UnitThree

CulturalDifferences(II)

SectionAReadingSkillsSectionBTextSectionCFastReadingSectionDCaseStudySectionECheerYouUpTrainingObjectivesTofigureout

neworunfamiliarwordsbymeansofaffixes.

2.TogetsomeideasaboutdifferentthinkingpatternsbetweenEastandWest.

3.Toknowtheimportanceofnonverbalcommunication.

SectionAReadingSkills

I.Learningaffixesandrootswillenableustofigureoutmanynewwordsinourreading.ManyEnglishwordsarecreatedfromarootwordtowhichprefixesandsuffixeshavebeenadded.Theuseofcontextualaidsandfamiliaritywithaffixesandrootsaretwoaidsforpromotingunknownandunfamiliarwords.Learningprefixes,roots,andsuffixeswillenableustofigureoutmanynewwordsinourreading.

GuessingNewandUnfamiliarWords(3)返回

II.PrefixAprefixisaddedtothebeginningofawordanditcausesachangeinthemeaningofthatword.UnandirarecommonnegativeprefixesinEnglish,occurringinhundredsofwords.Forexample,theprefixun,whenaddedtoawordlikecooperative,givesthewordacompletelyoppositemeaning,unwillingtoworkwithotherpeople.EnglishcontainsalargenumberofLatinandGreekprefixesreferringtonumbers.Don’tworryabouttryingtorememberwhichlanguagetheyoriginatedin,becausemanyofthesameprefixesarefoundinbothlanguages.HerearesomeoftheothercommonLatinandGreekprefixesindicatingnumbers.half:

semi-hemi-;

one:

uni-;

two:

bi-;

three:

tri-;ten:

deca-;

onehundred:

cent-;

onethousand:

milleIII.SuffixesBesidestheprefix,thereisalsothesuffix.Suffixesareaddedtotheendsofwords.Althoughtheydonotaffectthebasicmeaningofaword,suffixesfrequentlyalteritspartofspeech.Probably90percentofEnglishadverbsareformedbyaddingthesuffix-lytoanadjectiveroot.Adverbstellus“inwhatmanner”.Adverbsmodifyordescribeverbs,adjectives,otheradverbs,andoccasionallyanentiresentence.Adjectivesmodifynouns.Whenyouread,ofcourse,youdonotneedtoworryaboutidentifyingwhatparticularpartofspeechanadverbmodifies,onlythewordthatitdescribes.Forexample,theverb‘care’,canbecomeanadjective,‘careful’,anditcanalsobecomeanadverb,‘carefully’,whensuffixesareadded.

IV.Thefollowingarecommonprefixes,pleasememorizethem.PrefixMeaningExamplead-toortowardadjoinbi-twobicyclecom-,con-togetherorwithcompatriot,consolidatede-downfromdescend,dia-throughorarounddiagramdis-apartdiscountil-notillegalin-notinvisibleinter-betweenoramonginternationalir-notirreverentmono-onemonopoly

PrefixMeaningExamplepost-afterpostgraduatepre-beforepredestinedpro-fororforwardprofoundre-againreplacesemi-halfsemicirclesub-beloworundersomething;substandardonepartofalargethingsubbranchsuper-oversupermantrans-acrosstranscontinentaltri-threetriangleun-notunnaturalV.Thefollowingarethecommonsuffixes,pleasememorizethem.SuffixMeaningExample-ablecapableofbeingmanageable-anpersonwho…..musician-ancestateofbeingresemblance-antpersonwho…..accountant-eepersonwho…..employee-erpersonwho…..writer-istpersonwho…..artist-enmadeofwooden-encestateofqualityindifference-ionstateofbeingconfusion-istpersonwho…..chemist-iverelatingtomassive-lesswithoutmotionless-mentstateofbeingimprovement-orpersonwho…..investor-warddirectionorcoursebackwardSuffixMeaningExampleTaskExplaintheunderlinedwords.

1.Amanagerwithpoorhumanrelationsskillsmayhavetroublegettingalongwithsubordinates,causevaluableemployeestoquitortransfer,andcontributetopoormorale.subordinate:someonewhohaslesspowerorauthoritythansomeoneelsetransfer:movetoanotherjob2.Wheneverpeople

intentionally

communicate,entionally:inanintentionalmannerunconscious:notconscious;lackingawarenessandthecapacityforsensoryperceptionasifasleepordeadprediction:astatementmadeaboutthefuture3.Anothercommonlymisused

conceptisthatofcommunication“breakdown.”Socialandinterpersonalinteractionsamongindividualscreatetheinformalorganization,whichhasagreatdealofpower.misuse:applytoawrongthinginterpersonal:occurringamongorinvolvingseveralpeopleinteraction:amutualorreciprocalaction4.Inferringfromdemographicdataislessdesirablethanhavingdirectanswerstoquestionsbutissometimestheonlyalternative.demographic:oforrelatingtodemographydesirable:worthhavingorseekingorachieving5.Ifyourpurposeistocreateinteractionamongourlisteners,arrangethechairsinacircleorsemicircle

oraroundatable.semicircle:aplanefigurewiththeshapeofhalfacircle

SectionBText

DifferentThinkingPatternsbetweenEastandWestBeforeyouread,pleasethinkabouttwoquestions.DoyouknowsomethingaboutthedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWest?2.Biculturalpeople,likethoseinHongKongwithitsBritishandChinesehistory,showthinkingpatternsintermediatebetweenEastandWest.Canyouguessthemeaningofthewordbicultural?返回.ReadingSpeedEvaluationYourPerformance

About80wpmExcellentAbout70wpmAverageAbout60wpmYouneedtodomorepractice.ReadingEvaluation

344wordsSuggestedReadingTime:5minutes

ThethinkingprocessesofAsiansandWesternersdiffergreatly.YouaskaJapaneseandaBritishtodecidewhichtwo―ofapanda,amonkeyandabanana―gotogether.TheJapaneseselectsthemonkeyandthebanana;theBriton,thepandaandthemonkey.AstheMonkey-Pandaexampleshows,Westernerstypicallyseecategories(animals)whileAsianstypicallyseerelationships(monkeyseatbananas).Suchdifferencesinthinkingcaninfluencebusinessrelationships.

DifferentThinkingPatternsbetweenEastandWest

Divergent1

East-Westthinkinghasproducedsomebusinessconflicts.Inthe1970s,JapanesebusinessmenwhosignedacontracttobuysugarfromAustraliafor$160atonaskedtonegotiateafterworldpricesdropped.TheAussies2

refused.TotheAsians,changingcircumstancesmeantchangesinagreements;totheWesterners,adealwasadeal.Westernerspaymoreattentiontothe

focal3

object,whileAsiansthinkmorebroadlyabouttheoverallsurroundings.ThesegeneralizationsseemtoholdeventhoughEasternandWesterncountrieseachrepresentmanydifferentculturesandtraditions.

Anotherstriking4

East-Westdifferencecentersondrawinginferences.Imaginealinegraph5

describeseconomicgrowth.ResearchersaskedcollegestudentsinbothAnnArborandBeijingwhethertheythoughtthegrowthratewouldgoup,godown,orstaythesame.TheAmericansweremorelikelytopredictacontinuedrisethanweretheChinesewhosawtrendsaslikelyto

reverse6.

Westernerspreferabstract7

universalprinciples;EastAsianspreferrulesappropriatetoasituation.Forexample,whenresearchersintheNetherlands8

askedpeoplewhattodoaboutanemployeewhoseworkhasbeenbadforayearafter15yearsofgoodservice,morethan75%ofAmericansandCanadianssaidtolether/himgo;only20%ofSingaporeansandKoreansagreed.

Themoreculturaldiversityandthinkingstylesinaworkforce,thelikelieritistoseeproblemsclearlyandsolvethem.AsianslivingintheWestandWesternersinAsiaoftenfindthattheirthinkingpatternsaresimilar.Biculturalpeople,likethoseinHongKongwithitsBritishandChinesehistory,showthinkingpatternsintermediatebetweenEastandWest.

FromWallStreetJournal,March28,2003

Note:AnnArbor安阿伯市(美國密歇根州)SomeUsefulWebsitesaboutDifferentMinsets...30K2008-4-2649K2008-1-281.divergent[dai'v?:d??nt]adj.

different

e.g.

Wehavedivergentopinionsontheagreement.

2.Aussie[?'si]n.

anativeorinhabitantofAustralia

e.g.TheyareAussies.3.focal:['f?uk?l]

adj.

atacenterofactivity,interest,ect..

e.g.Reducingunemploymentisthefocal

pointofthegovernment'splans.NewwordsandexpressionsReadthroughthenewwordsandexpressions,andthenwritedowntheequivalentinChinese.

1.差異，分歧

2.

澳洲人

3.焦點的

4.striking['straiki?]

n.attractingattention

e.g.

Iwasattractedbythestriking

idea.

5.graph[grɑ:f]n.

diagramconsistingofalineorlinesshowingthevariationoftwoquantities.e.g.

Lookattherisinggraphofpollutionstatistics.

6.reverse[ri'v?:s]v.

changetothecontrarye.g.

Hereversedthecoinandexamineditcarefully.

4.

引人注目的

5.圖表，曲線圖

6.顛倒

7.abstract['?bstr?kt]adj.general,andnotrelatedtoaparticularsituatione.g.Wemaytalkofbeautifulthings,butbeautyitselfisabstract.

8.Netherlands['nee?l?ndz]n.

e.g.

MybrotherlivesinNetherlands.7.抽象的8.荷蘭Task1ReadtheabovepassageandthenjudgewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F).

()1.TheBritishprefersselectingthemonkeyandthebananaaccordingtothepassage.()2.ThethinkingpatternsofAsiansandWesternersdiffergreatly.()3.Westernerspaymoreattentiontooverallsurroundings,whileAsiansthinkmoreaboutthefocal

object.()4.TotheWesterners,ifcircumstanceschange,agreementscanbechanged.()5.ThosepeopleinHongKongwithitsBritishandChinesehistoryshowthinkingpatternsintermediatebetweenEastandWest.FTFFTTask2Readthepassageagain.ArethestatementsRightorWrong?Ifthereisn’tenoughinformationtoanswer“Right”or“Wrong”,choose“Doesn’tsay”.Foreachstatement,markoneletterA,BorCinyourbook.

1.Wayofthinkingovertheworldisbasicallythesame.A.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsay2.DifferentEast-Westthinkinghasproducedsomebusinessconflicts.A.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsayCA3.Wecaninferthatthemarketerswilloperateaccordingtotheculture.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsay4.Culturecanbelearned.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsay5.TheChinesewerelikelytopredictacontinuedriseaccordingtothepassage.A.RightB.WrongC.Doesn’tsayCCBTask3Fillintheblanks.EasternmindsetWesternmindset1.see_____________2.see____________3._____________________4._________________________becauseofchangingevenifcircumstanceschangecircumstances5.payattentionto6.payattentionto___________________________________7.prefer8.prefer_________________________________________________relationshipscategories

hangetheagreements

refusetochangetheagreement

theoverallsurroundings

focalobjects

rulesappropriatetoasituationabstractuniversalprinciples

Task4Pleaseinterviewyourforeignteacher.AskabouthisorherculturalexperienceinChina.Haveyouevergotanyembarrassingexperiencewhentalkingtotheforeignersduetodifferentmindsets?ReadingSpeedEvaluationYourPerformanceAbout100wpmExcellentAbout90wpmAverageAbout80wpmYouneedtodomorepractice.SectionCFastReadingPassageOneReadingEvaluation284wordsSuggestedReadingTime:3minutes返回

SectionC

FastReading

PassageOne

Non-verbalCommunication

Directions:Pleaseguessthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwords.1.Thewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate,includingusingverbalandnon-verballanguage,directlyaffectsinternationalbusinessaffairs.2.Someexamplesofappropriateandinappropriatenonverbalbehaviorareclearandstraightforward.Nonverballanguagesplaythemostimportantroleineffectivecommunication.Eachnewgenerationistaughtnonverbalexpressionsusefulandappropriateinthatculture.Somenonverbalexpressions,especiallybodylanguages,aresimilarinallcultures.Forexample,cryingorsmilingmaybeuniversal.Butsomebodylanguagesarefarfromuniversal.Forinstance,theshrugoftheshouldermaymean“Idon’tknow”inonecultureandcontext,whileinanothercultureitmaymean“Don’tbotherme.”Misinterpretationscausefrequentproblemsininterculturalcommunicationandinternationaltransactions.BenJohnsonwroteanarticleforChinaDailyBeijingWeekendGuideinDecemberin2007.Inhisarticle,hetoldthereaderabouthisandhiscolleagues’experiencesinChina.Onedayafterrequestingscissorsusingthestandardtwo-fingermimicinarestaurantthewaitresswalkedoffobligingly（樂意）onlytoreturnwithapaperserviette.Heperformedtheactagain,sosherushedoffandpresentedhimwithapairofchopsticks.Inasupermarketaboutseveralmonthsagohetriedtomimeshavinghisfaceinordertofindoutwheretherazorblades(刀片)wereshelved.Hewasofferedasimilarproductatapharmacy.Anon-MandarinspeakingfriendofBenJohnson’stoldhimhisowntwoexperiencesatthechemist.Thefirsttimehehadabsolutelynosuccessintryingtoexplainhewasseekingreliefforaskinirritation,andonthesecond,hiseffortstobuylozenges（含片）forascorethroatwereinvain.AmericanwriterHenryDavidThoreauhaseversaid,“Inhumanintercoursethetragedybeginsnotwhenthereismisunderstandingaboutwords,butwhensilenceisnotunderstood.”

FromCommunicating(sixthedition),AnitaTaylor,ArthurC.Meyer,TeresaRosegrant,B.ThomasSamplesTaskReadtheabovepassage.UsetheinformationinthepassagetocompleteeachsentencewithatitlefromthelistA-F.MarkoneletterA,B,C,D,EorFinyourbook.Useeachletteronlyonce.Thewayinwhichpeoplecommunicatedirectlyaffectsinternationalbusinessaffairs,2.Aposture,smile,isinterpreted3.Theshrugoftheshoulder,maymean4.BenJohnsonrequestedscissorsusingthestandardtwo-finger,thewaitressgavehim5.BenJohnsonwasofferedasimilarproductatapharmacy,buthewantedtobuyA.apaperserviette

B.maybeuniversal.

C.“Don’tbotherme.”

D.therazorblades

E.includingusingverbalandnon-verballanguageE

B

CAD

PassageTwoReadingEvaluationReadingSpeedEvaluationYourPerformance

About100wpmExcellentAbout90wpmAverageAbout80wpmYouneedtodomorepractice.413wordsSuggestedReadingTime:5minutesPassageTwoTheNatureofCultureDirections:Pleaseguessthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwords.Asconsumers,weexpectthemarketers

wedealwithtooperateaccordingtothevalues,customs,laws,andritualsofourculture.2.Consumersshouldlearnfromfamilyandfriendswhatisacceptableandunacceptable.

Whatisthenatureofculture?Beforeweturntoadetaileddiscussionofthenatureofcultureitself,wewillpreviewsomeofthecomponentsofculture―values,language,myths,customs,rituals（儀式）,laws,andmaterialartifacts―thatinteracttoprovidearichcontextforconsumerbehavior.Cultureencompassesallthethingsconsumersdowithoutconsciouschoicebecausetheirculture’svalues,customs,andritualsarefixedfirmlyintheirdailyhabits.Forexample,theBritishassumethatteashouldbeservedhot.TointroducethecoldicedteasthatarepopularintheUnitedStatesandelsewhere.

Asconsumers,weexpectthatthemarketerswilloperateaccordingtothevalues,customs,laws,andritualsofourculture.Forexample,capitalistvalues（資本價值）indicatethatmarketersareinbusinesstomakeaprofitbymeetingconsumer’sneeds.Consequently,wewouldexpectthatthecarwebuywillperformasadvertised,butwedonotexpectthemarketertogivethecartousforfree.Morespecifically,Americanbusinesscustomsprescribethatconsumerelectronicstores,suchasCircuitCity,willpermitcustomerstopayforaSonytelevisionwithacreditcard,andwillreplacetheproductifitdoesnotworkduringaguaranteedperiodoftime.

Consumerslearnfromfamilyandfriendsaboutwhatisacceptableandunacceptable.Consumersread,watchtelevision,andexperienceaspectsoftheirculturecontinually.Enculturation（儒化）istheprocessoflearningone’snativeculture.Bycontrast,acculturation（涵化）istheprocessoflearninganeworforeignculture.Marketerswhowishtointroduceproductsinothercountriesneedtounderstandtheprocessofacculturationsothattheycandevelopwaystohelpconsumersacceptnewcustoms.

Thechoiceofproductsconsumersbuyisultimatelydeterminedbycultureaswell.WhereasteaisthemostpopularhotbeverageinBritain,forexample,coffeeismorepopularinAmerica.Thinkofthekindofcarthatyoudriveandtoothpasteyouuse--manyofuslearnabouttheseproductsinourparents’houseswhilegrowingup.Additionally,thewaysinwhichconsumerssearchforinformationaboutproducts,buyandusethem,andevaluatetheirproductexperienceislargelycultural.YoumayhavegonegroceryshoppingwithyourparentseverySaturdaymorning.Throughexperience,consumerslearnabouttheirculturesothattheycanbuyproductsappropriatelyandeffectively.FromCulturalAnthropology,SheldonSmith,PhilipD.YoungTaskArethestatements“Right”or“Wrong”?Ifthereisn’tenoughinformationtoanswer“Right”or“Wrong”,choose“Doesn’tsay”.Foreachstatement,markonelette