PetroleumEconomyandNationalSecurityUNIT7Section1Starting-outSection2TextLearning

TextAOilDependency:

TheRealThreattoNationalSecuritySection3ExercisesTextBControversyonStrategicPetroleumReserveTextOrganizationPart1(Para.1-?)______________________Part2(Para.?-?)______________________…?Howmanypartscanyoudividethepassageinto?TextaPart1(Para.1-3) Part3(Para.4-7)

Part4(para.8-11)Part5(para.12-15)TextOrganizationTexta (Introduction) (Problem) (Response) (Solution)Part1(Para.1-3)(Introduction)OilPriceshasbeenamajorcontributortoeconomicslowdown.Part3(Para.4-7)(Problem)UnchangedU.S.strategicthinkingleadstothequestionaboutguaranteeingtheoilresources.TextOrganizationTextaPart4(para.8-111)(Response)

SeriesofreportsidentifiedoildependenceasthethreattonationalsecurityandsuggestedalteringU.S.strategicvisionPart5(para.12-15)(Solution)

U.S.mustgetoffoilbyusingeverygallonasefficientlyaspossible.TextOrganizationTextaInformationAnalysis(Para.1)--Economicdownturnhasusuallybeenprecededbyasuddensteepincreaseofoilprices.--Three.The1974-75recession,thecollapseofthedot-combubblein2000,thetankingeconomyin2007.TextaWhatistherelationshipbetweeneconomicdownturnandrisingoilprices?Howmanyexamplesaregiventoillustratetherelationship?InformationAnalysis(Para.2)--AistoBwhat/asCistoD.Risingoilpricesistoeconomicdownturnwhat/asexternallyimposedtaxtogeopoliticalconcerns..TextaWhydoestheauthormention“externallyimposedtax”and“geopoliticalconcerns”?Isthereanexceptiontothisrule/pattern?--Yes,thecurrentroundofoilpriceincreaseswillonlyhaveatransitoryimpactoneconomicgrowth;itwillnotderailtherestofeconomy.(Para.3)InformationAnalysisWhatdoestheauthorimplybyreferringtothe11aircraftcarrierbattlegroupandthe$649billiondefenseappropriationsbill?TextaWhatdominatesthecurrentU.S.strategicthinking?--AmindsetforgedduringWWII.--TheU.S.isstilldominatedbythewartimemindset,aimingtoensureitsmilitarypower.(Para.4)InformationAnalysis(Para.5)--Responsesrelyingonmarketforces,ratherthanrelyingonmilitarymightandmilitary-derivedinfluence.TextaWhatmightbethemoreeffectiveresponsetosupplydisruptionofoilinthe21stcentury?WhatistheU.S.currentstrategicvision?(Para.6)--AnyinterferencewiththePersianGulfwillberegardedasanassaultontheU.Sinterestsandwillberepelledbyanymeans,includingmilitary.InformationAnalysis(Para.7)--Everybodyusesoil,whyme?CanadahasbecomeU.S.majorforeignoilsupplier;China,IndiaandEuropearemoredependentontheMiddleEastoil;“everybodyusesoil,whyme?”TextaWhyisthereadifferentvoiceabouttheguaranteeingofthePersianGulfoilsupply?Whatisironic?(“Ironicallyenough,aseriesofreports…”)(Para.8)--Areportfromamilitary-supportednon-profitthink-tanksuggestedalteringU.S.strategicvision,i.e.notresortingtomilitaryforcestorespondtothesupplyshortage.InformationAnalysis(Para.9)--Dependenceonoil.(OR:inefficientuseandoverrelianceonoil.)TextaWhatmayposeathreattonationalsecurityaccordingtothe2009report?Whatdidthe2009reportcallfor?(Para.10)--Dramaticreductioninmilitaryinthemilitaryuseoffossilfuels(byswitchingtosolarpowerandbatteriestopowerfieldinstallationsinsteadofusingdieselgenerators).InformationAnalysis(Para.11)--ClimatechangemayaddtothemissionburdenoftheU.S.military,andtheU.S.shoulddiversifyenergysourcesandmoveawayfromfossilfuelswherepossible.TextaWhatdidthe2007climatechangereportwarnandsuggest?WhatisthenewcareerofformerViceAdmiralDennisMcGinn?Howdoesheevaluatehisnewcareer?(Para.12)--Promotingenergyefficiencyandclean-energytechnologies.--Heseeshisnewcareerasanextensionofhisworkonlong-termstrategicpolicy.InformationAnalysis(Para.13)--Itshouldstopdependingonenergycomingfromunstablecountriesfirstandthenbeeconomicallystrong.TextaHowcanacountryhaveaviablenationalstrategy?WhatarethecriticismlevelledattheslowdrawdownoftheU.S.troopsinIraqandAfghanistan?(Para.14)--StationingofU.S.troopstherecostsahugeamountofmoney($119billionnextyear)andtheU.Sistakingthehitstodefendtheglobaloilsupply.InformationAnalysis(Para.15)--Toworkouthigherfuelefficiencystandardsanduseeverygallonasefficientlyaspossible.TextaWhatisthewayfortheU.S.togetoffoildependence?1.(Para.2)In2000,oilhit…theeconomytanked.2.(Para.2)Whiletherewere…geopoliticalconcerns.4.(Para.4)Yetlittleofthat…guaranteedshipments.5.(Para.4)Howelsetoexplain…morethanone?6.(Para.6)WiththeIranianhostage…militaryforces.”7.(Para.12)FormerViceAdmiral…clean-energytechnology.LanguagePointsTexta3.(Para.3)Butthistimearound…therestoftheyears.PreviewTasksTextLearning(A)1.(Para.2)In2000,oilhashitthethenunheardofpriceof$40abarrel,andwithinmonthsthedot-combubblecollapsed.Crudespikesover$100abarrelin2007,andafewmonthslatertheeconomytanked.2000年，石油價(jià)格達(dá)到了前所未聞的每桶40美元，而幾個(gè)月之內(nèi)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫破裂了。2007年，原油價(jià)格激增到每桶100美元，幾個(gè)月后，經(jīng)濟(jì)潰敗。TextLearning(A)2.(Para.2)Whiletherewereusuallyotherfactorsdrivingthosedownturns–in2007-09itwasthesubprimemortgagemessandresultingfinancialcrisisforinstance–risingoilhasalwaysbeenseenasamajorcontributortoeconomicslowdowns,theequivalentofanexternallyimposedtaxthatwascauseforgeopoliticalconcerns.盡管通常其它因素（如2007-2009年的次貸危機(jī)及由此引發(fā)的金融危機(jī)）也會造成經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡，但石油價(jià)格的上漲一直被視為是造成經(jīng)濟(jì)放緩/下滑的主要因素，情況類似外部征稅是造成地緣政治擔(dān)憂的原因一樣。TextLearning(A)3.(Para.3)Butthistimearound,economicprognosticatorsaresayingthatthe$100-a-barreloilpricesofthepasttwomonths–aslongastheydon’tspikeintothestratosphere–willonlyhaveatransitoryimpactongrowth,whichisprojectedtobeabove3percentfortherestofthisyear.然而，這一次，經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)言家們說，過去兩個(gè)月每桶100美元的石油價(jià)格，只要不漲到天價(jià)，將只會對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長有暫時(shí)的影響，在今年的后幾個(gè)月中，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長預(yù)計(jì)高于3%。TextLearning(A)4.(Para.4)YetlittleofthatrealityinfluencedU.S.strategicthinking,whichisstilldominatedbyamindsetforgedduringWorldWarIIwhenglobaleconomicandmilitarypowerdefendedoncontrollingaccesstosourcesofcrude,andnavalstrategywaspredicatedonprotectingthesealanesthatguaranteedshipments.然而，這種新的現(xiàn)實(shí)幾乎影響不到美國的戰(zhàn)略思維，他們的思維方式還限定在二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期。那時(shí)，全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事實(shí)力依賴于控制原油供應(yīng)來源，海軍戰(zhàn)略及保護(hù)能夠保證載貨量的海上航道為依據(jù)。TextLearning(A)5.(Para.4)Howelsetoexplainthe11aircraftcarrierbattlegroupsinthe$649billiondefenseappropriationsbillthatissailingthroughtheHouseoftheRepresentativesthisweek,whennooneelseintheworldhasmorethanone?不然的話，該怎樣解釋在本周駛向美國眾議院的那項(xiàng)6490億的國防撥款議案中的那11艘航空母艦戰(zhàn)斗群呢？實(shí)際情況是世界上的其他任何一個(gè)國家最多都只有一艘。TextLearning(A)6.(Para.7)WiththeIranianhostagecrisisdominatingtheheadlines,Carterdeclaredthatany“attemptbyanoutsideforcetogaincontrolofthePersianGulfregionwillberegardedasanassaultonthevitalinterestoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,andsuchanassaultwillberepelledbyanymeansnecessary,includingmilitaryforce.”在伊朗人質(zhì)危機(jī)占據(jù)了媒體頭條的背景下，卡特宣布“外部勢力攫取控制波斯灣地區(qū)的任何企圖，都將被看作是對美國根本利益的進(jìn)攻。對于這種進(jìn)攻，美國將使用包括軍事力量在內(nèi)的任何必要手段，予以擊退?！盩extLearning(A)7.(Para.12)FormerViceAdmiralDennisMcGinn,whorecentlyretiredfromtheNavy,servedontheadvisoryboardthatissuedbothreportsandrecentlytookoverthehelmoftheAmericanCouncilonRenewableEnergy,whichbringstogethernon-fossil-fuelenergyproducersandFortune500companiestopromoteenergyefficiencyandclean-energytechnologies.最近剛剛退役的前海軍中將丹尼斯?麥克金曾在發(fā)布那兩項(xiàng)報(bào)告的顧問委員會任職，并且最近剛剛接管了美國可再生能源委員會?？稍偕茉次瘑T會將非礦物燃料能源生產(chǎn)者和“財(cái)富500強(qiáng)”的公司聯(lián)合起來共同提升能源效率、提高清潔能源技術(shù)。ThemeDiscussionDiscussthefollowingtheme-relatedquestions.1.WhatdoyouthinkChinashoulddotorespondtothecurrentsituationoftheglobaloilmarket,sinceChinaisbothanimporterandaproducerofoil?

2.WhatmightbecyoursuggestionsonChina’sstrategicpolicyofthedevelopmentofshalegasinChina?

WhatdoyouthinkoftheconclusionsintheChinashalegasreportreleasedbytheUniversityofColumbia?TextAThemeDiscussionTextA日前，美國哥倫比亞大學(xué)發(fā)布中國頁巖氣政策研究報(bào)告，結(jié)合中國頁巖氣開發(fā)的現(xiàn)狀與問題提出了未來促進(jìn)發(fā)展的政策建議，該研究受到美國能源部化石能源局資助。報(bào)告得出六點(diǎn)結(jié)論：第一，未來幾年中國不會實(shí)現(xiàn)頁巖氣的大規(guī)模開采，之后低速增長和高速發(fā)展兩種情況都有可能發(fā)生；第二，頁巖氣發(fā)展的主要障礙包括：開采成本高，針對國有公司的激勵(lì)薄弱，競爭力缺乏，對國外公司的限制和可利用的數(shù)據(jù)有限等；第三，政府政策對確定未來中國頁巖氣的發(fā)展將發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用；第四，中國頁巖氣開采對環(huán)境從高度正面影響到嚴(yán)重負(fù)面影響都有可能；第五，在中長期內(nèi)水資源供應(yīng)會成為一些地區(qū)的限制因素之一；第六，美國和中國政府對于頁巖氣有著共同的利益。TheUniversityofColumbiarecentlyreleasedaChinashalegasreport,whichwaspresentedtotheannualUS-ChinaOilandGasIndustryForumonSeptember25,2014.資料textlearning(B)TranslationAssignment1.(Para.2)Themajorityof…physicalshortages.2.(Para.5)Absentconcretemarketfailures,…welfare.3.(Para.6)Thismaynotbedone…saidTaylor.4.(Para.11)Boththelawand…declarationofwar.5.(Para.15)TheRandreport…toameliorate.”6.(Para.16)Policymakershave…wouldbetaken.Unit7Text(B)1.(Para.2)Themajorityof…physicalshortages.大多數(shù)政治領(lǐng)袖和關(guān)注此事的公民則把該儲備看作是用于防止能源真正短缺的燃料來源。Translation2.(Para.5)Absentconcretemarketfailures,…welfare.沒有實(shí)際上的市場失靈/市場失效，政府對石油市場的干預(yù)不可能提高經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。Text(B)3.(Para.6)Thismaynotbedone…saidTaylor.獲取利潤最大化未必是出于考慮顧客（的利益），但這將對顧客產(chǎn)生積極影響，這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)市場對商品有需求時(shí)，擁有存貨的個(gè)人會將商品投入市場。Translation4.(Para.11)Boththelawand…declarationofwar.法律和政策的制定者們都把SPR作為緊急響應(yīng)的最后手段。法律上對總統(tǒng)做出授權(quán)銷售SPR判定所滿足的要求在概念上接近于宣戰(zhàn)。Text(B)5.(Para.15)TheRandreport…toameliorate.蘭德報(bào)告指出，關(guān)于何時(shí)使用SPR，尚缺乏公開、明確的政策，“如果市場參與者擔(dān)心嚴(yán)重的供應(yīng)中斷，有可能會引發(fā)恐慌性囤積，造成的這一局面則具備了啟用SPR的條件?！盩ranslation6.Para.16)Policymakershave…wouldbetaken.政策制定者不愿提前透露什么情況下使用戰(zhàn)略石油儲備，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)當(dāng)前法律，這意味著要提前規(guī)定國家石油供應(yīng)中斷緊急狀態(tài)的構(gòu)成和隨之應(yīng)采取的相應(yīng)行動(dòng)。6.ILanguageTask1GlossaryMatch1e2h3f4g5a6b7d8cExercises1rationale2articulate3inexorably4repel5barrel

6assault7proposition8ambiguous9blockade10mandatedTask2WordsorExpressionsCheckExercisesIIITranslationTask1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.盡管通常其它因素（如2007-2009年的次貸危機(jī)及由此引發(fā)的金融危機(jī)）也會造成經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡，但石油價(jià)格的上漲一直被視為是造成經(jīng)濟(jì)放緩/下滑的主要因素，情況類似外部征稅是造成地緣