英漢詞化對(duì)比

ContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseLexicalization

Instructor:WeiHaiyanOntheotherhand,somepeoplethinkthatsettingofffirecrackersisabadthing.Becausefirecrackersareverydangerous.Theymightcausethefire,maketheeyes

blindandevenkillsomebody.Sotheymustbebanned.Ithinkfirecrackersneedn’tbebanned,buttheymustbelimited.Firecrackersaregoodthings,butwhentheymakepeopledangeroustheybecomebadthings.Sowhenwearesettingofffirecrackers,wemustpaymuchattentiontosafety.1.AnintroductiontoLexicalizationItistheprocessofmakingawordtoexpressaconcept.Oritistherealizationofameaninginasinglewordormorphemeratherthaninagrammaticalconstruction.(詞化是指一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或句子在使用過(guò)程中逐漸凝固成一個(gè)詞或詞項(xiàng))AccordingtoBanczerowski,forthesameconceptormeaning,ifitisexpressedbyaphrase,itisanalyticexpression(分析型表達(dá)法);ifitisexpressedbyaword,itissyntheticexpression(綜合型表達(dá)法)。Obviously,syntheticexpressionislexicalizedexpression.2.英漢詞化程度對(duì)比2.1derivativewords有前綴in-,inter-,en-,dis-,counter-等構(gòu)成的派生詞。Inflame:使燃燒；使交替Interlace:使交織；EnableEmbarrass:使窘;使不好意思,使局促不安Dispirit:使氣餒;使沮喪Counterpoise:使平衡expound用例子說(shuō)明,enlist謀取……的支持disown否認(rèn)同自己有關(guān),disfigure毀損外形/容貌,·有后綴–ize,-en,-fy,-ate等構(gòu)成的派生詞。Dramatize使……戲劇化；使惹人注目Flatten把……弄平；弄平；使失去光澤；Identify使等同于isolate使孤立;使脫離2.2convertedwords轉(zhuǎn)類詞Heraisedhiseyebrows,cockedhishead,andregardedmeasthoughmeasuringmeforasuit.·形容詞轉(zhuǎn)使役性動(dòng)詞Empty把……弄空，Perfect使完美，Clear使明凈·具體名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞Plague使染上瘟疫，Bog使陷入泥塘，Wrinkle使起皺紋，Powder把……弄成粉末，F(xiàn)rown皺眉表示反對(duì)，Hedge用樹(shù)籬笆圍起來(lái)Spiral呈螺旋狀上升，Diagram用圖來(lái)表示，Shepherd向牧羊人一樣照料，Patent獲得……的專利這些官員只是在魚(yú)肉百姓。小朋友們很喜歡在舞臺(tái)上秀自己?！按猴L(fēng)又綠江南岸”驢不勝怒蹄之湯武身之也Example:John'sfathermovedasmallgeneratorintothedownstairshallway,wiredseverallightbulbstoitandpreparedaconnectiontotherefrigerator.Windandrainnowwhippedthehouse.Waterincheditswayupthestepsasfirst-flooroutsidewallscollapsed.Stripsofclothingfestoonedthestandingtrees.

Householdandmedicalsuppliesstreamedinbyplane,train,truckandcar.Camille,meanwhile,hadrakeditswaynorthwardacrossMississippi,…2.3單純?cè)~Asimplewordiscomposedofasinglemorpheme.Itiscomparativelyhighindegreeoflexicalization.hit使認(rèn)識(shí);使明白,merge使合并，使結(jié)合,baffle使困惑；使挫折，阻礙,flush使得意；使興奮；使臉上發(fā)紅,strike使人突然想到,deprive是不能有,afflict使遭受極大的痛苦，折磨；annoy使生氣,puzzle使迷惑,dim使……看不清,fidget使坐立不安,verbsfor“talk,laugh,shout,see,motion”exclaim大聲說(shuō),guffaw大笑著說(shuō),blurt脫口而出；突然說(shuō)出,stammer吞吞吐吐地說(shuō)，結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說(shuō),howl吼叫著說(shuō)出,snap厲聲說(shuō)；憤怒地說(shuō),bet打賭說(shuō),reiterate反復(fù)說(shuō),grasp氣喘吁吁地說(shuō),mumble含糊地說(shuō),whisper低聲說(shuō),babble喋喋不休,ejaculate突然說(shuō)出,flounder錯(cuò)亂地說(shuō)出,支吾hiss嘶嘶地說(shuō)出;sneer輕蔑地笑,beam眉開(kāi)眼笑,chortle哈哈大笑,titter嗤嗤地笑；傻笑;brawl高聲叫喊,clamor大聲叫喊;stare目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看,blink驚愕地看;quiver微微顫抖,feast大吃大喝,grip緊緊抓住,buffet反復(fù)不斷地撞擊,accost走向前與之攀談,slouch無(wú)精打采地站,swish刷刷地甩動(dòng),nudge臂肘輕推促使某人注意,dangle晃來(lái)晃去地吊著；懸垂著,dread極度的害怕RadioandtelevisionwarningshadsoundedthroughoutthatSunday,lastAugust17,asCamillelashednorthwestwardacrosstheGulfofMexico.ItwascertaintopummelGulfport,Miss.,wheretheKosherslived.Theplacehasbeenheresince1915,andnohurricanehaseverbotheredit.Johnwatchedthewaterlapatthesteps…"riseslowly"

Rainfellsteadilythatafternoon;graycloudsscuddedinfromtheGulfontherisingwind.TheFrenchdoorsinanupstairsroomblewinwithanexplosivesoundButthecarswouldn'tstart;theelectricalsystemshadbeenkilledbywater.Shepeerednervouslyatherlitter.Amomentlater,thehurricane,inonemightyswipe,liftedtheentireroofoffthehouseandskimmedit40feetthroughtheair.Telephonepolesand20-inch-thickpinescrackedlikegunsasthewindssnappedthem.Atthatmoment,thewindtoreoutonewallandextinguishedthelantern.Asecondwallmoved,wavered,CharlieHilltriedtosupportit,butittoppledonhim,injuringhisback.Thelargerchildrensprawledonthefloor,withthesmalleronesinalayerontopofthem,andtheadultsbentoverallnine.Thefloortilted.TheKoshaksandtheirfriendshadsurvived.3.英漢詞化差異對(duì)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的影響

Turnthefollowinganalyticexpressionsintosyntheticexpressions.1.Thenewsmadeusnolongeranxiousbutjoyful.2.WatchingtoomuchTVmakeschildrenunabletostudywell.3.Thisopportunitymakesmesharetheirexperienceandknowledge.4.Thelessonmakesmeneverforget.5.Allthefactsmakemeconcludethatmoneydoesn’tmeaneverything.6.TVmakespeoplehavefewchancestocommunicateeachother.7.Inasensethesocietymakeswomenunabletoenjoytheequalright.8.TVmakesusknowabouttheoutsideworld.9.Thisfailuremakesthemlearnthatcarefulpreparationisalwaysimportant.10.Ithinkitmakesmedealwithaffairslogically.11.Herdeparturefrommylifealsomademebecometodistrustthefriendship.12.Familylifemakesmefeelhappy.13.Settingofffirecrackersmightmakepeople’slivesdangerous14.Thepresentsituationsmakeushavethereasontobeoptimistic.15.Thecampaignshave,however,mademoreandmorepeoplerealizetheimportanceoftrafficrules.16.Thefloodcausedsome500peopletolosetheirlives.17)UsuallyIwillreadthenewspaperveryquicklyandtrytofindsomeinterestingstories.18)Itisnoteasytolookafteraspoiledchildlikeamother.19)Itrytohidemyinnerfearwithamaskofshowingconfidence.20)TakingaBoeing767plane,wewenttoShanghai.21)Thestreetsofthecityarecomplex,whichmakesmanyvisitorspuzzled.正如何善芬(2002:135)指出：“中國(guó)學(xué)生在用母語(yǔ)即漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)，大多說(shuō)情況習(xí)慣采用分析型表達(dá)，只偶爾用一用復(fù)合詞，這是語(yǔ)言的形態(tài)使然。但這種定式對(duì)用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)相應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)意義時(shí)選擇表達(dá)法干擾甚大，而英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞本身的情況（詞化程度的單純?cè)~占絕大多數(shù)）則要求中國(guó)學(xué)生在用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)不能只使用或太多太濫的使用分析型表達(dá)法，必須采用一些綜合型表達(dá)發(fā)來(lái)表達(dá)用分析型表達(dá)法來(lái)表達(dá)的一些漢語(yǔ)意義。否則，不可能學(xué)會(huì)比較地道、簡(jiǎn)練的英語(yǔ)，無(wú)法做到盡可能縮小中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)和地道英語(yǔ)的差距?！狈g1)…whoattachsuchgreatimportancetostayingalivethattheyclawtheirneighborstodeathjustfortheprivilege.2)Thenewspapersheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.3)Theprocessmadeisdwarfedbytheextentoftheproblem.4)Thedroughtisexpectednotonlytocripplethemodestindustrialdevelopmentofthosecountriesbutalsotoweakenprospectsforpoliticalstability.5)Thepresentpositionandpotentialitiesofthisregionjustifyoptimism.AnAmericanteacheroncesaid,toproducevivid,economic,andidiomaticlanguage,oneshouldtrytoavoidusing“bePattern”,usingmorepowerfulactionverbs（強(qiáng)有力的行為動(dòng)詞）。1)TheSummerpalaceisoneofthebiggestandoldestparksinChina.ItisthemostbeautifulparkinBeijingaswell.Inthepark,therearemanyfamousarchitectureswhichmakeitquietdifferentfromotherparks.ManyfamousarchitecturalfeaturesdistinguishtheSummerPalace,oneofthebiggestandoldestparksinChina,fromjustanyotherpark.2)Afteritsnaturalscenery,thedominantfeatureofNankingistheYangtzeRiverBridge.Secondonlytothenaturalscenery,theYangtzeRiverBridgedominatesNanking.3)Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse.ThenameoftheparkisTian-tanPark,whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago.ItisthebiggestparkinBeijing.TheTian-Tanparkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell.NearmyhousestandsTian-Tan,thebiggestparkinBeijing,builtseveralhundredyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness.4)Thereisaplacewheredreamsofparadiseremotearetransformedintoreality.ItisverymuchtherealChina,embracingallofthetraditionalChinesegoods,cultureandhistory.Theplacetransformsdreamsofaremoteparadiseintoreality.ItembracesallofthetraditionalChinesegoods,cultureandhistory.5)Nanking’sclimateismarkedbyintensedryheatduringsummermonths,theoriginofitsreputationasoneoft