed)8.謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義(1)英語中有很多動詞,如sell,wash,open,lock,read,write等,當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時,常用其主動形式表達被動意義,主語通常是物。這時常與副詞easily,well等連用。*Thepenwritessmoothly.這鋼筆書寫流利。*Hisnewnovelsellswell.他的新小說很暢銷。(2)表示“發(fā)生、進行”等的不及物動詞和短語,如happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等用主動形式表示被動意義。*Firebrokeoutduringthenight.夜間突然發(fā)生了火災。*Thegirl’sdreamcametrue.這個女孩的夢想成真。(3)系動詞沒有被動形式,有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel,sound,taste,look等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。*Yourwordssoundreasonable.你的話聽起來有道理。(4)在need,want,require等詞的后面,動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義,其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。*Thehouseneedsrepairing(toberepaired).這房子需要修理。(1)語法填空。Alltheticketssold(sell)outwhentheyarrived.(2)MyT-shirtwasheswellandmytrousersdon’tneedwashing/tobewashedsoIhardlyneedtodosomewashingtoday.

我的T恤衫很好洗,我的褲子不需要洗,所以我今天幾乎不需要洗衣服。二、by+v.-ing的用法by+v.-ing意為“通過……,靠……,憑……”,作方式狀語用來表示方法、方式、手段等。*(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)Scientistshaverespondedbynotingthathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements科學家回應指出,饑餓的熊可能會聚集在人類定居點周圍。*Sheearnedherplaceintheteambytraininghard.她通過刻苦訓練在隊里獲得了地位。*ShelearnedEnglishwellbylisteningtotheradioandreadingaloud.她通過聽收音機和大聲朗讀學好了英語。*Byreviewingtheold,youcanlearnsomethingnew.溫故而知新。(1)Hesucceededbyworkinghard.

他通過努力工作獲得了成功。(2)Herunclemanagedtosupportalargefamilybysellingnewspapers.

她叔叔通過賣報紙設(shè)法養(yǎng)活一個大家庭。課時檢測·素養(yǎng)達標Ⅰ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換1.SomebodywascleaningtheroomwhenIarrived.→TheroomwasbeingcleanedwhenIarrived.

2.Hehasn’treceivedtheletter.→Theletterhasn’tbeenreceivedbyhim.

3.Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.→Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.

4.Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.→Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.

5.Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.→Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.

→Theysaythattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.

Ⅱ.用所給動詞的適當形式填空1.Inthepastfewyearsalotofbuildingshavebeenset(set)upinourcity.

【拓展訓練】Nothingcansavehim.Whatcanbedonehasbeendone(do)sofar.

2.Anotherbridgewillbecompleted(complete)overtheriverattheendofthisyear.

【方法技巧】attheendof+將來的時間和bytheendof+將來的時間當句中有時間狀語“attheendof+將來的時間”時,句子常用一般將來時;當句中有時間狀語“bytheendof+將來的時間”時,句子常用一般將來完成時。3.Look!Anewcinemaisbeingbuilt(build)here.

4.Iwasgiven(give)tenminutes