TOC\o"1-5"\h\z第一講五大句型 1第二講定語(yǔ)從句 3第三講時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài) 7第四講虛擬語(yǔ)氣 11第五講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 14第六講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞…?動(dòng)詞不定式 17第七講狀語(yǔ)從句 21第八講主謂一致 27第九講名詞性從句 29第十講倒裝 31第十一講強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 33第十二講反意疑問句 35第十三講冠詞 37第十四講代詞 40第十五講形容詞、副詞 41第十六講交際用語(yǔ) 45前言：偉大的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家說：沒有語(yǔ)法，就無(wú)法規(guī)范的表達(dá)，這一點(diǎn)恰恰強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)法的重要性；而沒有詞匯則無(wú)法表達(dá)，因此要重視詞匯的積累！有時(shí)候，我們無(wú)法改變環(huán)境，但我們可以改變自己，大家都改變了，環(huán)境也就改變了，難道不是嗎？第一講五大句型英語(yǔ)句子是由主語(yǔ)(subject),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(verb),賓語(yǔ)(object),表語(yǔ)(predicative)，迖逼(adverbial),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(objectcomplement)等成分組成，按照奩戟分的組合芳鬲麗孑可分為五種基本句型。句型一：主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞本身就可以表達(dá)完整的意念，不需要賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),但有時(shí)可有副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)。eg.Therainstopped?eg.Theoldmanwalksinthepark?eg.Themoonrisesatnight.eg.Theuniversehasremainedforalongtime.eg.WhathesaiddoesiTtmatter?eg.Ihaveworkedinthefactoryfortenyears?eg.LucyandMarygetupearlyeverymorning?常見不及物動(dòng)詞:live,stay,work,rise,talk,lie,agree.句型二:主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞本身不能表達(dá)完整的意念沒，需要形容詞，名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等來(lái)補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)。常見的系動(dòng)詞有：be,look,keep,seem,get,grow,go,come,prove,turnout,fall，become,turn,stay,remain,lie及感官動(dòng)詞（feel，smell,無(wú)被動(dòng)和進(jìn)行時(shí)。sound,taste,touch),感官動(dòng)詞后面常見形容詞,無(wú)被動(dòng)和進(jìn)行時(shí)。eg.Mysisteris_anurse.eg.Ifeelquitehungry?eg.Theballisunderthedesk.eg.Hisfacetumedred?eg.Hefellillyesterday?eg.Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting?eg.Thismattersremainamystery,eg.Helookstired.eg.Heseemstobeverysad?eg.Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.eg.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.eg.Therumorprovedfalse.eg.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess?eg.Hebecomemadafterthat.eg.Thefoodwentworse.C?句型三：主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞本身需要一個(gè)動(dòng)作的接受者（賓語(yǔ)），才可以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。常見的及物動(dòng)詞：spend,visit,say,know,enjoy,admit等。eg.Whoknowstheanswer?eg.Heenjoysreading?eg.Theyatewhatwasleftover.eg.Headmitshismistake.句型四：主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)有些及物動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意念。在此句型中，通常是間接賓語(yǔ)（人）在前，直接賓語(yǔ)（物）在后，有時(shí)直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)可以對(duì)調(diào),這時(shí)間接賓語(yǔ)前應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~直接賓語(yǔ)與間接賓語(yǔ)對(duì)調(diào)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞to的動(dòng)詞有：間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞to的動(dòng)詞有:give（給），tell（告近），lend（借給）,sell（賣），teach（教），send（寄給），write（寫給）,show（出示）,return（還給）,bring（帶給），pass（遞給），leave（留給）,offer（提供）,hand（交給）?eg.Mymothergavemoneytomeinthepast.eg.Pleasesendthislettertomyheadteacher.eg?Returnthebooktothelibrary?間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞foi?的動(dòng)詞有:buy（買人choose（選擇），get（弄到），make（做）,order（訂購(gòu)）,sing（唱歌），do（做）,play（演奏）D?l?如果直接賓語(yǔ)為人稱代詞那么必須把直接賓放在間接賓語(yǔ)前,且間接賓語(yǔ)前要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~oIhandedittoourteacher?2此句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)謹(jǐn)態(tài)時(shí)，可分為兩種情況。1?Hermotherboughtheraskirt?2?Shewasboughtaskirtbyhermother?3.AskirtwasboughtforherbyhermotherE?句型五：主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞本身需要一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)外，還需要一個(gè)名詞，形容詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，分詞來(lái)補(bǔ)充說明賓語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意念。eg.WeelectedLiYangourmonitor.eg.Thenewsmadeussad.eg.Shesawthethiefstealintotheshop?eg.Ifoundthemanstealingthemoney?eg.Ifoundmymoneystolen?尤其是：make^appoint,call,name,see,watch,observe,leave,keep+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)第二講定語(yǔ)從句

A?定語(yǔ)從句的定義：對(duì)某一名詞或代詞起修飾、限制作用的從句。B?先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。C?羌系詞:隹于從句與先行詞之間，起連接作用并且充當(dāng)一定的充分。1關(guān)系代詞：Who,whom，whose,which,that,as,C?2關(guān)紊副詞：when,where,why關(guān)系副詞=介詞+which。也就是說，每個(gè)關(guān)系副詞里本身就已經(jīng)含有了一個(gè)介詞：when=在什么時(shí)候，where=在什么地方，why=為什么原因。eg.Thereasonwhyhedidrftattendthemeetingisthathismothersufferredfromillness.eg.Thereasonforwhichhedidn%attendthemeetingisthathismothersufferredfromillness?D?who指“人”,并且在從句中作主語(yǔ)；也可取代whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。例如：eg.Ihavenoideaaboutthemanwhowrotethearticle?whom指“人”，作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，它與who可以通用；彳旦是如果whom在從句中彳乍介詞的賓語(yǔ)，那么就只能用whom而不能與who通用了。eg.Ihappenedtomeettheprofessorwho(whom)Igottoknowataparty?(關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中作know的賓語(yǔ))eg.Theyarelookingforthepatientonwhomdoctorsjustperformedanoperation.(關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中作on的賓語(yǔ))whose常表達(dá)“某人的、某物的”之意。the+n+of+which\whom=ofwhich\whom+the+n=whose+neg.Iboughtacomputerwhosepricewasreasonable?=1boughtacomputerthepriceofwhichwasreasonablewhich指“事暢”，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。eg.I'vegotanovelwhichyoumayliketoread?that指“人或事物”，作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，但不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。在一定范圍內(nèi)，that=who/whom/which。提示：H.1定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略eg.Thisisthebook(which)youwerelookingforyesterday?H?2定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。eg.Thosewhoareintheirfortiesarerequiredtohaveaphysicalexaminationthisafternoon?eg.Thisisthemagazinewhichwassenttomebypost?I?that\which指“事物”。作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，只用that不用which:1?1?當(dāng)先行詞all9everything,something,nothing,anything等不定代詞時(shí)。eg.Anythingthatcanburnisasourceofheatenergy?（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）12先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最【高級(jí)或12先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最【高級(jí)或thelast,theonly,thevery修飾時(shí)。eg.ThisisthemostimpressiveTVtheaterthathasneverbeenputonshowbefore?I?3?先行詞既有人又有事物時(shí)。eg.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatwemetincollege?I?4?先行詞被all，any,every,each，much,little,no9some,few等修飾。eg.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.句中已有who\which為了避免重服，只用that。eg.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?作表語(yǔ)。eg.Sheisnolongerthepersonthatsheusedtobe.Sheisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.L?只用which\whom\who\which\where\why而不用that.L丄當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞，且指事物。Eg.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.L.2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句用逗號(hào)隔開，且做主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ)eg.Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow?（主語(yǔ)）eg.Ihaveateacher,whoisresponsibleforus?（主語(yǔ)）eg.Iwasbornin1980,whenmyfamilywaspoor.（狀語(yǔ)）eg.Intoday9scompetitiveeconomy,whereeveryoneistryingtodomorewithless,youhavegottofigureoutawaytoprofitfromtheverybeginning』狀語(yǔ)）L?3?fromwhere,fromaroundwhich,allthatL?4?situation,position,point,case,activity,world,至!J?階段，在?里，作狀語(yǔ)whereoeg.IhavereachedthepointwhereIhavetobedependentonme.L?5?so+adj+a\an+n that\as （that不作成分），as作成分）such+a\an+adj+n—that\as （that不作成分），as作成分）L.6thesame—as（同一類）L.7thesame——that（同一個(gè)）eg.Heissuchanexcellentteacherthatwealllovehim.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）eg.Heissuchanexcellentteacheraswealllove.（定語(yǔ)從句（關(guān)系代詞as在從句中作love的賓語(yǔ)），）J.as的基本用法：J）.引導(dǎo)非限制柱定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前或主句后，而which只能放注主句后。J.2.as意思為"正如…其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常是：see,know?sav.mention?report.K?六種眾所周知Asweallknow,（is之前為主語(yǔ)從句，（is之前為主語(yǔ)從句，is之后為表語(yǔ)從句）

（第一個(gè)is之前為主語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)is之后WhatweallknowisthatWhatisknowntoisthat為表語(yǔ)從句從句）Itisknowntousthat（形式主語(yǔ)）That isknowntous.Asisoftenthecase.（這是常有的事情）U.注意點(diǎn)U.l.ofwhich\whom有其中的含義eg.Hehastencousins,threeofwhomareclever?U?2?inwhichcase\inthatcase?eg.Shesufferedfromillness,inwhichcaseherhusbandhadtostayathome?eg.Shesufferedfromillness.Inthatcase,herhusbandhadtostayathome.U.3.oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)theonlyone復(fù)數(shù)名詞+親系代詢+謂語(yǔ)里數(shù)U.4.thewav作為先行詞U.4.1Theway（inwhich\that\省略）heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.（關(guān)系詢作狀語(yǔ)，后面句子完整）U.4.2Theway（which\that）heexplainedtouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.（關(guān)系詞作賓語(yǔ)，后面句子不完整U?5?Hemadeagoodimpressiononhispotentialboss,whichIthinkisimportanttohispromotion.（Ithink為插入語(yǔ)只能放中間，插入式定語(yǔ)從句）U?6?Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowaspraised?（分裂式定語(yǔ)從句）如何選擇關(guān)系代詞：?用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞取決于從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否及物，及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)就必須用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞用關(guān)系副詞（狀語(yǔ)）。陽(yáng)對(duì)斷先行詞在從句中的成分（主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ).賓補(bǔ)則用關(guān)系代詞；）狀語(yǔ)則用關(guān)系副詞。egeIhaveabighousewhereIlivewithmyparents,eg.Ihaveabighousewhich\thatIboughtlastyear,egeIhaveabigroomwherenobodylive<

第三講時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作（everyday,sometimes,normally,usually,nowandthen,every????）eg.Inormallygotobedat10:30.客觀真理，科學(xué)事實(shí)eg.Theteachersaidthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.表示按按時(shí)間表，計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的。eg.Thetrainleavesat12:00tomorrow?由連詞unless,when,before,once,assoonas等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)中，主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，“主將從現(xiàn)”eg.Iwillletyouknowassoonas1hearfromJack?E?在makesure,makecertain,takecare,becareful,mind，watch等后eg.Makesurethatyouachievefullmarksnexttime?的that的that從句中通常用般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。F?在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。eg.Look!Herecometherestcustomers!Therehegoes?（主語(yǔ)是代詞不要倒裝）二、一般過去時(shí)表示過去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)任何關(guān)系。（yearsago,lastweek,inthepast,yesterday）eg.IlivedinGuannanfor20years,butnowIliveinLianshui.（常用于前后對(duì)比，用一般過去時(shí)只表示過去事實(shí),和現(xiàn)在沒有任何關(guān)系O）表示過去的習(xí)慣性或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作。eg.WeoftenplayedfootballwhenIwasyoung.eg.IwouldlistentotheradiowhenIwasaboy表示說話人始料未及的事情。（剛才…）eg.Mary!Ididn^trecognizeyou.usedto\wouldItishigh\abouttime—Iwish;Iwouldrathersbdid;ifonly\if表示現(xiàn)在的虛擬eg.IfonlyIwereyou,Iwouldmakeeffortstostudywell.三、一般將來(lái)時(shí)A?表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，will\shall+vB?begoingtodosth（計(jì)劃；有跡象要發(fā)生；主語(yǔ)的意圖）eg.Thepartyisgoingtobeheldnextmonth?eg.Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm?eg.Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?C.betodosth,按計(jì)劃、安排注定要發(fā)生，也表示命令*禁止，語(yǔ)氣較正式。eg?Wearetodiscussthereportnextweek?beabouttodosth—when（不能與時(shí)間連用）eg.Iamabouttoarriveattheofficewhenanideahits\occurestome.E?come,go,arrive,leave,start,leave,begin,return,takeplace,meet等短暫性動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)。eg.SheisarrivinginBeijingtomorrow?shall用于二、三人稱肯定句，表示說話人警告、命令、允諾、規(guī)定。eg.Youshallnotsmoke,accordingtotherules.F?1用于疑問句表示征求別人意見；eg.ShallIbuyaticketforyou?will用于表示即將要發(fā)生或臨時(shí)發(fā)生，或事物去傾向。eg.Ididn'tknowhewasinhospital.Iwillvisithim.A?表示說話正在進(jìn)行。Ican，tlendmycartoyou,foritbeingrepaired.表示感情色彩（說話時(shí)不一定發(fā)生，翻譯總是）。eg.Iamalwayshelpingothers.eg>AcertainXuisalwaysmakingthesamemistake.eg>Iamcomingtoseeyou.五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)定義及解釋：A.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作是從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。B?強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果,此用法容易和一般過去時(shí)混淆。兩者的區(qū)別是：一般過去時(shí)有動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，即過去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生某一動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則沒有，即不強(qiáng)調(diào)是哪個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,而強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。在過去不確定的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但是結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：recently,lately,since???for.??,in\over\diiringthelast\past+時(shí)間,sofar,uptonow,yet，already,never,ever,Itis\thisisthe+次數(shù)+that+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，主語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+since+主語(yǔ)一般過去時(shí)注意:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在和表示一段時(shí)間連用,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,而不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞。eg.Hisbrotherhasjoinedthearmyfortenyears?eg.Hisbrotherhasbeeninthearmyfortenyears?過去完成時(shí)A?表示過去的過去，had+過去分詞B.表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和打算，常用動(dòng)詞有:want,think，hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose?eg.Ihadintendedtospeak,buttimedidiTtpermit.在told，said,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后面馬賓語(yǔ)從句。在狀語(yǔ)從句中，在過去的不同的時(shí)間的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，先發(fā)生用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生用一般過去時(shí)。eg>Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.E?句型：E.l.nosooner+had+過去分詞+than+主語(yǔ)+—般過去時(shí)2.hardly\scarcelyhad+過去分詞+when+主語(yǔ)+—般過去時(shí)E?3?bythattime,bytheendof,before2000?4.Itwas\thiswasthe+次數(shù)+that+主語(yǔ)+過去完成時(shí)5.wouldrathersbhaddone（表示過去虛擬）E?6?在表示過去虛擬的條件從句中eg.IfIhadhadtimethatday,Iwouldhaveattendedyourparty?七、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)A?表示過去某時(shí)間正在經(jīng)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用狀語(yǔ)：thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,formninetotenlastevening,when,while.（那時(shí)正在…）eg.Mybrotherhurthimselfwhenhewasridinghisbicycle.B?表示過去的感情色彩?eg>Theywerealwaysquarreling.c.表示語(yǔ)氣委婉,表示現(xiàn)在（wonder,want,think,hope,intentc.表示語(yǔ)氣委婉,打算、計(jì)劃的動(dòng)詞）eg.Iwaswonderingifyoucoulddomeafavor?_ 八、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)A?表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（thistime,then,from—to??+將來(lái)時(shí)間）（將來(lái)某時(shí)間正在）eg.Don'tphonemeat8thisevening,Iwillbehavingdinner.B?表示按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的事情eg.IwillbegoingtoAmericansoon?九、將來(lái)完成時(shí)A?表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢(shì)必完成的或預(yù)計(jì)要完成的動(dòng)作，willhavedone.eg>OnMonday,hewillhavebeeninChinaforthreeyears.B.by+將來(lái)時(shí)間eg.Bytheendofthisyear,thisbuildingwillhavebeencompleted.十.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在以前某一時(shí)間里一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，到說話時(shí)可能正在進(jìn)行,也可能停止。eg.IthasbeenrainingsincelastSunday.eg.Iamverytired,Ihavebeentypingthelettersallday.十一、過去將來(lái)完成時(shí)A?表示在過去某一時(shí)間看將來(lái)某時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，結(jié)構(gòu)wouldhavedoneeg.Shesaidthatshewouldhavefinishedherexamsbythen.十二、過去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)would\shouldbedoing十三、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)hadbeendoing十四、將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)shall\willhavebeendoing十五、過去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)should\wouldhavebeendoing動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)A?主語(yǔ)+be+過去分詞…?+（by短語(yǔ)）（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）get+過去分詞（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）eg.getpaid\hurt\changed,getsbtodo,getsthdoing（主動(dòng)）。eg.Ican^tgetmycarrunning?getsthdone（被動(dòng)）.Igotmycomputerrepaired?have\getsth+過去分詞Itbe+過去分詞+that從句Itissaid\reported\believed\hoped\known\thought\suggested\takenforgranted\hasbeendecidedthatE?sth\sbbesupposed\believed\said如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)要加tofeel\hear\observe\see\notice\watch\make\listentoeg.Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground?G?主語(yǔ)+adj（dangerous\hard\easy\difficult\heavy\important\nice等）用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)。eg.Anylanguageisnoteasytolearnwell.eg.Ifoundthsesproblemsarehardtosolve.H?表示事物特點(diǎn)主被動(dòng)（weigh\wash\sell\drink\wear\write\cut\\keep\stay\prove\clean\drive）但可以用其ing形式做后置定語(yǔ)eg.Childrenweighing：30kgbelowmustbeaccompanied?eg.Thebooksellswell.Thesilkfeelssoft.（感官動(dòng)詞）eg.Theclotheswashwell.Thepenwritessmoothly.need\want\require+doing\tobedone翻譯為需宴，主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng),eg.Yourairneedscutting?I?不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)詞組：happen,occur,takeplace,belongto,consistof,breakout,comeintobeing,datebackto,appear,last,become?Theaccident （happen）wasserious?Thetower （datebackto）theSongDynastyiswellworthvisiting?Members （belongto）ourclassmustfollowtheirteacher*sfootsteps.第四講虛擬語(yǔ)氣A.基本結(jié)構(gòu):分類從句主句1?對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬If+主語(yǔ)+did\were主語(yǔ)+would\could\should+v2?對(duì)過去虛擬If+主語(yǔ)+haddone主語(yǔ)+would\could\shouldhavedone3?對(duì)將來(lái)虛擬If+主語(yǔ)+didIf+主語(yǔ)+weretodoIf+主語(yǔ)+should主語(yǔ)+would\could\should+vegJJftherewerenoairorwater,therewouldbenolivingthingsontheearth?eg>2>Ifhehadtakenmyadvicethatday,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.eg>3JftherewereaheavysnownextSunday,wewouldnotgoskating虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝如果條件從句中有were,had,should。時(shí),可把if省略，而把were,had,should提到主語(yǔ)前，采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，如果有從句時(shí)否定形式。要把not放在主語(yǔ)之后。eg?Shouldyoucomehere,Iwouldbeveryannoyed?eg.Haditnotbeenforaninjuredleg,hecouldhaveplayedfootballwithus.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句有時(shí)虛擬條件從句與主句發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致,要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況調(diào)整。1?從句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實(shí)不符。eg.IfIhadhadagoodknowledgeofEnglish,Iwouldbeaseniorofficernow.2?從句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)不符。eg.Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.3?but等后面會(huì)接實(shí)際情況。eg>Iwouldhaveattendyourparty,butIwasbusyatthattime.

D?含蓄虛擬句1?隱含在不定式中eg?Tohaveworkedharder,youwouldhaveachievedfullmarks.隱含在分詞短語(yǔ)中eg>Borninbettertimes,hewouldhavebeenascholan3?隱含在介詞短語(yǔ)中，(with，without,butfor).eg>Withoutyourinstructions,Iwouldnothavemadesuchgreatprogress隱含在名詞短語(yǔ)中。eg.Afewhoursearlier,andyouwouldhaveseentheprofessor.隱含在短語(yǔ)中(or，orelse,otherwise)eg.Ihadanurgentmeetingthatday.OtherwisenIwouldhavetakenpartinyourbirthdayparty?隱含在定語(yǔ)從句中eg.Anyonewhohadseenthatpaintingmighthavetakenitforaphoto?E?各種從句中的虛擬l.Itis+adj\名詞\過去分詞+thatadj:necessary,strange,surprising,important,;名詞:dugpity,shame,regret;過去分詞:advised,suggested,requested,ordered,decided,proposed;Itissurprisingthatheshouldpassglass.(竟然)Itisapitythatthatheshouldmissthatchance?Itisadvisedthatoneshoulddrinkeightglassesofwateraday.2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于賓語(yǔ)從句E..1wish從句中eg.IwishIwereaheadmaster.eg.Iwishyouhadtoldthefacttohim.eg.IwishsomedayIcouldgotocollegeagain.E?E?2?2用于表示建議、命令、愿望等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句歸納為：一堅(jiān)持"insist";二命令"ordeiAcommand”；三建議“advise-surest?propose";要求"require號(hào)surest?propose";要求"require號(hào)requ曲demand-ask”,以及l(fā)est（害怕）從句后的主語(yǔ)用should+V；should可以省略。eg.Thegeneralorderedthathissoldiersshouldwinthebattle?但insist作堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為實(shí)際情況9suggest作暗示*表明講時(shí)不用虛擬。eg.Tominsistedthathehadnotstolenthatcarandshouldbesetfree.eg.Thetidyroomsuggestedthatithadbeencleaned.3?用于表語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句中在advice。suggestion,proposahcommandsreauiremenhdemandnFecjueshdecision等名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句或名詞性從句中,從句后的謂語(yǔ)用should+Vnshould可以省略eg>Myadviceisthatallofyoushouldbuyadictionary.4?其它特殊結(jié)構(gòu)；Itishigh\abouttimethat+主語(yǔ)+should+V\did,其中should不能省略eg.ltishigh\abouttimethatyoushouldtakenotes.would「ather+主語(yǔ)did'haddone.eg.IwouldratheryoudidiTttakeyouphone?ifonly+did'haddone.eg.LookatthetroubleIamin!IfonlyIhadfollowedhisadvice.may+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形（表示祝愿）eg.Mayyousucceed!whatif ?eg.Whatifweshouldnotfinishthetask?forfearthat+主語(yǔ)+should±veg.Lisaistryingherbesttopickagiftforfearthathergrandpashoulddislikeit.asif\asthough的虛擬第五講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1.can\could\beabletol.lcan表示能力（現(xiàn)在的能力，而could表示過去的能力）eg.ThelittleJohncanplaycomputergames,buthecouldnotlastyear?eg.Wewilldoanythingwecantohelpyou.1?2表示語(yǔ)氣請(qǐng)求和允許 —eg.—Couldyoudomeafavor?—Yes,Ican.1.3表示推測(cè)，有時(shí)候也會(huì)eg.Heiskindtous,butsometimeshecanberudetous.1.4表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的否定的推測(cè)。eg.Hecan5tbeMrPeng,forheisathomenow?cannever—enough;cannot—toobeableto=managetodo\succeedin（特殊場(chǎng)合成功作某事）eg.Hewasabletoescapefromtheburningbuilding?2?may\might2.1表示請(qǐng)求允許，might更委婉eg.—MayIsithere?Yes,youmay,Noyoumiistnt2?2表示推測(cè)，可能性更小。eg.Hemaybewritingaletter.（對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的推測(cè)）eg.Hemay\mighthavereaditinthepaper.（對(duì)過去的推測(cè)）2?3表示可能發(fā)生某事而事實(shí)上沒有發(fā)生eg.Themandiedwhomighthavesaved.2?4cannot（不可能）；maynot（可能不）2.5表示祝愿eg.Maygodblessyou.2.6may\mightaswell.不妨-…，還是…為好。m町well很可能3?must\haveto3.1用于肯定句，表示必須，一定，還有“非得，偏偏”eg.YoumustHnishittoday?eg.Mustyoumakethesamemistake?3?2用于否定句表示“禁止，不準(zhǔn)”eg.Youmustn光parkyourcarhere.3.3表示推測(cè)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況肯定的推測(cè)must+veg.Hemustbewrong，isn'the?表示對(duì)過去肯定的推測(cè)musthavedoneeg.HemusthaveseentheHimlastnizhhdidifthe?eg.Hemusthavebeenadmittedintouniversity,hasn^the?3.3must表示主觀,而haveto表示客觀。3.4表示必須，其肯定回答用must，否定回答用needift或doifthaveto,eg.—MustIcleantheroom?—Yes,youmust.No,youneedn't'don'thaveto.amust（名詞）eg.HavingagoodknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.永遠(yuǎn)沒有mustnothavedoneshall\shouldshall用于一、三人稱疑問句，表示征求對(duì)方意見或請(qǐng)求，譯為“要不要…■好嗎"eg.Shallwegoskiingtoday?shall用于二.三人稱肯定句，表示命令、規(guī)定、警告、允諾等。eg.Youshallbepunishedifyoudisobeytherules?eg.Youshallhaveagiftifyouhavefinishedyouassignment.eg.Youshallhandinyourpapernow,accordingtotherules?4.2should表示勸告、建議.有義務(wù)去做。eg.Youshoulddoyourhomeworkfirst.4?3表示推測(cè)，“按理說”,有一定的依據(jù)，按常規(guī)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)。eg.Intermsofthedistance,heshouldarrivehere?4?4表示竟然，在意料之外，很驚訝。eg.Heshouldshoutathisparents.用于將來(lái)虛擬，表示"假如，萬(wàn)一”eg.Ifshouldbefreethisevening,Iwouldattendyourparty?eg?Ifthecarshouldbreakdowninoneyear,itcanberepairedunderguarantee.5will\would5.1will表示現(xiàn)在意愿，而would過去意愿;eg.Mymothersaidshewouldgivemenewphone.5.2表示說話人臨時(shí)的想法或打算;eg.IdidiTtknowheisill.Iwillpayavisithim?5.3表示事物傾向；eg.Withoutair,peoplewilldie.5.4表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，would比will更委婉。eg.WouldyoupleaseturndowntheTV?5.5表示過去習(xí)慣常常用would，現(xiàn)在不一定停。eg.WhenIwasyoung,Iwouldlistentotheradio?5.6usedtodo表示過去常常,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不做了。eg,Iusedtolistentotheradio,butIdon't?6?dare\need—NeedIgohomenow?—Yes,youmust.No,youneedn't.don，tdaretodo\darenotdodoiftneedtodo\neednotdoeg.Marydarenotgooutalone?eg.Marydoesn'ttogooutalone?Idaresay.我認(rèn)為，我猜。注意：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過去式、過去分詞，無(wú)第三人稱單數(shù)。7.關(guān)于幾個(gè)havedone,一定是過去shouldhavedone\shouldnothavedoneoughttohavedone\oughtnottohavedonecouldhavedone\musthavedonewouldhavedoneneedhavedone\neednothavedonewouldratherhavedonemay\mighthavedone

第六講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?…動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞??做主語(yǔ)（具體某一次，特定的）eg.Toattendyourweddingpartyisanhonourforme.Itbe+adi+todosth.eg.ItisconvenientforustosurftheInternet.2?作賓語(yǔ)（afford,agree,arrange,decide,demand,hesitate,expect,fail,offer,hope,manage,promise,refuse,want,wish,pretend,long,care）;（find9hate,dislike,like,think+it）eg.Ifyouhavequestions,pleasedorfthesitatetoaskme.動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式（advise,allow,ask，beg,cause,command,encourage,expect,forbid,get,intend,invite,permit,remind,persuade,order,force）eg.MymotherencouragedmetogotouniversitywhenIwasyoung.作定語(yǔ)（做后置定語(yǔ)，表示事物特點(diǎn)）eg.Iamlookingforaroomtolivein.eg.Ihavesomebooksforyoutoread?5?作狀語(yǔ)（目的、原因、結(jié)果）eg.Iamhappytoseeyou.eg.Iamcomingtoseeyou.eg.Ihurriedtoschoolonlytofindnobodythere.（想不到的結(jié)果）作表語(yǔ)（職業(yè)特點(diǎn)）eg.Myjobistohelpthepatient.動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+不定式（疑問詞：who,which,when,where,what,eg.Howtosolvetheproblemisstillunknown.eg.HedidiTtknowwhattosay.B?時(shí)態(tài)：一般式todosth進(jìn)行式一般式todosth進(jìn)行式tobedoing完成式tohavedone無(wú)被動(dòng)Hepretendstobereading.被動(dòng)tohavebeendone（先后關(guān)系）eg.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong?C?to作為介詞：objectto,stickto,beusedto,turnto,payattentionto,contributeto,invitationto,introductionto,admitto（承認(rèn)，接受），devoteoneselfto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,D?不得不：cannothelpbutdo;candonothingbutdo;cannotchoosebutdo;cannotdoanythingbutdo;havenochoice\alternative\optionbuttodo;E?動(dòng)詞不定式作獨(dú)立主格：tobefrank;totellyouthetruth;tobeexact;tobeginwith;tocutalongstoryshort;tohearhimtalk,tomakethingsworse;tomakemattersworse.whynotdosth非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞…?動(dòng)名詞A?動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?做主語(yǔ)（經(jīng)常性.習(xí)慣性）eg.Readingloudlyisbeneficialtolearninganylanguage?eg.Itisnouse\good\notanyuse\notanygood\awasteoftime+doing（形式主語(yǔ)）eg.Itisnousetryingtopersuadehimtohaveaholidaybecauseheisaworkaholic?作賓語(yǔ)eg.Somestudentslikeplayingcomputergamesverymuch?（admit,avoid,appreciate,consider,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike，finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,suggest,can'thelp,can^tstand,quit+doing）eg.Idislikebeinglaughtedatinpublic??作表語(yǔ)eg.MyjobisteachingEnglish??作定語(yǔ)（事物特點(diǎn)）eg?Hehasareadingroom?動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)eg.?Whatmadeyousoupset?A?Marywascrying?BecauseofMarycrying.C?BecauseMarywascrying?Mary9scrying語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式主動(dòng)：doing 被動(dòng)beingdone完成式主動(dòng)：havingdone被動(dòng)havingbeendone分詞A?過去分詞表示被動(dòng)已經(jīng)完成；現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)正在進(jìn)行。

eg>Themanstandinginthefrontofourclassismyhead-teacher.eg>ThebookswrittenbyLuxunareworthreadingsL作定語(yǔ)（單個(gè)詞作前置定語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)）eg>Barkingdogsneverbite.2.作狀語(yǔ)eg.Beingateacher,youshouldberesponsibleyourstudents?eg,Writingacomposition?youcaiTtbetoocareful.eg.SomestudentsareinChineseclass,surfingtheInternet?eg.Givenmoretime,Icouldhavedonebetter.eg.Hisparentsdiedyearsago,leavingwithhimplentyofmoney.eg.Theprofessorenteredthehall,followedbyhisassistants?作表語(yǔ)eg.Thenewsissurprisinz.（令一別人）?eg.Iamsurprisedtoseeanoldfriendonthestreets.（自己）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)eg.Wewatchtheteachercoming.eg.Weheardthesongsiinz.eg.Ihadthefireburningalldaylong?eg.Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimselfheard.please,delight,satisfy,inspire,encourage,excite,interest,move,touch,frighten,surprise,astonish,puzzle,disappoint,discourage,trouble,worry,tire^,一般用doing形式來(lái)修飾事物，翻譯為令人；而ed形式來(lái)修飾人，為自己的感受；Wearedelightedbythedelightingfilms.但注意當(dāng)修飾人的表情.眼神、眼淚、聲音等時(shí)候要用過去分詞。surprisedlook,excitedshouts，thetremblingvoice.6?區(qū)另!hmoving五1ms,movedaudience;thechangingworld,thechangedworld;boilingwater,boiledwater;B?獨(dú)立主格特點(diǎn)：B?1?獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2.該結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、副詞、不定式、介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。B?B?3?獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。eg.Theleaderkilled,thewholewasindeepsorrow=Aftertheleaderwaskilled,thewholewasindeepsorrow?eg.Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou=ifweatherpermits,wearegoingtovisityou?（將來(lái)）eg.Themeetingfinished,wetiredtogohomeearlier?eg.Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.eg.Itbeingnorain,let'sgotothecinema?eg.Hestoodthere,hishandraised=Hestoodthere,withhishandraised?C.with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)with+賓語(yǔ)+todo表示將來(lái)，尚未完成with+賓語(yǔ)+doing表示主動(dòng)with+賓語(yǔ)+done表示被動(dòng)，已完成with+賓語(yǔ)+adj\adv表示狀態(tài)with+賓語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)?注意千萬(wàn)沒有；with+賓語(yǔ)havedone結(jié)構(gòu)D?特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：generallyspeaking;judgingfrom\by;considering-—;given\given(that);seeing(that)supposingXsuppose(that);assuming(that);providing\provided(that);學(xué)會(huì)找邏輯主語(yǔ):eg.l.Findingherbagstolen,shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelp?2?writteninashorttime,thiscompositionwasfullofmistakes.語(yǔ)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在詞一般式：主動(dòng)：doing 被動(dòng)：beingdone現(xiàn)在詞完成式：主動(dòng)：havingdone被動(dòng)：havingbeendone過去分詞：只有被動(dòng)doneeg.Thebridgebeingbuiltistobecompletedsoon?eg.Thebridgebuiltin1980isbeneficialtous.eg.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.(有明顯的先后關(guān)系)意義不同：trytodo\trydoing;meantodo\meandoing;regrettodo\regretdoing;can9thelptodoXcan^thelpdoing;goontodo\goondoing;remember\stop\todo\doing;regretnothavingdone后悔沒有做某事注意：1?過去分詞不能做主語(yǔ)；2?否定詞要放在+todo\doing\done;3.havingdone一般不作后置定語(yǔ)，作狀語(yǔ)；

第七講狀語(yǔ)從句A?時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1<whenwhen表示當(dāng)后面的從句可以接延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。eg.TheywerewatchingtheWorldCupwhenthepowerwentout.（非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）eg.Igothomewhenmyfamilywerehavingdinner?（延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）1.2when有“考慮到,表示原因1.2when有“考慮到,表示原因eg.Howcanyouexpectlearnanythingwhenyouneverlistentome?1.3when有“可是，然而”表示轉(zhuǎn)折eg.Sheclaimedtobe1&whenIknowshewasonly16.定搭配：beabouttodo—when,beonthepointdoing—when,betodo\haddone?—when,whenitcomesto,hardly-—when.2.while2.1while表示當(dāng)后面的從句只接延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞eg.Pleasedon'tinterruptotherswhileothersaremakingaspeech.2.2while表示“然而”強(qiáng)調(diào)前后對(duì)比」eg.IamgoodatChinese,whilemybrotherisgoodatEnglish.2.3while表示“盡管”用于石需引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)。eg.WhileIunderstandwhatyousaid,Ican^tagreewithyou.定搭配:forawhile.定搭配:forawhile.tillXuntil3?ltill\imtil所在的主句和從句都是肯東句，且主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，此時(shí)tillXuntil^識(shí)為“一直到…為止”。eg.IwillstayheretillXuntiltherainstops.3?2如主句用否定形式，從句用肯定形式，且主句是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,構(gòu)成not tillXuntil意思"直到…才”eg.Hedidn^tgohometill\untilhecarriedouthisproject.notuntil謂語(yǔ)句首要主句倒裝eg.NotuntilhepointeditputdidIrealizemymistake.ItwasnotuntilIwenttouniversitythatIcansurftheinternet.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）as（強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）eg.Welistenedtothesingerasheplayedtheguitar.before5.1還未到…就；不到…就；還沒有來(lái)得及…eg.Pleasewritedownbeforeyouforgetit.eg.WehadiTtrunamilebeforehefelttired.Itwill+時(shí)間+before要過多久才 eg.Itwill24yearsbeforeIcanearnalivingbyteaching?Itwillnot+時(shí)間+before要不了多久就 eg.Itwillnot60daysbeforewetakeanimportantexam?6?sinceItbe+時(shí)間+since+主語(yǔ)+dideg.ltwas7yearssinceIarrivedinLianshui.eg.ltwas10yearssinceIsmoked.（自從我不抽煙已經(jīng)有10年，用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示否定）7.幾個(gè)“一就…”immediately\directly\instantly+句子themoment\second\instantassoonason\upon+doinghardly\scarce+had+主語(yǔ)when+主語(yǔ)+didnosoonerhad+主語(yǔ)than+主語(yǔ)+dideg.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethenitbegantorain.thefirsttime\eachtime\everytime\nexttime\lasttime\bythetime\anytime+句子eg.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble?地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句A?where\wherever+i&點(diǎn)從句，eg.YoushouldgowherethePartyneedsusmost.eg.Wherevertheseais,youwillfindseamen?eg.Whereveryougo,Iwillgotoo.where+（there）+主句eg.Wherethereisawill,thereisawill.lMakeamarkwhereyouhaveanydoubts.（狀語(yǔ)從句）2Makeamarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanydoubts.（定語(yǔ)從句）原因狀語(yǔ)從句A?常用引導(dǎo)詞:because,since,as,foreg.MyfriendsdislikemebecauseFmhandsomeandsuccessful.特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeingthat,consideringthat,giventhat（鑒于，考慮到），nowthat,inthat,inviewofthefactthat.eg.Nowthateverybodyhascome,let'sbeginourconference?eg.Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore?eg.Consideringthatheisill,hissonwilltakeoverthecompany?for表示推測(cè)或判斷理由，不用于句首。eg.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday?because語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，回答why，和用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。Itisbecause that條件狀語(yǔ)從句A?常用引導(dǎo)詞:if,unless=if-not,once,onlyif,ifonlyeg.IwillnotattendyourpartyunlessIaminvited?B.特殊引導(dǎo)詞:as/solongas,providing/providedthat,supposingthat,assumingthat（女口果）incase,onconditionthateg.Youwillcertainlysucceedsolonzasyoukeepontrying?eg.Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.目的狀語(yǔ)從句A?常用引導(dǎo)詞:sothat,inorderthateg.Thebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsign