國際競爭優(yōu)勢的來源國際競爭優(yōu)勢的來源幾種傳統(tǒng)解釋比較優(yōu)勢論國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策優(yōu)勢論管理文化優(yōu)勢論勞工組織優(yōu)勢論帝王過渡擴張論2Theoryofnationalcompetitiveadvantage

ThetheoryattemptstoanalyzethereasonsforanationssuccessinaparticularindustryPorterstudied100industriesin10nations

postulateddeterminantsofcompetitiveadvantageofanationwerebasedonfourmajorattributesFactorendowmentsDemandconditionsRelatedandsupportingindustriesFirmstrategy,structureandrivalry3

Porter’sdiamond

Successoccurswheretheseattributesexist.More/greatertheattribute,thehigherchanceofsuccessThediamondismutuallyreinforcingFig4.64FactorendowmentsFactorendowments:-Anation’spositioninfactorsofproductionsuchasskilledlabororinfrastructurenecessarytocompeteinagivenindustryBasicfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactorendowments5BasicfactorendowmentsBasicfactors:FactorspresentinacountryNaturalresourcesClimateGeographiclocationDemographicsWhilebasicfactorscanprovideaninitialadvantagetheymustbesupportedbyadvancedfactorstomaintainsuccess6AdvancedfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactors:Aretheresultofinvestmentbypeople,companies,government

andaremorelikelytoleadtocompetitiveadvantageIfacountryhasnobasicfactors,itmustinvestinadvancedfactors7

Advancedfactorendowmentscommunicationsskilledlabor researchTechnologyeducation8通用要素專用要素要素創(chuàng)造9選擇性的要素劣勢與競爭優(yōu)勢10DemandconditionsDemand:

createscapabilitiescreatessophisticatedanddemandingconsumersDemandimpactsqualityandinnovation11高級需求與挑剔顧客預測買方需求本土需求的規(guī)模本土需求的國際化及其對國外需求的影響12

RelatedandsupportingindustriesCreatesclustersofsupportingindustriesthatareinternationallycompetitiveMustalsomeetrequirementsofotherpartsoftheDiamond1314151617FirmStrategy,StructureandRivalryLongtermcorporatevisionisadeterminantofsuccessManagement‘ideology’andstructureofthefirmcaneitherhelporhurtyouPresenceofdomesticrivalryimprovesacompany’scompetitiveness1819

DeterminantsofCompetitiveAdvantageinnationsGovernmentCompanyStrategy,Structure,andRivalryDemandConditionsRelatedandSupportingIndustriesFactorConditionsChanceTwoexternalfactorsthatinfluencethefourdeterminants.Fig4.820

Porter’sTheory-predictionsPorter’stheoryshouldpredictthepatternofinternationaltradethatweobserveintherealworld

Countriesshouldbeexportingproductsfromthoseindustrieswhereallfourcomponentsofthediamondarefavorable,whileimportinginthoseareaswherethecomponentsarenotfavorable21ImplicationsforbusinessLocationimplications:

DisperseproductionactivitiestocountrieswheretheycanbeperformedmostefficientlyFirst-moverimplications:Investsubstantialfinancialresourcesinbuildingafirst-mover,orearly-moveradvantagePolicyimplications:Promotingfreetradeisinthebestinterestsofthehome-country,notalwaysinthebestinterestsofthefirm,eventhough,manyfirmspromoteopenmarkets22集

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論

一、集群作為一種歷史現(xiàn)象1、英國棉紡、毛紡、手套工業(yè)等紡織工業(yè)大都呈現(xiàn)區(qū)域集群狀態(tài)2、美國

1900年，美國15個地理集群23集

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論二、當代的集群現(xiàn)象1、美國硅谷2、意大利中小企業(yè)集群2425集

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論三、集群的多樣性與普遍性地理區(qū)域發(fā)達國家、發(fā)展中國家產(chǎn)業(yè)領域農(nóng)業(yè)、制造業(yè)、服務業(yè)、高科技創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)2627282930集群理論三、集群理論模型1、工業(yè)區(qū)理論馬歇爾《經(jīng)濟學原理》2、柔性專業(yè)化理論PioreandSabel(1984)3、新競爭Best(1990)31集群理論集群理論模型（續(xù)）4、競爭優(yōu)勢——鉆石模型Porter(1990)5、集體效率模型Schmitz(1995)6、集體學習模型32集群理論集群理論模型（續(xù)）7、當?shù)兀▍^(qū)域）創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)模型8、棲息地模型李鐘文、米勒主編《硅谷優(yōu)勢》9、社會文化環(huán)境模型Saxenian：《地區(qū)優(yōu)勢：硅谷與128公路地區(qū)的文化與競爭》33集群理論集群理論模型（續(xù)）10、集群知識理論11、集群認知理論12、集群復雜性理論13、集群信息理論14、集群供應鏈管理理論15、