2023年考研考博-考博英語-寧波大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題答案第1卷一.綜合題(共25題)1.單選題Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevil-smellinggases,therestofwhichishydrogensulfide.Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygen-richsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfur-producingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise—anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebad-breathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.Formostofus,thesimple,dry-mouthvarietyofabadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdry-mouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbad-breathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.36.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“______”.37.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?38.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause______.39.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause______.40.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat______.問題1選項(xiàng)A.thriveonB.accountforC.originatefromD.descendfrom問題2選項(xiàng)A.ToothtroubleB.Sulfur-richfoodC.ToomuchexerciseD.Mentalstrain問題3選項(xiàng)A.itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducingB.itssmelladdstobaddeathC.itkillssomehelpfulbacteriaD.itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva問題4選項(xiàng)A.theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenoughB.theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteriaC.theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworseD.theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus問題5選項(xiàng)A.offensivebreathcan’teasilybecuredB.elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreathC.heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreathD.offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol2.填空題Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Memoriesthatwearenotawareofmaybejustasaccurateasthosewerecall,researchershavefound.Andtheymightalsoprovokeuniquechangesinthebrain’selectricalactivityduringrecall.Theresearchershavelookedatatypeofmemorycalled“implicit”memory.(41)Thephenomenonhasbeendemonstratedinpatientswithamnesia,whocan,withtraining,learntosolvespecificpuzzlesmorequicklydespiteinsistingthattheyhaveneverseenthepuzzlebefore.InastudypublishedinNatureNeuroscience,JoelVossattheUniversityofIllinoisreportsthatimplicitmemorymaybeatworkwhenwerecallimagesthatwehaveseenbefore.“Whatisexcitingistheyaresortofbringinganexperimentallenstothemosttwilightaspectsofourmemory,”saysneuroscientistJohnGabrielioftheMIT.Vossshowed12peopleaseriesofkaleidoscopicimages.(42)Thatdistractionmadeithardertoconsciouslyrememberthepictures.Then,45secondsafterstudyingtheimages,participantsweretestedonhowwelltheycoulddistinguishanimagetheyhadpreviouslyseenfromanew,butverysimilarpicture.Eachtimetheyselectedanimage,theywereaskedtogaugehowcertaintheywereofthechoice.Didtheyclearlyrememberthepicture?Wasitmerelyfamiliar?Orwasitsimplyaguess?Overall,itseemedthataguesswasnotalwaysaguess.(43)ButVosssaysitistoosoontotellwhetherthefindingswillhaveimplicationsforreal-worldscenarios—suchasexposuretosubliminalmessages.Sofar,hehasonlytestedthephenomenonusingnon-sensical,kaleidoscopeimages.Andhehasonlygivensubjectsachoicebetweentheimagetheyhadseenbeforeandaverysimilarone.Imagesthatbearsomemeaning,forexample,wouldbemorelikelytoberememberedexplicitly.Theauthorshavereportedsimilarresultsbefore.Butthistime,Vossalsomeasuredchangesinelectricalsignalsinthebrainasthepeoplecompletedtheirtests.(44)“Thetimingisinteresting.”saysGabrieli.“Thiseffectisoccurringintheearlypushofprocessing,asopposedtowhenmoretimepassesandyouhavemoretimetothinkaboutit.”Abrain-imagingexperiment,suchasfunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingtoobservechangesinbloodflowtodifferentregionsofthebrain,couldprovidemoreinformationaboutwhereinthebrainthesesignalsareoriginating,headds.Theresultsare“striking”,saysDanielSchacter,aprofessorofpsychologyatHarvardUniversity.(45)Thosedifferenceswerefoundinthevisualcortex,aregionofthebrainthatprocessesimages,andSchacterspeculatesthattheelectricalsignatureVossobservedhassimilarorigins.A.Participantswereallowedtodevotetheirfullattentiontohalfoftheimages,butweredistractedbyanumbertaskwhileviewingtheremaininghalf.B.AnearlierimagingstudyconductedbySchacterandScottSlotnick,whoisnowatBostonCollege,founddifferencesinbrainactivitywhenparticipantscorrectlyorincorrectlybelievedthattheyhadseenanimagebefore.C.Theyfoundthatauniquesignatureappeared200millisecondsaftertheimagewasshownthatwasassociatedwithcorrect‘guessing’ofanimageoriginallyviewedwhiledistracted.D.Whentestedontheimagestheyhadseen,participants“guessed”correctlymoreoftenthanthey“remembered”correctly.E.Thetimeofrememberingiscrucialtothefunctioningofimplicitmemory,anditwillalsoaffectthequalityofexplicitmemory,accordingtoDr.Gabrieli.F.Whereas“explicit”memoryisfullofthethingsweconsciouslyremember,implicitmemorycontainsmemorieswedonotrealizewehaveformed.3.單選題Worldleadersneedtotakeactionontheenergycrisisthatistakingshapebeforeoureyes.Oilpricesare(1)anditlookslessandlesslikelythatthisisabubble.Thepriceofcoalhasdoubled.CountriesasfarapartasSouthAfricaandTajikistanare(2)bypowercuts.Richstates,nolongerstrangerstoperiodicblackouts(斷電),areworriedabout(3)ofenergysupply.Inthedevelopingworld,1.6billionpeople—aroundaquarterofthehumanrace—haveno(4)toelectricity.Ibelievethatfundamentalchangesare(5)intheenergyfieldwhosesignificancewehavenotyetfullygrasped.Global(6)forenergyisrisingfastasthepopulationincreasesanddevelopingcountriessuchasChinaandIndia(7)dramaticeconomicgrowth.TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)saystheworld’senergyneedscouldbe50%(8)in2030thantheyaretoday.Yetthefossilfuelsonwhichtheworldstilldependsare(9)andfarfromenvironmentallyfriendly.Seriousthoughtneedstobegivennowtocreatingfeasible(10).Theneedforcoordinatedpoliticalactiononenergyandrelated(11)—climatechangeandalleviatingpoverty,tonamebuttwo—hasneverbeenmore(12).Yetthereisnoglobalenergy(13)inwhichthecountriesoftheworldcanagree(14)jointsolutionstothepotentiallyenormousproblemswesee(15).Sodoestheworldreallyneedyetanotherinternationalorganization?(16),yes.Aglobalenergyorganizationwould(17),notreplace,bodiesalreadyactiveintheenergyfield.Itwouldbringavitalinter-governmental(18)tobearonissueswhichcannotbeleftto(19)forcesalone,suchasthedevelopmentofnewenergytechnology,theroleofnuclearpowerandinnovativesolutionsforreducingpollutionandgreenhousegas(20).問題1選項(xiàng)A.roaringB.soaringC.droppingD.upgrading問題2選項(xiàng)A.provokedB.pleasedC.sufferedD.plagued問題3選項(xiàng)A.securityB.severityC.strictnessD.sickness問題4選項(xiàng)A.purchaseB.approachC.reachD.access問題5選項(xiàng)A.underwayB.undergrownC.underlyingD.underlined問題6選項(xiàng)A.requirementB.demandC.requestD.claim問題7選項(xiàng)A.undervalueB.undermineC.undergoD.undertake問題8選項(xiàng)A.longerB.lessC.higherD.lower問題9選項(xiàng)A.indefiniteB.definiteC.infiniteD.finite問題10選項(xiàng)A.alternationB.authoritiesC.alternativesD.alteration問題11選項(xiàng)A.issuesB.newsC.informationD.materials問題12選項(xiàng)A.acuteB.seriousC.sensitiveD.alert問題13選項(xiàng)A.constitutionB.systemC.institutionD.institute問題14選項(xiàng)A.withB.toC.inD.on問題15選項(xiàng)A.submergingB.mergingC.emergingD.immersing問題16選項(xiàng)A.RoughlyB.FranklyC.HardlyD.Basically問題17選項(xiàng)A.complimentB.complementC.complaintD.implement問題18選項(xiàng)A.prospectB.perspectiveC.principleD.position問題19選項(xiàng)A.militaryB.administrativeC.marketD.international問題20選項(xiàng)A.emissionsB.supplyC.radiationD.outputs4.填空題Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)It’sabigmomentforBitcoin.(41)SenioreconomistFrancoisR.Veldewroteanelegantcritiqueofthefour-year-oldcurrency,explainingitsmechanics,limitations,andprospectsforsuccess,ultimatelydeemingita“remarkableconceptualandtechnicalachievement,whichmaywellbeusedbyexistingfinancialinstitutions.”(42)(43)Producingabitcoin“atcurrentlevelsofdifficultyrequiresamachineworthabout$3,000andaboutadollar’sworthofelectricityperday,”meaningthecostofproducingonebitcoin,takingintoaccountthemachine’sdepreciationoverfiveyears,isabout$2.50.Whiletheestimateseemstodiscountthesteadilyrisingcosttohigher-poweredmachinesthatarenecessaryformorecomplexhashingandthepoolsofmachinesnecessaryformining—withBitcoinscurrentlyvaluedat100timesthat,youcanseewhycompaniesoffering‘mining’equipmentaredoingsuchgoodbusiness.Veldepointsoutthatthereis$1,200billioncirculatinginU.S.currencycomparedto$1billioninBitcoin(whenheauthoredtheDecember2013paper).(44)Butevengiventhat,Bitcoinisa“relativelysmallphenomenon,”asVeldeputsit.“Butithasbeengrowing,”hewrites.“Thevalueofabitcoinhasincreasedtenfoldsinceearly2013.”Tofurtherputitintothecontextofthelargereconomy,hewritesthat“thereareonaverageabout30bitcointransactionsperminute”vs.200,000Visatransactionsperminute,andthattheaveragebitcointransactionsizeis“about16,i.e.,ontheorderof$2,000”while“theaverageVisatransactionisabout$80.”(45)(Ofcourse,everyonceinawhilesomeonemightdropacoolmilonmininggear.)“Sofar,theusesofbitcoinasamediumofexchangeappearlimited,particularlyifoneexcludesillegalactivities,”notesVelde.“Ithasbeenusedasameanstotransferfundsoutsideoftraditionalandregulatedchannelsand,presumably,asaspeculativeinvestmentopportunity.”A.Veldestartsoutbylayingoutthenumbers.B.Forthosewhohaveponderedwhatbitcoinactuallyis—currencyvs.stockvs.money—Veldehasananswer.C.IfthiswereEconomicMeanGirls,thisisthepartofthemoviewhereLindsay“Bitcoin”Lohangetsfriendedbythepowerful,popularcrowd.D.Atthatlevelofspending,it’sfairlyobviousthatmostoftheactivityhappeninginBitcoinisnotactuallybuyingthings(asIdidinMay),butrathertrading.E.Thankstoarecentpricesurgetoover$250,themarketcapforthenearly12millionBitcoininexistenceisnowwellover$3billion.F.ThedigitalcurrencyhasgottenanofficialnodfromtheoverseerofU.S.currencyintheformofaprimeroutoftheFederalReserveBankofChicago.5.翻譯題Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ThehealthprofilesofmanyracialandethnicminoritiesreflectthesocialinequalityevidentintheUnitedStates.(46)ThepooreconomicandenvironmentalconditionsofgroupssuchasAfricanAmericans,Hispanics,andNativeAmericansaremanifestedinhighmorbidityandmortalityratesforthesegroups.Itistruethatsomeafflictions,suchassingle-cellanemiaamongBlacks,haveacleargenericbasis.Butinmostinstances,environmentalfactorscontributetothedifferentialratesofdiseaseanddeath.Inmanyrespects,themortalityratesforAfricanAmericansaredistressing.ComparedwithWhites,Blackshavehigherdeathratesfromheartdisease,pneumonia,diabetes,andcancer.ThedeathratefromstrokeistwiceashighamongAfricanAmericans.(47)SuchepidemiologicalfindingsreflectinpartthefactthatahighproportionofBlacksarefoundamongthenation’slowerclass.AccordingtotheNationalCenterofHealthStatistics,Whitescanexpecttolive77.7years.Incontrast,lifeexpectancyforBlacksis72.3years(Arias2004).Asnotedearlier,infantmortalityisregardedasaprimaryindicatorofhealthcare.ThereisasignificantgapintheUnitedStatesbetweentheinfantmortalityratesofAfricanAmericansandWhites.Generally,therateofinfantdeathismorethantwiceashighamongBlacks.AfricanAmericansaccountfor15percentofalllivebirthsinthenationbut29percentofinfantdeaths.PertoRicansandNativeAmericanshavemortalityratesthatarelowerthanAfricanAmericans’buthigherthanWhites’(MacDormanetal.2005).Themedicalestablishmentisnotexemptfromracism.(48)Unfortunately,themediaoftenfocusonobviousformsofracism,suchashatecrimes,whileoverlookingmoreinsidiousformsinsocialinstitutionslikethemedicalestablishment.Onereviewofmorethan100studiesconductedoverthelastdecadeconcludedthatminoritiesreceiveinferiorcareevenwhentheyareinsured.(49)Despitehavingaccesstocare,Blacks,Latinos,andAmericanIndiansaretreatedunequallyasaresultofracialprejudiceanddifferencesintheequalityofvarioushealthcareplans.Furthermore,nationalclinicalstudieshaveshownthatevenallowingfordifferencesinincomeandinsurancecoverage,racialandethnicminoritiesarelesslikelythanothergroupstoreceivebothstandardhealthcareandlife-savingtreatmentforconditionssuchasHIVinfection(CaesarandWilliams2002;Smedleyetal.2002;Steyerbergetal.2005).Drawingontheconflictperspective,sociologistHowardWaitzkin(1986)suggeststhatracialtensionsalsocontributetothemedicalproblemsofBlacks.Inhisview,thestressthatresultsfromracialprejudiceanddiscriminationhelpstoexplainthehigherratesofhypertensionfoundamongAfricanAmericans(andHispanics)comparedtoWhites.(50)Hypertension—twiceascommoninBlacksasinWhites—isbelievedtobeacriticalfactorinBlacks’highmortalityratesfromheartdisease,kidneydisease,andstroke(MorehouseMedicalTreatmentandEffectivenessCenter1999).SomeMexicanAmericansandmanyotherLatinosadheretoculturalbeliefsthatmakethemlesslikelytousetheestablishedmedicalsystem.TheymayinterprettheirillnessaccordingtotraditionalLatinofolkmedicine,orcuranderismo—aformofholistichealthcareandhealing.6.翻譯題Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)CloningandFinancialCrisisRecently,anearlydecadeoldpaperontheeconomiceffectsofhumancloningbyaFrencheconomicsprofessorhasbeengettingsomeattention.(46)Thepaperarguesthatratherthananarmyoflow-levelclonedworkersorfightersasispredictedinHuxley’sBraveNewWorldorStarWars,cloningwillleadtomoreandmorehigherskilledworkers.That’sbecausethereturnsofcloningpeoplewhocanmakealotofmoneywillbehigherthancloningaverageJoes.Andwhenitcomestocloning,we’reinitforthemoney,justlikeeverythingelse.What’smore,itwillprobablybeonlytherichwhowillbeabletoaffordtoclonethemselvesatthestart.Theresult,atleastatfirst,willbearapidriseinouralreadydisturbinglevelsofincomeinequality.Cloneswillearnmoreandmoremoney,andthoseofuswhoreproducetheoldfashionwaywilllikelyhavepoorerandpooreroffspring.(47)Recently,BarbaraKiviatwrotetwoessaysonhowincomeinequalitywasamajorcontributortothefinancialcrisis.Soyoudothemath.Ifcloningleadstoincomeinequalityandincomeinequalityleadstofinancialcrises,thenwe’vegotaproblem.Here’swhy:(48)Oneoftheknocksonfinancialreformisthatitisregulationthroughtherearviewmirror.Lawmakersfocusonstoppingwhatcausedthemostrecentfinancialcrisis.Soafterthetechbubble,newruleswereputintoplacetostopWallStreetfromusinganalyststopushworthlessstocks.ThewayWallStreetdidIPOscameunderscrutiny.AndawholesetofruleswereputinplacetotrytostopaccountingfraudslikeEnron.(49)Weallknownowthatnoneofthosereformsdidlittletostopthelatestfinancialcrisis,whichwasdrivennotbystocks,butbyhousingprices,laxlendingandunsoundrisktakingbyWallStreet.Sonowweareputtingreformsinplacetoreigninriskybehavioratbanks,andtoregulatethederivativesthatfacilitatebighiddenfinancialbetsandaddconsumerprotectionsthatwilleliminatetheabilitytomakebadloansinthefirstplace.Allgoodthings.Noneofthatthoughaddressestheobviousrealthingweshouldallbeconcernedaboutwhenitcomestofinancialcrises:HumanCloning.(50)Thepaper,whichwaswrittenbyGillesSaint-Paul,aprofessorattheToulouseSchoolofEconomicsinFrance,hasasurprisingamountofmathforatopicsuchashumancloning,whichtothebestofmyknowledgedoesn’tyetexist.Andithassomeoutthereideas,liketheguessthatsurrogatemothersmightsoonhavesalariesthatmatchWallStreet.Ifclonedbabieshavehigherexpectedincomelevels,thenpeoplewillpaymoreforthemtobemade.Sobirthingacloneequalscha-ching.7.單選題Whenmusingoncitiesovertimeandinourtime,fromthefirst(wheneveritwas)totoday,wemustalwaysrememberthatcitiesareartifacts.Forests,jungles,deserts,plains,oceans—theorganicenvironmentisbornanddiesandisrebornendlessly,beautifully,andcompletelywithoutmoralconstraintorethicalcontrol.Butcities—despitethemetaphorsthatweapplytothemfrombiologyornature(“Thecitydieswhenindustryflees”;“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”),despitethesentimentaloranthropomorphicdevicesweusedtodescribecities—areartificial.Naturehasnevermadeacity,andwhatNaturemakesthatmayseemlikeacity—ananthill,forinstance—onlyseemslikeone.Itisnotacity.Humanbeingsmadeandmakecities,andonlyhumanbeingskillcities,orletthemdie.Andhumanbeingsdoboth—makecitiesandunmakethem—bythesamemeans:byactsofchoice.Weenjoydeludingourselvesinthisasinotherthings.Weenjoybelievingthatthereareforcesouttherecompletelydeterminingourfate,naturalforces—orforcessostrongandoverwhelmingastobelikenaturalforces—thatsendcitiesthroughorganicorbiologicalphasesofbirth,growth,anddecay.Weavoidtheknowledgethatcitiesareatbestworksofart,andatworstungainlyartifacts—butneverflowersorevenweeds—andthatwe,notsomemysteriousforceorcosmicbiologicalsystem,controlthecreationandlifeofacity.Wecontrolthecreationandlifeofacitybythechoicesandagreementswemake—thebasicchoicebeing,forinstance,nottolivealone,thebasicagreementbeingtolivetogether.Whenpeoplechoosetosettle,likethestarts,notwanderlikethemoon,theycreatecitiesassitesandsymbolsoftheirchoicetostopandtheiragreementnottoseparate.Nowstasisandproximity,notmovementdistance,definehumanrelationships.Mutualdefense,controlofariverorharbor,shelterfromnaturalforces—alltheseandotherreasonsmayleadpeopletoaggregate,butoncecongregated,theythenlivedifferentlyandbecomedifferent.Acityisnotanextendedfamily.Thatisatribeorclan.Acityisacollectionofdisparatefamilieswhoagreetofunction:Theyagreetoliveasiftheywereascloseinbloodortiesofkinshipastheyareinphysicalproximity.Choosinglifeinanartifact,peopleagreetoliveinastateofsimilitude.Acityisaplacewheretiesofconsiderablepact,acity.Ifafamilyisanexpressionofcontinuitythroughbiology,acityisanexpressionofcontinuitythroughwillandimagination—throughmentalchoicesmakingartifice,notthroughphysicalreproduction.21.Theauthor’spurposeisprimarilyto______.22.Theauthorcitesthesentence“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”(Paragraph1)as______.23.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthestatementsquotedin“Thecitydieswhenindustryflees”;“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”inParagraph1is______.24.Accordingtothispassage,whyisananthillbydefinitionunlikeacity?25.Mutualdefense,controlofwaterways,andshelterfromtheforcesofnaturearepresentedprimarilyanexampleofmotivesforpeopleto______.問題1選項(xiàng)A.identifythesourcesofpopulardiscontentwithcitiesB.definethecityasgrowingoutofasocialcontractC.illustratethedifferencebetweencitiesandvillagesD.comparecitieswithbloodfamilies問題2選項(xiàng)A.anexampleofonetypeoffigurativelanguagesB.asimplestatementofscientificfactC.amomentarydigressionfromhiscentralthesisD.aparadoxwithironicimplications問題3選項(xiàng)A.respectfulB.ambivalentC.skepticalD.approving問題4選項(xiàng)A.Itcanbecasuallydestroyedbyhumanbeings.B.Itsinhabitantsoutnumbertheinhabitantsofeventhelargestcity.C.Itisaworkofinstinctratherthanofimagination.D.Itexistsonafarsmallerscalethananycitydoes.問題5選項(xiàng)A.moveawayfromtheirenemiesB.gathertogetherinsettlementsC.welcomehelpfromtheirkinfolkD.redefinetheirfamilyrelationships8.單選題ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareinhospital-likeenvironmentsandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessestheretoforeconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1960s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patients’rightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.Judicialinterventionhashadsomedefinitepositiveeffect,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingday-to-daycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.21.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto______.22.Theauthor’sattitudetowardpeoplewhoarepatientsinstateinstitutionscanbestbedescribedas______.23.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,iftheCivilRightsmovementhadn’tpromptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,______.24.Thetoneofthefinalparagraphcanbestbedescribed