GMATGMAT寫作 第一宗罪無因果聯(lián)系Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.ThelineofthereasoningisthatbecauseAoccurredbeforeB,theformereventisresponsibleforthelatter.(TheauthorusesthepositivecorrelationbetweenAandBtoestablishcausality.However,thefactthatAcoincideswithBdoesnotnecessarilyprovethatAcausedB.)Butthisisfallaciousreasoningunlessotherpossiblecausalexplanationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsCisthecauseoftheseeventsorperhapsBiscausedbyD.第二宗罪Insufficient-Theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Oneexampleislogicallyunsoundedtoestablishageneralconclusion(Thestatisticsfromonlyafewrecentyearsarenotnecessarilyagoodindicatoroffuturetrends),unlessitcanbeshownthatA1isrepresentativeofallA.Itispossiblethat Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,theconclusionthatBis y第三宗罪:錯(cuò)誤類比(basedona ogy)<橫向TheargumentrestsontheassumptionthatAis ogoustoBinallrespects.Thisassumptionisweak,sincealthoughtherearepointsofcomparisonbetweenAandB,thereismuchdissimilarityaswell.Forexample,A...,however, itislikelymuchmoredifficultforBto第四宗罪allthingsareequal<縱向Theauthorcommitsthefallacyof“allthingsareequal”.Thefactthathappenedtwoyearsagoisnotasoundevidencetodrawaconclusionthat Theauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatthebackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttimesoratdifferentlocations.However,itisnotclearinthisargumentwhetherthecurrentconditionsatAAarethesameastheyusedtobetwoyearsago.Thusitisimpossibletoconcludethat....第五宗罪Either-OrTheauthorassumesthatAAandBBaremutuallyexclusivealternativesandthereisnoroomforamiddleground.However,theauthorprovidesnoreasonforimposinganeither-orchoice.Commonsense lsusthatadjustingbothAAandBBmightproducebetterresults.第六宗罪surveyisThepollcitedbytheauthoristoovaguetobeinformative.Theclaimdoesnotindicatewhoconductedthepoll,whoresponded,orwhen,whereandhowthepollwasconducted.(Lackinginformationaboutthenumberofpeoplesurveyedandthenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoaccessthevalidityoftheresults.Forexample,if200sweresurveyedbutonly2responded,theconclusionthat...wouldbehighly.Becausetheargumentoffersnoevidencethatwouldruleoutthiskindofinterpretations,)Untilthesequestionsareanswered,theresultsofthesurveyareworthlessasevidenceforthe Theauthorfalselydependsongratuitousassumption evidenceisstatedintheargumenttosupportthisassu