PAGEPAGE20《微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》課程教學(xué)大綱一、課程基本信息課程代碼：16043603課程名稱：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（全英）英文名稱：PrincipleofMicroeconomics課程類別：專業(yè)課學(xué)時(shí)：45學(xué)分：3適用對(duì)象:金融學(xué)（“2+2”實(shí)驗(yàn)班）本科生考核方式：考試先修課程：微積分課程簡(jiǎn)介這門入門課程講授微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究稀缺資源的分配——不同的社會(huì)以不同的方式執(zhí)行這一任務(wù)。在西方社會(huì)，主要依靠經(jīng)濟(jì)市場(chǎng)和價(jià)格。我們將討論評(píng)估我們社會(huì)資源分配的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并分析兩個(gè)主要行為者——消費(fèi)者和企業(yè)的行為。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理將在各種市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的背景下提出，包括消費(fèi)者理論、生產(chǎn)者理論、企業(yè)行為、市場(chǎng)均衡、壟斷以及政府在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用。Thisintroductorycourseteachesthefundamentalsofmicroeconomics.Economicsdealswiththeallocationofscarceresources–ataskthatdifferentsocietiesperformindifferentways.Inthewesternsociety,primaryrelianceisplacedoneconomicmarketsandprices.wewilldiscussthecriteriatoevaluateoursociety’sallocationofresourcesandanalyzethebehavioroftwooftheprincipalactors–consumersandfirms.Theprinciplesofeconomicswillbepresentedinthecontextofvariousmarketstructures.Topicsincludeconsumertheory,producertheory,thebehavioroffirms,marketequilibrium,monopoly,andtheroleofthegovernmentintheeconomy.

三、課程性質(zhì)與教學(xué)目的本課程旨在讓學(xué)生了解市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的動(dòng)態(tài)，以及如何通過(guò)其機(jī)制分配稀缺資源。政府在這一市場(chǎng)體系中的理論和實(shí)際作用也將得到解決。課程中所獲得的知識(shí)將使學(xué)生更好地了解公民，并允許他們跟隨新聞媒體報(bào)道的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)事件和政策進(jìn)行辯論。這門課程也是一門基礎(chǔ)課程，能讓學(xué)生在高級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷、商業(yè)管理、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、政府和社會(huì)工作課程中取得成功。Thiscourseismeanttogivestudentsinsightintothedynamicsofamarketbasedeconomyandhowthroughitsmechanismscarceresourcesareallocated.Thetheoreticalandactualroleofthegovernmentinthismarketsystemwillalsobeaddressed.Theknowledgegainedinthecoursewillmakestudentsbetterinformedcitizensandallowthemtofollowthedebatesovervariouseconomiceventsandpoliciesreportedinthenewsmedia.Thiscourseisalsoafoundationcoursethatwillpreparestudentstobesuccessfulinupperdivisionfinance,marketing,businessadministration,economics,government,andsocialworkcourses.

另外，在本課程學(xué)習(xí)中，除了讓學(xué)生理解并掌握微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本理論及基本方法，了解西方經(jīng)濟(jì)理論對(duì)我國(guó)當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起到的借鑒作用。更重要的是取其精華，去其糟粕，融入思政元素，以潛移默化的方式讓學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)當(dāng)代中國(guó)在改革開放、創(chuàng)新發(fā)展中的熱點(diǎn)，從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的科學(xué)精神，從而增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的國(guó)家榮譽(yù)感和文化自信，并樹立正確的價(jià)值觀、人生觀和世界觀。本課程計(jì)劃在chapter2、4、5、7、15、16共6個(gè)章節(jié)融入思政元素。教學(xué)內(nèi)容及要求PART1GETINGACQUANTEDWITHECONOMICSChapter1WhatIsEconomics?（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.Knowaboutsomebasiceconomicprinciples2.Understandingthetoolsthateconomistsuse（二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容IdeasforBeyondtheFinalExamInsidetheEconomist’sToolkit2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)Opportunitycost;Abstraction;Theory;Correlation;EconomicModel;Variable3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）Thetextarguesthatsinceexchangeofgoodsandservicesisvoluntary,boththebuyerandthesellerbenefit(otherwisetheywouldnotagreetotheexchange),andthereforemostlawsthatprohibitexchangesaremisguided.Doyouthinkthegovernmentshouldprohibittheexchangeofa)crackcocaine,b)prostitution,c)thelaborofchildren?Anexternalcostisacostimposeduponathirdparty,someonewhoneitherbuysnorsellstheproduct.Forexample,amanufacturerwhosendswastesupthroughthesmokestackmayimposethecostofdirtyairuponthecitizens—butundertheordinarymarketmechanism,themanufacturerdoesnothavetopayforthiscost.Inthiscase,doyouthinkthegovernmentshouldintervene,andifsohow?思考與實(shí)踐WhataretheopportunitycostsoftheUnitedStatesmaintainingalargeandtechnologicallysophisticatedmilitaryforce?Whatarethebenefitstothecountry?Doyouthinkthebenefitsareworththecost?Youmaybeworriedaboutthecostofhousinginyourcommunity.Risingrentsmakeitincreasinglydifficultforlow-andmoderate-incomepeopletofindadequateshelter.Studentsoftenhavetroublefindinglodgingtheycanafford.Woulditbeagoodideaforyourlocalgovernmenttoputalegalceilingonrents,inordertoinsuretheaffordabilityofhousing?教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。Chapter2TheEconomy:MythandReality（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.KnowaboutthekeycharacteristicsoftheU.S.Economy.2.Understandingthethemeaningofinputandoutput3.Knowabouthowbusinesses,people,andthegovernmentinteractintheeconomy（二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容TheAmericanEconomy:AThumbnailSketchTheInputs:LaborandCapitalTheOutputs:WhatDoesAmericaProduce?TheCentralRoleofBusinessFirmsWhat’sMissingFromThePicture?GovernmentConclusion:It’sAMixedEconomy思政元素：該章節(jié)介紹美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)，可以讓學(xué)生自學(xué)本章，采取小組討論的形式查找資料學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展歷程并進(jìn)行演講?？梢蕴岣邔W(xué)生課堂參與度及團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作能力，也可以增強(qiáng)其對(duì)祖國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展偉大成就的自豪感，從而堅(jiān)定對(duì)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度的自信。2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)FactorsofProductionorInputsOutputs;Grossdomesticproduct(GDP);Openeconomy;Closedeconomy;Recession;Transferpayments;Progressivetax;Mixedeconomy3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）TheU.S.economyisprimarilyaprivate-enterpriseeconomy.WhataresomeofthegoodsandservicesprovidedbytheU.S.government?Whymightthegovernmentprovidethesegoodsandservicesmoreeffectivelythanaprivatebusiness?Whataresomeofthedrawbackstothegovernmentprovidingthesegoodsandservices?ThetextarguesthattheU.S.economyisrelativelyclosedbecauseimportsandexportsaccountforarelativelysmallshareofU.S.productionandspending.AstradebecomesalargershareofU.S.production,howmightthisaffectwhatisproducedintheUnitedStatesversusabroad?HowmightthisaffectthetypesofjobsAmericanworkersareemployedin?思考與實(shí)踐Whatarethecostsofeconomicrecessionsinbothamicroeconomicssense,andamacroeconomicsense?Howmightrecessionsaffectpeopleemployedindifferenttypesofjobs?（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、案例教學(xué)等。Chapter3TheFundamentalEconomicProblem:ScarcityAndChoice目的與要求thegoalhereistoknowUnderstandingthecentralconceptsineconomics:scarcity,opportunitycost,efficiency,divisionoflabor,andexchange教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容Scarcity,Choice,AndOpportunityCostScarcityandChoiceForaSingleFirmScarcityandChoiceForTheEntireSocietyTheConceptOfEfficiencyTheThreeCoordinationTasksOfAnyEconomy(1)Task1.Howthemarketfostersefficiencyresourceallocation(2)Task2.Marketexchangeanddecidinghowmuchofeachgoodtoproduce(3)Task3.Howtodistributetheeconomy’soutputsamongconsumers2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)Resources;OpportunityCost;OptimalDecision;Outputs;Inputs;ProductionPossibilitiesFrontier;PrincipleofIncreasingCosts;Efficiency;AllocationofScarceResources;DivisionofLabor;ComparativeAdvantage;MarketSystem3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）Ineachofthesecases,discusswhetherthevalueoftheopportunitycostislikelytobethesame,greaterorlessthanthedirectmoneycost.a)ChemicalsareproducedinafactoryinLosAngeles.Thecompanypaysforallitsinputs,labor,etc.,anditdischargesitswastesintotheatmosphere.b)Thegovernmentpayswagestoworkerswhoareskilledbutunemployed,puttingthemtoworkproducinggoodsinafactorythathaspreviouslybeenidle.c)Thegovernmenthiresworkerstobuildaroad,attractingthemawayfromanofficeconstructionproject.d)TicketsforthelocalpremiereofthenewStarWarsmoviegoonsaleat8:00a.m.,for$40each.Tobeassuredofgettingone,youcampoutallnightinfrontoftheticketBooth.Thetextarguesthatourstandardoflivingdependsuponthedivisionoflabor,uponthefactpeoplespecialize,developskillsintheirspecialization,andthenexchangeforthegoodsandservicestheydonotproduce.Doyouthinkitispossibletocarrythedivisionoflabortoofar?Isitlikelythatpeoplegetso“over-specialized”thattheybecomealienated,andlosetheircreativityandtheirabilitytounderstandabroadrangeofproblems?（三）思考與實(shí)踐Picktheonegovernmentprogramthataboveallothersyoubelieveshouldbeexpanded.Whatwouldtheopportunitycostbeofthatexpansion?Howwouldyoupersuadeothersthatthiscostisworthincurring?Doyouthinkyourcollegeisoperatingatthefrontierofitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier?Doyouseeanywaste,andifso,doyouseewaysofeliminatingthatwaste?教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。Chapter4SupplyandDemand:AnInitialLook（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.Understandingthemechanismofsupplyanddemand;2.Knowabouthowpricesandquantitiesaredeterminedinafreemarket(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容TheInvisibleHandDemandandQuantityDemandedSupplyandQuantitySuppliedSupplyandDemandEquilibriumEffectsofDemandShiftOnSupply-DemandEquilibriumSupplyShiftsandSupply-DemandEquilibriumBattlingTheInvisibleHand:TheMarketFightsBack思政元素：該章節(jié)介紹供給需求理論，可以采取案例教學(xué)的形式分析我國(guó)利用市場(chǎng)機(jī)制，從供給和需求雙方調(diào)控房?jī)r(jià)，從而減少房產(chǎn)投機(jī)，引導(dǎo)資金流入實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的政策。將理論與中國(guó)案例相結(jié)合提高教學(xué)內(nèi)容的實(shí)用性，有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生逐步形成經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析思維。2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)InvisibleHand;QuantityDemanded;DemandSchedule;DemandCurve;ShiftinaDemandCurve;QuantitySupplied;SupplySchedule;SupplyCurve;Shortage,Surplus;Equilibrium;LawofSupplyandDemand;PriceCeiling;PriceFloor3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）ThegovernmentoftheformerSovietUnionkeptconsumerpricesartificiallylow.Shortagesofgoodsweremassive,thetypicalexperienceofshoppersbeingtolineupformanyhoursandthenfindthatthegoodswerenotavailable.TheRussianRepublic,whichsucceededtheSovietUnion,triedtomovetoamarketsystem,inwhichpricesweresetbysupplyanddemand.Doyouthinkthiswasagoodidea?Whowashelpedandwhohurt?Arethebenefitsfromashifttothemarketlikelytooccurimmediately,ortakealongtime?（三）思考與實(shí)踐TheUnitedStateshasaperpetualfarmingproblem.Thepricesoffoodseemtobefallingconstantly.Manyfarmerscannotmakealiving,abandontheirfarms,andmovetothecity.Thedemandcurveforfoodasawholeisquitesteep(thatis,thequantityoffoodboughtisnotverysensitivetochangesinprice).TechnologicalchangesandproductivityimprovementsinAmericanfarminghavebeenrapidandcontinuous.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftryingtosolvetheproblembysettingpricefloorsforagriculturaloutput?TheQuantityDemandedofcollegeeducationfrommanyoftheeliteU.S.universitiesfarexceedstheQuantitySupplied.ThisisevidencedbytheverysmallacceptanceratesatschoolslikeStanfordandHarvard.Thisshortageappearstobepersistentgiventhefactthattheseacceptancerateshaveremainedverylowforaverylongtime.Isthissituationcontrarytotheconceptofequilibriumpresentedinthischapter?Whyorwhynot?（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。PART2THEBUILDINGBLOCKSOFDEMANDANDSUPPLYChapter5ConsumerChoice:IndividualAndMarketDemand（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.Understandingtheconcepts“utility”and“marginalanalysis”;2.Understandinghowtoanalyzepurchasedecisions;3.Understandinghowtoanalyzepurchasedecisions(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容ScarcityandDemandUtility:ATooltoAnalyzePurchaseDecisionsBehavioralEconomics:AreEconomicDecisionsReallyMade“Rationally”?ConsumerChoiceAsaTrade-off:OpportunityCostFromIndividualDemandCurvesToMarketDemandCurvesIndifferenceCurveAnalysis思政元素：該章節(jié)接介紹消費(fèi)者的選擇。可以采取講授法，結(jié)合我國(guó)目前經(jīng)濟(jì)“雙循環(huán)”的背景，提出消費(fèi)是影響我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展重要因素。讓學(xué)生了解綠色消費(fèi)、信息消費(fèi)和共享消費(fèi)等新型的消費(fèi)觀念與模式，幫助學(xué)生樹立正確的價(jià)值觀和消費(fèi)觀。2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)TotalUtility;MarginalUtility;“Law”ofdiminishingMarginalUtility;MarginalAnalysis;Consumer’sSurplus;InferiorGood,BudgetLine;IndifferentCurve;SlopeofABudgetLine;SlopeofAIndifferentCurve3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）“Economistsarewrongtopaysomuchattentiontothemargin,tothelastunitofagoodthatisbought.Thelastunitistheleastimportant.Theyshouldfocustheirattentiononthemoreimportantearlierunits.”Discuss.“Thetextexplainsthatconsumerswhofollowtheoptimalpurchaserulewillbehavesuchthattheirdemandcurveforagoodisthesameastheirmarginalutilitycurve.Thisisaninterestingbutnotveryrelevantpieceofinformation.Consumersdonotfollowanoptimalpurchaserule.Theybuyonimpulse,andtheyoftenbuythingsthatdothemnogood.Itisaseriousmistaketodevelopmodelsbasedontheassumptionthathumanbehaviorisrational.”Discuss.（三）思考與實(shí)踐“Pricehasnothingtodowithutilityorvalue.TicketstotheworstBroadwayplaycost$50,whileticketstoOscar-winningmoviescostnomorethan$10.Irestmycase.”Discuss（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。Chapter6DemandAndElasticity（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.Understandingtheconcepts“utility”and“marginalanalysis”;2.Understandinghowtoanalyzepurchasedecisions;Understandinghowtoanalyzepurchasedecisions(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容Elasticity:TheMeasureofResponsivenessPriceElasticityofDemand:ItsEffectonTotalRevenueandTotalExpenditureWhatDeterminesDemandElasticityElasticityAsACentralConceptTheTimePeriodOfTheDemandCurveAndEconomicDecisionMakingRealWorldApplication:PolaroidVersusKodak2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)(Price)ElasticityofDemand;ElasticDemand;InelasticDemand;Unit-ElasticDemand;IncomeElasticityofDemandComplements;Substitutes;Crosselasticityofdemand(forproductxtoachangeinthepriceofanotherproducty);OptimalDecision3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）Anexcisetaxmaybeimposedonacommodityinordertoraiserevenueforthegovernment,orinordertoreducetheconsumptionofthegood.a)Whyarethesegoalsinconflictwitheachother?b)Whatistherelevanceofthepriceelasticityofdemandindeterminingwhichofthegoalsislikelytobemostfullymet?c)Whydoyouthinkexcisetaxesongasoline,tobacco,andalcoholarecommon?Isitmoreusualtofindrelationshipsofcomplementarityorsubstitutabilitybetweengoods?Why?Willadvertiserstrytoraiseorlowerthepriceelasticityofdemandforthegoodtheyareadvertising?Why?（三）思考與實(shí)踐Explainwhy,whenthepriceofagoodchanges,thepriceelasticityofdemandislikelytobehigherorlowerasalongerperiodoftimeelapses.ConsiderasanexampletheOPECoilpriceincreasesinthe1970s.“Ademandcurveshowsdifferentquantitiesthatwouldbeboughtduringaperiodifthepricewereatdifferentlevels,assumingthatallotherfactorsinfluencingpurchasesremainedconstant.Itisofverylimitedifanyuse,sinceatanyonetimethereisonlyoneprice,notmany,andalsosinceaspricesdochangeovertime,mostoftheotherfactorsinfluencingdemandchange,too.”Discuss.（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。Chapter7Production,Inputs,AndCost:BuildingBlocksForSupplyAnalysis（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.Understandingfirms’productioncosts2.Understandinghowbusinessescanselectoptimalinputcombinations(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容Short-RunVersusLong-RunCosts:WhatMakesAnInputVariable?Production,InputChoiceandCostWithOneVariableInputMultipleInputDecisions:TheChoiceofOptimalInputCombinationsCostandItsDependenceonOutputEconomiesofScale思政元素：該章節(jié)介紹生產(chǎn)者行為理論?？梢越Y(jié)合當(dāng)前熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題企業(yè)追求生產(chǎn)利潤(rùn)最大化與可持續(xù)發(fā)展的矛盾讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論，使其在主動(dòng)思考和參與討論的過(guò)程中了解我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)ShortRun;LongRun;FixedCost;VariableCost;TotalPhysicalProduct(TPP);AveragePhysicalProduct(APP);MarginalPhysicalProduct(MPP);MarginalRevenueProduct(MRP);EconomiesofScale(IncreasingReturnstoScale);ProductionIndifferenceCurve;BudgetLine;ExpansionPath;3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）Whyisitwiseforafirmtouseinputsbeyondthepointofdiminishingreturns?Discussthelikelyshapeoftheaveragecostcurveforfirmsineachofthefollowingindustries.Areminimumaveragecostsapttooccuratanoutputthatislargerelativetothetotaloutputinthemarket,orsmall?Whatsortofeconomiesofscalearefirmsintheseindustriesliabletoface?a)Farmingb)Telephoneservicec)Steeld)Neighborhoodgrocerye)Tollbridge（三）思考與實(shí)踐“Itisallverywelltotalkaboutfirmschangingtheirproportionsofcapital,labor,andmaterialswhenthepricesofthosethingschange,inordertominimizecosts,butthatisnothowthingsworkintherealworld.Iffirmsaregoingtobecompetitive,theyhavetobuythelatesttechnology,andthetechnologyisnotflexible.Eachmachinerequiresacertainnumberofoperators,andacertainamountofmaterials.Thoseinputscannotbechanged;factorproportionsarefixed,nomatterhowtheirpricesmaychange.”Discuss.Inthepasthalfcentury,theU.S.laborforcehasmorethandoubled.Wehavelearnedinthischapterthataslaborincreases,itsmarginalproducttendstofall,andfurthermorethatthepricepaidtoafactorofproductiontendstobeproportionaltoitsmarginalproduct.Onewouldthinkthattheaveragewagesoflaborwouldhavefallen.Butinfact,realwagesalmosttripledoverthisperiod.Why?（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。Chapter8Output,Price,AndProfit:TheImportanceofMarginalAnalysis（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknowUnderstandinghowbusinessfirmsseektomaximizetotalprofit(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容PriceAndQuantity:OneDecision.NotTwoTotalProfit:KeepYourEyeOntheGoalEconomicProfitAndOptimalDecisionMakingMarginalAnalysisAndMaximizationofTotalProfitGeneralization:TheLogicOfMarginalAnalysisAndMaximizationConclusion:TheFundamentalRoleOfMarginalanalysisTheTheoryAndReality:AWordOfCaution2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)OptimalDecision;TotalProfit;EconomicProfit;TotalRevenue;AverageRevenue;MarginalRevenue;MarginalProfit;Curve;BudgetLine;ExpansionPath3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）Firmsthataresuccessfulsometimestaketheirprofitabilityasasignalthattheyshouldexpand.Whydoesthisexpansionsometimesgettheminserioustrouble?Thedecision-makinganalysispresentedinthischapterrestsheavilyonthepropositionthatfirmsequatemarginalcostandmarginalrevenue.Butaccountantsfinditverydifficultifnotimpossibletocalculatemarginalcostandmarginalrevenue.Doesthismeanthatthiskindofanalysisisnotveryuseful?（三）思考與實(shí)踐What,ifanything,dotheseinstitutionsmaximize?a)Aconsumer-owned,cooperativegrocerystoreb)TheDepartmentofDefenseofthefederalgovernmentc)TheRedCrossd)Theeconomicsdepartmentofyourcollegee)Thelocalpublicradiostationf)ThehouseholdinwhichyougrewupThinkofadecision-makingsituationinwhicheachoftheinstitutionsinQuestion1isattemptingtooptimizeormaximize.Whatinthisinstitutioncorrespondstothecomparisonofmarginalcostandmarginalrevenueinaprofit-maximizingfirm?（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。PART3MARKETSANDTHEPRICESYSTEMChapter10TheFirmAndTheIndustryUnderPerfectCompetition（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknowUnderstandingthespecialtypeofmarketstructure-perfectcompetition(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容PerfectCompetitionDefinedThePerfectionCompetitiveFirmThePerfectlyCompetitiveIndustryPerfectCompetitionAndEconomicEfficiency2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)PriceTaker;VariableCost;SupplyCurveofaFirm;SupplyCurveofanIndustry;EconomicProfit;3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）Whendemandrisesinaperfectlycompetitivemarket,doyouthinkthelong-runequilibriumpricewillrise,fall,orstayconstant?Whatwilldeterminethis?Whatexamplesofperfectlycompetitivemarketscanyouthinkofintheeconomy?思考與實(shí)踐Underwhatcircumstanceswilldroughthelporhurtafarmer?Thetextstatesthatfourconditionsarenecessaryfortheexistenceofaperfectlycompetitivemarket.Discusseachone.a)Numerousparticipants:Roughlyhowmanysellersdoyouthinkareneededtomakeamarketperfectlycompetitive?b)Homogeneityofproduct:Howwouldperfectcompetitionbealteredifbuyerscoulddistinguishbetweentheproductsofdifferentproducers?c)Freedomofentryandexit:Howmightthisconditionbeviolated?Whatsortsofbarrierstoentryorexitmightexist?d)Perfectinformation:Whatexactlyneedstobeknown,andbywhom,inordertomakecompetitionperfect?（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。Chapter11Monopoly（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknowUnderstandingmonopolizedindustriesandtheconsequencesofsuchaflawinthemarketsystem(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容MonopolyDefinedTheMonopolist’sSupplyDecisionCanAnythingGoodBeSaidAboutMonopoly?PriceDiscriminationUnderMonopoly2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)PureMonopoly;BarrierstoEntry;Patents;NaturalMonopoly;MonopolyProfits;PriceDiscrimination3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）“Thegovernmentshouldprohibitpricediscriminationwiththesamevigorthatitattacksracialandgenderdiscrimination.”Discuss.“Therearenopuremonopoliesintherealworld.Therearealwayssubstitutesfortheoutputofanyfirm.Whenthepriceofagoodrises,consumerscanalwaysdecidetobuysomethingelse.”Discuss.(三）思考與實(shí)踐“Oneofthemostridiculousgovernmententerprisesisthepatentoffice.Itpermitsinventorsofnewprocessesandproductstocreatemonopolies,whenweknowverywellthatmonopoliesreduceoutput,raiseprice,andinotherwaysacttogougethepublic.”Discuss.“Economistsarewrongtoarguethatmonopoliesharmthepublicwelfare.Thepublicactuallybenefitsfromtheexistenceoflargemonopoliesthathavetheresourcestoinvestinresearchanddevelopment,andthathavethescaletousemoderntechnologyatitsmostefficientlevel.”Discuss.（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。Chapter12BetweenCompetitionAndMonopoly（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.Understandingthecharacteristicsofmonopolisticcompetition2.Understandingpriceandoutputdeterminationundermonopolisticcompetition3.Understandingthemarketstructureofoligopoly4.Knowaboutthebasicconceptofgametheory(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容MonopolyCompetitionOligopolyMonopolisticCompetition,Oligopoly,AndPublicWelfareAGlanceBackward:ComparingTheFourMarketForms2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)MonopolisticCompetition;Oligopoly:Cartel:PriceLeadership;PriceWar;SalesMaximization;StickyPrice;KinkedDemandCurve;PayoffMatrix;DominantStrategy;Maxi-minCriterion;NashEquilibrium;Zero-SumGame;RepeatedGame;CredibleThreat;PerfectlyContestableMarket3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）Inmonopolisticcompetition,thedifferentiationoffirms’productsleadstonegativelyslopingdemandcurves,andthisinturnleadstoalong-runequilibriumcharacterizedbyexcesscapacityandcoststhatareabovetheminimumattainable.Doyoubelievethegovernmentshouldtakeactiontostandardizeproductssoastomakedemandcurvesformonopolisticcompetitorsmoreelastic,andtherebyeliminatethewastefulnessofexcesscapacity?Whyorwhynot?Standardizedproducts(forexample,steel)characterizesomeoligopolisticmarkets,whiledifferentiatedproducts(forexample,automobiles)characterizeothers.Whatdifferencesinfirmbehaviorwouldyouexpecttoexistbecauseofthis?(三）思考與實(shí)踐Whatarethebenefitsandcoststosocietyofadvertisingbyautomobilecompanies?Bybeercompanies?Doyouthinkthatthepracticeofpriceleadershipinanoligopolisticindustryisharmfultothepublicinterest?Shouldthegovernmenttakestepstopreventit?（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等。PART4THEVITURESANDLIMITATIONSOFMARKETSChapter14TheCaseForFreeMarketI:ThePriceSystem（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.Understandinghowperfectcompetitionachievesefficiency2.Understandinghowperfectcompetitionachievesoptimaloutput(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容EfficientResourceAllocationAndPricingScarcityandTheNeedToCoordinateEconomicDecisionsHowPerfectCompetitionAchievesEfficiency:AGraphicAnalysisHowPerfectCompetitionAchievesOptimalOutput:MarginalAnalysisTowardAssessmentofThePriceMechanism2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)EfficientAllocationofResources;LaissezFaire;Input-OutputAnalysis;Consumer’sSurplus;Producer’sSurplus3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）Somepeoplearguethatthepoorshouldbegivenmoney;otherssaythatthepoorshouldbegivenvoucherstoprovidefornecessities,suchasfood,shelter,andclothing.Presumingthatbothmethodscostthetaxpayersthesame,whichdoyouthinkwouldbebetter,fromthepointofviewofpoorpeopleandfromthepointofviewofsocietyasawhole?思考與實(shí)踐Whatsortsofeconomicproblemsdoyouthinkthemarketisnotgoodatsolving?（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等Chapter15TheShortcomingOfFreeMarkets（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknowUnderstandingsomesourcesofmarketfailure(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容WhatDoesTheMarketDoPoorly?EfficientResourceAllocation:AReviewExternalities:GettingThePricesWrongProvisionOfPublicGoodsAllocationOfResourcesBetweenPresentAndFutureSomeOtherSourcesOfMarketFailureMarketFailureAndGovernmentFailureTheCostDiseaseOfSomeVitalService:InvitationToGovernmentFailure思政元素：該章節(jié)介紹市場(chǎng)失靈?？梢越Y(jié)合新冠疫情背景，先討論疫情剛發(fā)生時(shí)武漢出現(xiàn)的醫(yī)護(hù)人員、醫(yī)療設(shè)備、防護(hù)物資、生活物品緊缺現(xiàn)象，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中壟斷、公共產(chǎn)品及信息不對(duì)稱等市場(chǎng)失靈現(xiàn)象，并引入全國(guó)各省醫(yī)療支援湖北行動(dòng)、共抗疫情的政策來(lái)討論社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是如何彌補(bǔ)市場(chǎng)失靈，了解中國(guó)力量及中國(guó)精神，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度的優(yōu)越性。2.基本概念和知識(shí)點(diǎn)ProductionPossibilitiesFrontier;ResourceMisallocation;Externalities(BeneficialandDetrimental);MarginalSocialCost(MSC);MarginalPrivateCost(MPC);MarginalSocialBenefit(MSB);PublicGood:PrivateGood;Depletability;Excludability;RentSeeking;MoralHazard;Agents;Principals;StockOption;CostDiseaseofthePersonalServices3.問(wèn)題與應(yīng)用（能力要求）“Themarketsystemfailsutterlytoprovideforthefuture.Theadequacyofnaturalresourcesandthequalityofthenaturalenvironmentahundredyearsfromnowdependuponactionsthatwearetakingnow—butsincefuturegenerationscannotexpresstheirpreferencesintoday’smarketplace,theirinterestsarenotrepresented,andtheyarebeingimpoverished.”Discuss“Thereisnopossibilityofproductivityimprovementsintheperformingarts.Andyetthecostsofperformanceskeepgoingupbecausewageratesingeneralintheeconomyarerising,andperformersinsistuponsharinginthatprosperityatleasttoasmallextent.Thereforethecostsofperformanceskeeprising.Paradoxically,thecountrywillsoonbecomesowealthythatmostconsumerswillnotbeabletoaffordanyliveperformancesatall,andouronlyexposuretotheperformingartswillcomethroughtheelectronicmedia.”Discuss.思考與實(shí)踐Mostpeopleinsistuponhavingsomeformofhealthinsurance.Andyetwhentheyhavehealthinsurance,theyhaveanincentivetousemoremedicalcarethantheyreallyneed,sincetheprivatemarginalcostsaremuchlowerthanthesocialmarginalcosts.ThisisoneofthereasonsforthecrisisinhealthcareintheUnitedStatestoday.Canyouthinkofanywaystoalleviatethisproblem?Consumerscannotmakeoptimalchoicesaboutpurchasesunlesstheyarewellinformedaboutthequalityofgoodsinthemarketplace.Somepeopledefendcorporateadvertisingasprovidingthatinformation.Othersarguethatadvertisingreallyis“disinformation,”thatwhateveritconveystousiscertainlynotobjectiveinformationaboutproducts.Whatisyouropinion?Doesadvertisingmakethemarketmoreefficient?（四）教學(xué)方法與手段本章教學(xué)主要采用課堂講授、多媒體教學(xué)、分組討論、課堂討論等Chapter16TheMarket’sPrimeAchievement:InnovationAndGrowth（一）目的與要求thegoalhereistoknow1.Understandingthedifferencesbetweeninnovationandinvention2.Knowabouthowtoanalyzetheinnovativeoligopolyfirm(二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容1.主要內(nèi)容TheMarketEconomy’sIncredibleGrowthRecordInnovation,NotInvention,IsTheUniqueFree-MarketAccomplishmentSo