二、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)量與核算

MEASURINGANATION’SINCOME

●國(guó)民收入帳戶●投入產(chǎn)出表●資金循環(huán)表●國(guó)際收支表●國(guó)民資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表國(guó)民帳戶體系A(chǔ)SYSTEMOFNATIONALACCOUNTSRichardStone(理查德·斯通)1984年獲諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。二戰(zhàn)期間，完成《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)財(cái)源分析及1938和1940國(guó)民收入和支出估計(jì)》白皮書(shū)。時(shí)任英國(guó)財(cái)政部顧問(wèn)的凱恩斯感動(dòng)地說(shuō)：“我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)的快樂(lè)時(shí)代中”。1945年任劍橋大學(xué)新成立的應(yīng)用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)系的第一任主任。1950年，受聯(lián)合國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)委員會(huì)委托，出版《國(guó)民帳戶體系》（SNA），1968年修訂后正式出版。1975年出版《社會(huì)和人口統(tǒng)計(jì)系統(tǒng)》（SSDS,Towardsasystemofsocialanddemographicstatistics）。WassilyLeontief(沃西里·里昂惕夫)1973年獲諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。1906年出生在圣彼得堡，1929年任中國(guó)鐵道部顧問(wèn)，1931年進(jìn)入美國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局（NBER），1946年哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授。1941年出版《美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)：1919-1929》，第一次用投入產(chǎn)出法進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)分析。1966年出版《投入產(chǎn)出經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》。Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureoftheincome(收入)andexpenditures(支出)ofaneconomy.Itisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservices(最終產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù))producedwithinacountryinagiventimeperiod.GrossDomesticProduct

國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值ImportantFeaturesofGDP

GDP的重要特征Outputisvaluedatmarketprices.Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).Itincludesbothtangiblegoods有形商品(food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices無(wú)形服務(wù)(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisits).ImportantFeaturesofGDPItincludesgoodsandservicescurrentlyproduced,nottransactions交易involvinggoodsproducedinthepast.Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry.

ImportantFeaturesofGDPItmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).WhatIsCountedinGDP?

哪些經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)應(yīng)計(jì)入GDPGDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegally合法的

inmarkets.WhatIsNotCountedinGDP?

哪些經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)不能計(jì)入GDPGDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly非法的,suchasillegaldrugs.GrossNationalProduct

國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值Grossnationalproduct(GNP)isthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinagivenperiodoftimebyanation’spermanentresidents常住居民,regardlessofwheretheyare.ThreeOtherMeasuresofIncome

另外三個(gè)收入變量NetNationalProduct(NNP)國(guó)民生產(chǎn)凈值PersonalIncome個(gè)人收入DisposablePersonalIncome個(gè)人可支配收入NetNationalProduct(NNP)

國(guó)民生產(chǎn)凈值Thetotalincomeoftheresidentsofanationaftersubtractinglossesfromdepreciation折舊.PersonalIncome

個(gè)人收入Theincomethathouseholdsandnoncorporatebusinessesreceive.DisposablePersonalIncome

個(gè)人可支配收入Theincomethathouseholdandnoncorporatebusinesseshaveleftaftersatisfyingtheirobligationstothegovernment.GrossNationalProductFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesGNP—NationalandPerCapitaIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesNationalIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesTheFourComponentsofGDP

構(gòu)成GDP的四個(gè)要素GDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing:

?Consumption(C)

?Investment(I)

?GovernmentPurchases(G)

?NetExports(NX)Y=C+I+G+NXTheFourComponentsofGDP

Consumption(C)（消費(fèi)）:

?Thespendingbyhouseholdsongoods andservices,withtheexceptionof purchasesofnewhousing.Investment(I)（投資）:

?Thespendingoncapitalequipment, inventories,andstructures,including newhousing.TheFourComponentsofGDPGovernmentPurchases(G)（政府購(gòu)買(mǎi)）:

?Thespendingongoodsandservicesby local,state,andfederalgovernments.

?Doesnotincludetransferpayments becausetheyarenotmadeinexchangefor currentlyproducedgoodsorservices.NetExports

(NX)（凈出口）:

?Exportsminusimports.BreakdownofU.S.GDP:1996BreakdownofU.S.GDP:1996Consumption69%Investment15%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:1996Consumption68%Consumption68%GovernmentPurchases19%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:1996Investment15%NetExports-1%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:1996Consumption68%Investment15%GovernmentPurchases19%RealversusNominalGDP

實(shí)際GDP與名義GDPNominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices現(xiàn)行價(jià)格.RealGDP

valuestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices固定價(jià)格.

RealversusNominalGDPAnaccurateviewoftheeconomyrequiresadjustingnominaltorealGDPbyusingtheGDPdeflator縮減指數(shù).價(jià)格指數(shù)(PriceIndex)拉斯佩雷斯(Laspeyres)指數(shù)：帕斯卡(Pascke)指數(shù)：GDPDeflator

GDP縮減指數(shù)TheGDP

deflator

measuresthecurrentlevelofpricesrelativetothelevelofpricesinthebaseyear基年.IttellsustheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributabletoariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced.GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:ConsumerPriceIndex

消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)Theconsumerpriceindex

(CPI)isameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.Itisusedtomonitorchangesinthecostofliving生活費(fèi)用overtime.Itreportsthemovementofpricesusinganindexnumber.

ConsumerPriceIndexWhentheCPIrises,thetypicalfamilyhastospendmoredollarstomaintainthesamestandardofliving.TheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflator

消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)與GDP縮減指數(shù)EconomistsandpolicymakersuseboththeGDPdeflatorandtheconsumerpriceindextogaugehowquicklypricesarerising.Thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwo.TheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorTheCPI... ...includesonlyconsumergoods. ...includesimports. ...ismeasuredusingafixedbasketofgoodsandservices固定的一籃子商品和勞務(wù).TheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorTheGDPPriceDeflator... ...includesallgoodsandservicesproduceddomestically. ...excludesimports. ...ismeasuredusingcurrentlyproducedgoodsandservices.GDPandEconomicWell-Being

G