Module1EuropeGrammar1&2必修三Grammar1Readthesentencesandanswerthequestions.aParisisvisitedbymorethaneightmilliontouristseveryyear.bTheSagradaFamiliarwasdesignedbyanarchitectcalledAntoioGaudi.cFlorence’smostbeautifulpaintingsandsculptureswereproducedbygreatartistssuchasLeonardodaVinci.dAthensisknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.eTheParthenonwasbuiltduringthisperiod.Whatdoesthewordbyinthefirstthreesentencestellyou?Ittellsuswhodidtheaction.2.Isthereanydifferenceinmeaningbetweenthesetwosentences?Parisisvisitedbymorethaneightmilliontouristseveryyear.MorethaneightmilliontouristsvisitPariseveryyear.Thefocusisdifferent.InthefirstsentencesitisPariswhichismoreimportant.Inthesecondsentencewearemoreinterestedinthetourists.3.Whyisthewordbynotinthesentencedande?Thewordbyisnotinsentenced,becauseweunderstandthatitmeans“isknownbyeveryone”,andtheinclusionoftheagentwouldbesuperfluous.Thewordbyisnotinsentenceebecausewearen’tinterestedinwhobuiltit(althoughitwouldbeperfectlyalrighttoadd“byIktinoandKallikrates”here).一、何時(shí)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1.不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或沒(méi)有必要。Paperismadefromwood.Hewaswoundedinthefight.2.需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。

Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustn’tbetakenaway.Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)3.為了使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ蕉褂帽粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，或由于修飾的需要，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，使句子得以更好的安排。

Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbecompletedbytheendofnextmonth.Electricityisusedtorunmachines.形式時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞be的變化形式+實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)態(tài)一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

am(is,are)

was(were)

shall(will)be

would(should)be

am(is,are)being

was(were)being+done二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)

has(have)been

hadbeen

shall(will)havebeen

should(would)havebeen+done三、不同形式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

含有直賓和間賓的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)時(shí)可將其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)一般是主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)的主語(yǔ)。Heshowedmehispictures.Iwasshownhispicturesbyhim.Hispictureswereshowntomebyhim.Auntmademeanewdress.Iwasmadeanewdressbyaunt.Anewdresswasmadeformebyaunt.2.含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，賓補(bǔ)不變。TheycallherXiaoLi.SheiscalledXiaoLi.make,let,have,hear,watch,see,feel,notice.H既動(dòng)詞后變做賓補(bǔ)的不定式一般不加to，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)，必須加to。MybrotheroftenmademedothisandthatwhenIwasyoung.IwasoftenmadetodothisandthatbymybrotherwhenIwasyoung.Iheardhermoveaboutinherroomupstairslastnight.Shewasheardtomoveaboutinherroomupstairslastnight.DidyouseeJacktakeawaythemagazine?WasJackseentotakeawaythemagazine?3.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。是由情態(tài)V+be+p.p.構(gòu)成。

Theycannotfindhim.Hecannotbefound.

Youmustpaymeforthis.

Imustbepaidforthis.

4.短語(yǔ)V的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般來(lái)講，只有及物V才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),因?yàn)橹挥衯t才能有動(dòng)作的承受者;但有許多由不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞及其他詞類構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，可以有賓語(yǔ)。因而可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但應(yīng)注意短語(yǔ)V是一個(gè)不可分割的整體。變被動(dòng)時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)的prep或adv.這樣的短語(yǔ)有：lookafter,listento,lookat,payattentionto,takecareof,lookforwardto,makeuseofTheyhadputoutthefirebeforethefire—brigadearrived.Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefire-brigadearrived.5.有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。Thegoodssellswell.Thedoorcan’topen.6.有些詞如want,need,require和beworth后面v-ing形式為主動(dòng)，意義為被動(dòng)。

Theroomneeds/wants/requirescleaning.Thebookisworthreading.7.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)是從句，變成被動(dòng)時(shí)使用形式替代詞it.WeknowthatBritainisanislandcountry.It’sknownthatBritainisanislandcountry.8.賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞，相互代詞及虛詞it時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),只用主動(dòng)。

Iwilldoitmyself.ThemanintroducedhimselfasMr.Wang.9.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是以下時(shí)，無(wú)被動(dòng)。happen,belongto,suit,fit(適合),have,let,join,fall,last(延長(zhǎng)),cost(花費(fèi))breakout(爆發(fā))appear,burstout(迸發(fā))，hold(容納)，lack(缺乏)，agreewith(同意).10.據(jù)說(shuō)類動(dòng)詞：say,consider,think,report,know,believe,suggest,understand,hope,etc.如：Itissaidthat…Thereissaidtobe…Sth./Sb.issaidto…11.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)①感官動(dòng)詞：sound,taste,smell,fell,look,seem等主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)；②一些vi主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義open,close,shut,read,write,translate,wash,clean,lock,sell,wear,cut,cook,eat,weigh,drink,pay,draw,etc.③不定式toblame,tolet（出租）作表語(yǔ)時(shí),主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。Youaretoblame.Thehouseistolet.④表(sth)需要的need,want,require等后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。Thehouseneeds/wants/requirerepairing⑤beworth后的動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。Thebookisworthreading.Makethesesentencespassive.AboutamilliontouristsvisitFlorenceeachyear.

Florenceisvisitedbyaboutamilliontouristseachyear.2.TenmillionpeoplevisitedLondonlastyear.Londonwasvisitedbytenmillionpeoplelastyear.

3.LeonardodaVincipaintedtheMonaLisa.TheMonaLisawaspaintedbyLeonardodaVinci.

4.Picassodidn’tpainttheMonaLisa.TheMonaLisawasn’tpaintedbyPicasso.5.ThousandsofworkersbuiltthegreatWallofChina.ThegreatWallofChinawasbuiltbythousandsofworkers.Example:

TheSagradaFimiliawasdesignedbyanEnglisharchitect(Spanish)No,itwasn’t.ItwasdesignedbyaSpanisharchitect.

Correctthewrongstatements.1.TheLouvreArtGalleryislocatedinAthen.(Paris)

No,itisn’t.It’slocatedinParis.2.Parisissituatedonthecoast.(RiverSeine)No,itisn’t.ItissituatedontheRiverSeine.3.Florenceisvisitedbyeightmilliontouristseveryyear.(onemillion)No,itisn’t.Itisvisitedbyonemilliontouristseveryyear.4.Barcelonaisknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.(Athens)No,itisn’t.Athensisknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.

5.TheParthenonwasbuiltahundredyearsago.(2,400yearsago.)No,itisn’t.TheParthenonwasbuilt2,400yearsago.

Grammar2Readthesentencesandanswerthequestions.

MyfamilylivesinCardiff.Oursoccerteamisfantastic.Thewholeclassishere.Whathavethewordsfamily,team,andclassgotincommon?(a)Theyareallsingularnouns.(b)Theyarefollowedbyasingularverb.(c)Theyrefertoonlyoneperson.(d)Theyrefertoanumberofpeople.主謂一致

要點(diǎn)精講“主謂一致”是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)必須在人稱、數(shù)上保持一致，即主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如are,were,have等，主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)形式，如：is,was,has,works等。在具體處理一致關(guān)系時(shí)可遵循以下三原則:語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致、就近一致。一、主語(yǔ)為下列情況時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)：1.時(shí)間/距離/重量/價(jià)值/數(shù)目等名詞作整體看待時(shí)。Twentyyearsisonlyashorttimeinhumanhistory.Thirtydollarsistoohighapriceforthebook.Another10yearshaspassedsinceheleft.主謂一致2.主語(yǔ)由從句、不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)時(shí)。Whentheywilldiscussithasn’t

beenmadepublic.Todieforthepeopleisaworthydeath.Lookingafterthechildrenisherfull-timejob.3.主語(yǔ)由“S”結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞充當(dāng)時(shí)。Physicsiswellworthstudying.Mathsisadifficultscience.4.主語(yǔ)為書(shū)、報(bào)、地名、組織名稱，以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。TheTimesusuallyspeaksfortheBritishgovernment.TheUnitedStatesismadeupof50states.5.news,works,crossroads,woods等復(fù)數(shù)形式表示單數(shù)概念時(shí)，means視情況而定。Badnewshaswings.Everymeanshasbeentriedtosettletheproblem.6.并列主語(yǔ)指同一概念時(shí)。Athiefandmurdererwassentencedtodeath.Breadandbutterisservedforbreakfast.7.不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)。Somebodyis

lookingforyou.Everythingisniceinyourgarden.Anyoneisforbiddentosmokehere.8.each/every/no/manya+名詞單數(shù)+and+each/every/no/manya+名詞單數(shù)。Eachmanandeachwomanwasinvitedtotheparty.Noengineerandnoworkerwasintheworkshop.Everyhourandeveryminute

is

important.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenit.9.manya/thewhole/each/neither/either+名詞單數(shù)。Manyacaremakestheheadwhite.ThewholenationwasindeepsorrowatLincoln’sdeath.Neitherstoryistrue.Eachbird

lovestohearhimselfsing.10.each/neither/eitherof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)/them,us,you。Eachofthemhasabeautifulhouse.Eitherofthebicyclesbelongstome.11.thispairof/thatpairof/apairof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)。Thispairofshoesneeds

mending.12.morethanone+名詞單數(shù)。Morethanonesoldierwaskilledinthebattle.13.主語(yǔ)為one,theother,another,noone,neither。Onehastodoone’sbest.Hereisonlyoneshoe.Where

istheother?Therewasarainbowinthesky,andanotherwasinhisbreast.14.man,theworld,clothing做主語(yǔ)。Alltheworldknowsthattheearthisround.Ourclothingprotectsusfromthecold.二、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況the+姓的復(fù)數(shù)形式。TheGreensaregoingtomakeatriptoLondon.2.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的表示群島、山脈、瀑布等的專有名詞。Asisknowntoall,RockymountainsstandinNorthAmerica.3.the+folk(s),people,police,cattle,Chinese,French,Japanese,English等集體名詞Thepolicearerunningafterthethief.TheChineseare

ahard-workingpeople.4.theblind,deaf,poor,living,young,dead,wounded等形容詞表一類人或物Generally,theyoungarethirstyforknowledge.Thedeadare

soonforgotten.三、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致

aswellasratherthanalong/togetherwithsuch…as,likesuchas,besidesnolessthan=asmuchasbut/exceptbeyondno…but……andnot…分詞(介詞、不定式)短語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句1.HeaswellasIisabsentfromthemeeting.2.Theofficer,ratherthanministersanswersforit.3.Mary,(along)withherfriendsgoesabroad.4.Bookssuchasthis

are

usefulandair

is

necessaryforplants.5.Thegirllikemanyboys

isfondofsports.6.Sunshine,nolessthanwaterandair

isnecessaryforplants.7.Everyonehere,includingoldpeoplelikesreading.8.Aluckyvisitortotheplacesis

fortunate.9.ThepeopleinLuyicity

arefriendly.10.ForeignerswhoworkinChinaare

fromCanada.11.ThemaninvitedtoEuropeancountriesis80.12.Thestudentsstudyinginschoolstudy

well.13.Noonebutwehasseenthefilm.14.Jack,andnotwehasseenthefilm.四、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與后者一致的情況

or,noreither…or…neither…nor…連接2個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)

notonly…butalso…not...but...1.You,he,orIamright.2.Neitheryounorheisright.3.Eitherheoryouareright.4.Iseitherheoryouright?5.NotonlyhebutalsoI

amright.6.BothheandI

areright.7.Nothimbutwehaveseenthefilm.五、視情況而定的情況1.Family,army,class,crew,team,enemy,group,party,couple,government等集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)。Herfamilyissmall,butthefamilyareadvancedworkers.Classisoverandtheclassarealloutforplay.Ourgrouparereadingthenewspapers.Thisgroupishaving

ameeting.2.分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、half,all,part,any,some,alot,lots,plenty,rest,most,asupply,suppliesof后跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞或代表可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果后跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或代表可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。Halfofthework

is

finishedandtherestis

goingtobefinishednextweek.Halfofthestudentsinthisclassaregirlsandofcourse,therestareboys.50%ofthebookhasbeenfinishedreading.3.the+名詞單數(shù)+and+名詞單數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)；the+名詞單數(shù)+and+the+名詞單數(shù)+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。Thewriterandteacheriscoming.Thewriterandtheteacherarecoming.

4.what,who,which,such常與其后的作表語(yǔ)的名詞一致。Whatyousaidisofgreatimportance.Whatyouleftareonlyseveraloldbooks.Suchisourplan.Suchare

hiswords.5.these/those+sort/kind/typeof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。Thosetype/kind/sortofmachinesare

update.6.this/thatkind/sortof+名詞單數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)；this/thatkind/sortof++名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單(復(fù))數(shù)均可。This/thatkind/sortofmanisdangerous.This/thatkind/sortofapplesare/ishighlypriced.This/thatkind/sortofwateris

safetodrink.7.oneofthe+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)；oneof+定語(yǔ)從句+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)。Oneoftheboyshashelpedme.Heisoneoftheboyswhohavehelpedme.8.theonly/veryoneofthe+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+定語(yǔ)從句+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)。Heistheonly/veryoneoftheboyswhohashelpedme.9.population后的動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)與表語(yǔ)一致。ThepopulationofChinaisundercontrol.80percentofthepopulationofChina

arefarmers.10.thenumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)anumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)Anumberofroomsare

onsale.Thenumberoftheroomis303.11.quantitiesof無(wú)論修飾可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)名詞、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用復(fù)數(shù)。aquantityof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);+不可數(shù)名詞、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。即修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞均可,作主語(yǔ)時(shí)采取就近一致的原則,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常與短語(yǔ)中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。

Largequantitiesofmoney

werespentonthebridge.Alargequantityofmoneywasspentonthebridge.Alargequantityofmaterialswerespentonthebridge.12.avarietyof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)、avarietyof+名詞單數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)、varietiesof+名詞+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)、thevarietyof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)。Agreatvarietyofflowerswereshownthere.Therewas

aconsiderablevarietyofopinion.Thereareseveralvarietiesofredroses.Thevarietyofgoodsondisplayrevealsabigleapforwardinthedevelopmentofourindustrialandagriculturalproduction.13.anaverageof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)theaverageof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)Anaverageof3students

are

absenteachday.Theaverageof14,3and1is6.14.atotalof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)thetotalof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)Atotalof300letterswere

receivedlastmonth.Thetotaloflettersreceivedlastmonthwas

300.15.amajority(minority)of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單/復(fù)數(shù)、themajority(minority)+動(dòng)詞單（復(fù)數(shù)）、themajority(minority)of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)Amajorityofpeopletake/takespartinculturalpursuits.Onlyaminorityofthemembersobject.Themajoritywas/wereinfavoroftheplan.Themajorityofpopulationlive/livesincities.Thevastmajorityofthestudentsneed/needs

increasedfinancialsupport.16.oneortwo+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)、a+名詞單數(shù)+ortwo+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)、在倒裝句中用單數(shù)。Oneortwodaysare

enoughforthem.Oneortwostudents

wereabsentfromclassthismorning.Adayortwois

enough.Aservantortwoorthreewastoaccompanythem.Insideeachfolderis

oneortwosheetsofinformation.One+in(outof,of)+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)但在新聞報(bào)道或非正式文體中也可用復(fù)數(shù)。Oneoutoftwenty

was

badlydamaged.Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresentattheconference.Oneintensufferfrombronchitis.Answers:(1)plays(2)has(3)lives/liveFinishActivity2,Page7Answers:(1)Yes,theydo.(2)Onlythatitismorethantwo(3)Nowedon’t,exceptthattheremustbetwoormore.FinishActivity3,Page7

AmyandHelencan’tspeakChinese.NeitherAmynorHelencanspeakChinese.2.

AllthecountriesinEuropehaveagoodsoccerteam.EachcountryinEuropehasagoodsoccerteam.FinishActivity4,Page7

3.

FranceandGermanyaren’tgoingtosigntheagreement.NeitherFrancenorGermanyisgoingtosigntheagreement.4.Thewholeclassdoesn’twanttostudyJapanese.NoneoftheclasswantstostudyJapanese.ExercisesEveryteacherandeverystudent____foundastudents’Union.A.hasB.haveC.expectstoD.hopeto2.Nobodybutthem____toknowaboutthematter.A.wantB.wantsC.havewantedD.werewanted3.Nothingbuttrousers____inthatsmallshop.A.wasworthof20dollarsB.wereworth20dollarsC.wascost20dollarsD.waspaidfor20dollarsCBD4.Thedictionaryaswellasthebooksthat____picturesinthem____toher.has;belongsB.have;arebelongedC.has;belongD.have;belongs5.Twentypercentoftheworkofthewholeyear____finishedbytheirgrouplastmonth.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wereD.was6.Aknifeandfork____onthetable.A.isB.areC.hasbeenD.havebeing7.Neitherhisparentsnorhiswife____anythingaboutit.A.knowB.knowsC.haveknownD.isknownDDAB8.Fivedollars___toomuchforaticket.A.seemsB.seemC.seemtobeD.are9.Mostoftheapples____.wasrottenB.wererottenC.hasrottenD.haverotten10.Aboutonethirdoftheworkersinthatfactory____youngpeople.A.isB.hasbeenC.areD.havebeenABC11.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudents____thechange.A.objecttoB.objectstoC.objectD.objects12.Everymeans___triedsincethen.A.hasbeenB.havebeenC.areD.isAA13.Thispairoftrousers___mysister.A.isbelongtoB.arebelongC.belongtoD.belongsto14.Ourteam____defeatedbytheirslastSunday.wasB.hadbeenC.hasbeenD.havebeen15.Ourteam____takingshowerswhenthedoorwasknockedopen.A.wasB.areC.wereD.havebeenDAC16.TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor____askedtomakeaspeechatthe