第蔡元培英文簡(jiǎn)介蔡元培簡(jiǎn)介

(NowZhejiangShaoxing)people,theoriginofZhejiangZhuji,ZhejiangProvince,ZhejiangProvince,ZhejiangProvince,ZhejiangProvince,ShaoxingCounty,ZhejiangProvince,ZhejiangProvince,Revolutionaries,educators,politicians.DemocraticProgressivePeople,theKuomintangCentralExecutiveCommittee,theNationalGovernmentandtheDirectoroftheSupervisionOffice.ThefirstpresidentoftheRepublicofChinaEducation,1916to1927asthepresidentofPekingUniversity,innovationPekingUniversity"academic"and"free"style;1920to1930,CaiYuanpeialsoservedaspresidentofSino-FrenchUniversity.Heparticipatedinthestruggleagainstimperialisminhisearlyyears,andintheearlyyearsoftheRepublic,hepresidedoverthedevelopmentofthefirstdecreeofmodernChinesehighereducation-the"universityorder".

DuringtheNorthernExpedition,aftertheNationalGovernmentlaidthecapitalofNanjing,hepresidedovertheEducationAdministrationCommittee,setuptheRepublicofChinaGraduateSchoolandtheCentralResearchInstitute,leadingeducationandacademicsystemreform.1927toparticipateinthelaunchof"protectthecountrytosavethepartymovement"thatshouldbeclearbutagainstthemurderoftheparty.1928to1940full-timedirectoroftheCentralResearchInstitute,tocarryouttheideaofacademicresearch.CaiYuanpeiwenttoGermanyandFrancetostudyabroad,study,studyphilosophy,literature,aesthetics,psychologyandculturalhistory,forhiscommitmenttoreformfeudaleducationtolaytheideologicalandtheoreticalbasis.In1933,CaiYuanpeiinitiatedthecreationoftheNationalCentralMuseum,andpersonallyservedasthefirstsessionoftheCouncil.March5,1940diedinHongKong.BuriedtheChinesecemeteryatthetopofAberdeen.

蔡元培人物生平

January11,1868,TongzhiDingMaowasbornonDecember17inShaoxingCounty,ZhejiangProvince,ShanyinCounty.

In1871,TongzhiXinwastenyearsoldCaiYuanpeiintotheprivateschool.

In1878,GuangxuWuyinfouryears,CaiYuanpei11yearsold,hisfatherCaiGuangpudiedduetoillness.

In1879,Guangxufiveyears12yearsold,sojourntotheaunt'shomereading.In1880,GuangxusixyearsCaiYuanpei13yearsoldbytheaunt'shometotheteacher'sschool.In1884,GuangxuatenyearsCaiYuanpei17yearsold,thescholar.In1885,GuangxuelevenyearsCaiYuanpei18yearsold,setupteaching.

In1889,GuangxuuglyfifteenyearsCaiYuanpei22yearsoldwhenthelifts.InthesameyearmarriedhisfirstwifeWangZhao.In1890,Guangxusixteenyears,CaiYuanpei23yearsold,BeijingwilltrytobecomeaGongShi,nopalacetest.

In1892,GuangxueighteenyearsCaiYuanpei25yearsold,bythepalacetestJinshi,wasorderedfortheImperialAcademyShuJiShi.Templetestresultsforthethirty-four(equivalenttothenationalexaminationofthethirty-seventh),thecontentis"Tibet'sgeographicallocation."

In1894,GuangxuJiawutwentyyearsCaiYuanpei27yearsold,thespringshouldbescatteredmuseumtest,wasawardedtheImperialAcademyediting.Inthisyear,theSino-JapaneseWarbrokeout,begantocontactWesternlearning,sympathyandinnovation.September1898backtoShaoxing,RenShaoxingChineseandWesternschoolsupervision,topromotenewschool.

In1900,Boxertwenty-sixyearsCaiYuanpei33yearsold,becauseofhiswifebyfeudalthinkingconstraints,thefeelingsbetweenthemhasbeeninthestateofnomatter,andwhenhegraduallyacceptedthenewWesternideas,theybegantorethinkfeminismThedefinitionof,sowritethe"husbandandwifeconvention"tore-adjusttherelationshipwithhiswifeWangZhao.

Inthesummerof1901,Xinuglytwenty-sevenyears,CaiYuanpei34yearsold,totheShanghaiagentChengxueschool(nowShanghaiChengChengseniorhighschool)principals,thatis,thefirstpresident.In1901September,washiredasNanyangpubliceconomicsspecialscienceclasstotalteaching.January1,1902,RenYintwenty-eightyears,CaiYuanpeiinHangzhouwithhispaststudentsMs.HuangZhongyuheldhissecondweddinginhislife.

In1902,CaiYuanpei35yearsold,withJiangZhiandsooninShanghaifoundedChinaEducationAssociationandservedaspresident,founderofpatrioticsociety,patrioticschool,havebeenpushedasprimeminister.In1903,seventy-nineyears,theactivitiesofthePatrioticSocietycausedtheQinggovernmentalert,orderedtheinvestigation.CaiYuanpeiwasremovedfromQingdao,Japan,Shaoxing,Shanghaiandotherplaces,ontheonehandlearningGerman,readytostudyabroadtoescapethelimelight,ontheonehandstillengagedineducationandrevolutionaryactivities.

In1903,CaiYuanpeitoresisttheRussiangovernmentcovetedtheterritoryofnorthernChina,andShanghaianti-revolutionariestotheRussiancomradesinthenameoftheOfficeofthe"Russiannews"(laterchanged"alarmdaily").In1904,whenhewasthirtyyearsold,heestablishedameetinginShanghai.

In1905,whenhewasthirty-threeyearsoldattheageof38,thealliancewasestablishedandthereunificationwasincorporated.SunYat-senappointedCaiYuanpeiasheadoftheShanghaiBranchoftheLeague.

InMay1907,whenhewasthirty-threeyearsold,hetraveledtoBerlin,GermanywiththehelpofSunPei-ki,Germany,andlecturedandstudiedpsychology,aestheticsandphilosophyattheUniversityofLeipzig.Sideofthestudy,onesideProfessorTangShaoyi(afterthefirstcabinetoftheRepublicofChinaPrimeMinister)4nephewoftheChineseteachers,nearlytenyearsofCaiYuanpeibeganfouryearsofoverseasstudylife.InGermany4years,heeditedthe"historyofChineseethics"andanumberofacademicbooks.

InearlyNovember1911,XuantongthreeyearsXinhaiyears,theoutbreakoftheRevolution,inChenQimeitoelectricityundertheurging,CaiYuanpeiSiberianreturn.

January4,1912,thefirstyearoftheRepublicofChina,theProvisionalGovernmentoftheRepublicofChinawasestablishedinNanjing,hebecamepresidentoftheProvisionalGovernmentEducationinNanjing.TheMinistryofEducationundertheCaiYuanpeitothepublictosolicitthepossiblenationalanthem,andlaterpromulgatedtheProvisionalNationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina,byShenEnfulyrics,ShenPeng'scompilationofthenationalanthem,thesong"fiveflagsong"(theRepublicofChinanationalanthem).[3-4]

January19,1912,thefirstyearoftheRepublic,hepromulgatedthe"InterimMeasuresforGeneralEducation",andpresidedoverthedevelopmentofthe"UniversityOrder"and"secondaryschoolorder",whichisChina'sfirstuniversityandsecondaryschoolorder,hestressedthatThemiddleschoolandtheuniversitybuiltintoasoundnationalschool.HeservedasthechiefofeducationoftheProvisionalGovernmentofNanjing,advocatedtheuseofWesterneducationsystem,abolishedthestudyofConfucianism,theimplementationofreformmeasuressuchasmenandwomen,andestablishedthebourgeoisdemocraticeducationsysteminChina.Afterthefailureofthesecondrevolution,withrelativestogotoFrance,andLiShiwasfoundedinFrancetoworkhardtolearn.

InFebruary1912,LuXunwasinvitedtotheMinistryofEducation.InJuly1912,CaiYuanpeiresignedbecausehewasreluctanttocooperatewiththeYuanShikaigovernment.In1913,thetwoyearsCaiYuanpei46yearsold,onceagainwenttoFrancetoengageinacademicresearch,inEuropeforthreeyears,andcompiledalotofphilosophyandaesthetics.

June1915,theRepublicofChinafouryears,CaiYuanpei48yearsold,heandLiShizeng,WuYuzhangandotherorganizationstopromotelawandeducationinFrance,workinFranceadvocacywork,hopetohelporganizationstohelpmoreChinesetoEurope,laterZhouEnlai,DengXiaopingAndsoarethroughthehelpofthisorganizationafterthesmoothstudyinFrance.

Inthesummerof1916,LiYuanhong'sBeijinggovernmentfinallyregainedthe"temporarylaw"oftheearlyyearsoftheRepublicofChina.SunYat-senandHuangXing,amongothers,returnedalargenumberofexiledrevolutionaries,andsomemembersofZhejiangnationalityalsoteleportedtoCaiYuanpei,ThatistobeelectedwhenheisthegovernorofZhejiangProvince.

November8,1916,CaiYuanpeiandWuYuzhangbyboatfromMarseilletoreturntoShanghai.December26,1916,wasappointedaspresidentofPekingUniversity.Supportthenewculturemovement,promoteacademicresearch,advocate"freedomofthought,compatible",theimplementationofprofessorstoteachschool."MayFourth"campaigntosupportstudentspatrioticaction,multi-rescuestudentsarrested.January9,1917,CaiYuanpeiservedaspresidentofPekingUniversity'sspeech,thestudentsputforwardthreerequirements:onesaidholdthepurpose,thesecondsaidthevirtueofvirtue,threerespectteachers,will"holdthepurpose"inthefirstplace.

In1917,CaiYuanpeihired"NewYouth"editorChenDuxiuasliberalartsseniors,andhiredLiDazhao,HuShi,QianXuantongandother"new"charactersinPekingUniversityteaching,theuseof"freedomofthought,compatiblepackage"schoolpolicy,theimplementationof"System,topromoteacademicdemocracy,tosupportthenewculturemovement.

Inthesameyear,CaiYuanpeiinvitedthefamousphilosopherLiangShumingtoPekingUniversitytoteachIndianphilosophy;XuBeihonginvitedCaiYuanpeiinvitedfromTokyo,JapanbacktoBeijing,RenPekingUniversitypaintinginstructor.

InJuly1917,HuShifromtheUnitedStatestoreturnhome,whenHuShididnotgetadoctorateinColumbiaUniversity,butCaiYuanpeiHuinordertoenterthePekingUniversitytohelpthemforgingtheirqualifications.

July3,1917,CaiYuanpeiinPekingUniversityissuedawarmspeechinauguralspeechisnotscattered,toLiYuanhongPresidentresigned,wordingeuphemism,butthecauseofdepression,thatistoprotestZhangXunrestoration.

InOctober1917,theRepublicofChinasixyears,CaiYuanpei50yearsold,presidedovertheMinistryofEducationheldameetingofrepresentativesoftheinstitutionsofhigherlearninginBeijingtodiscusstherevisionofuniversityprocedures,PekingUniversityliberalartscreditsystem,theadoptionoftheelectionsystem,themeetingdecidedtodecideIntheNorthtrial.PekingUniversityelectionsystemprovidesalessoneveryweek,finishedayearforaunit,theundergraduateshouldbecoveredwith80units,halfcompulsory,halfofelective(sciencetoreducethediscretion),repaircanbegraduated,informalage;matriculationshouldbecoveredwith40Units,compulsoryaccountedforthreequarters,electiveaccountedforaquarter.Electivesubjectscanbecrossed.

In1918,hemadeitclearthat"theinstitutionoftheuniversityisapurelyscholarlyinstitution,anditcannotberegardedasaplaceofqualification,norasaplaceoftrafficking."Whenascholarisinterestedinresearch,Thepersonality."

May22,1918,CaiYuanpeiforthe"Sino-Japanesearmeddefenseagreement"againstthegovernmentindisguise,butalsotothePresidentoftheresignation.

November16,1918,theRepublicofChinaCaiYuanpei51yearsold,"awar"justended,organizedinfrontofTiananmenSquaretocelebratethepublicationofthetitleentitled"laborsacred"speech,clearlyputforwardto"understandthevalueoflabor",andShoutingthesloganof"laborholy".

In1919,CaiYuanpeiabolishedthebranchinPekingUniversity,changedtheoriginaldivisionofthedepartmentforthedepartment,theestablishmentof14departments,wastelong,setuptheDepartment.Theoriginaltext,management,lawwererenamedthefirstthree,two,threehomes,onlyastheDepartmentoftheregionwherethesigns(duetotheoriginalthreebranchesindifferentregions),doesnotmeananorganization.

May8,1919,aftertheoutbreakoftheMayFourthMovement,CaiYuanpeitoprotestagainstthegovernmentarrestedstudents,submittedonMay8resignation.AndleaveBeijingonthe9th.May13,1919,theschoolprincipalsoftheschoolinBeijingtoresigntothegovernment,supportCaiYuanpei.

June15,1919,inhis"donotwanttoserveaspresidentoftheUniversityofBeijing,"said:"Iabsolutelycannotbefreeoftheuniversitypresident:freedomofthought,isageneralexampleoftheworlduniversity.Triedtoretain,CaiYuanpeipromisedonlytheheadmasterofPekingUniversityteachersandstudents.

Inearly1920,CaiYuanpeiandLiShizeng,WuJingheng,theuseofBoxerindemnity,foundedtheSino-FrenchUniversityinBeijing.CaiYuanpeiappointedprincipals.InFebruary1920,CaiYuanpeiorderedtoallowWangLan,XiZhen,checkXiaoyuanthreegirlsintotheBeijingUniversityliberalartsauditorium,whenthefalloftheformalrecruitmentofgirls,opentheChinesepublicuniversitiestorecruitgirlsprecedent.

In1920May,CaiYuanpeiappointedgeologistLiSiguangasaprofessorofgeologyatPekingUniversity,invitedthefamouswriterShafeireturnedtoPekingUniversityprofessorofliterature,inAugust,employedLuXunasalectureratPekingUniversity.Attheendof1920,PekingUniversitywassenttovisitEurope.AndtheMayorofLyon,HerriotofFrance,andLepine,DeanoftheUniversityofLyon,co-foundedtheLyonAssociationofChineseandFrenchStudies,anddecidedtosetupaSino-FrenchuniversityinLyon.

Inthespringof1923,dissatisfiedPeiyanggovernmenteducationchiefPengYunyidestructionofthelegalsystembehavior,proposedresignation,leavingthesouth.AutumnwenttoEurope,engagedinresearchandwritings,andinvolvedintherequestofBritain,Franceandothercountriestoreturntopayhomagetoraiseeducationalmatters.InJanuary1924,atthefirstnationalcongressoftheKuomintang,nominatedbySunYat-sen,electedasalternatecentralwatchdog.Returnedatthebeginningof1926.InShanghaitoparticipateinJiangsu,ZhejiangandAnhuiprovincesassociation,withtheNorthernExpedition,planningthreeprovincesautonomousmovement,wasSunChuanfangwanted.

Since1927,theNanjingNationalGovernmentaspresidentoftheUniversity,theMinisterofJusticeandthesupervisionofthePresidentandotherstaff.OnMarch28,1927,CaiYuanpeiwasthechairmanofthemeetingoftheCentralCommitteeoftheKuomintangCentralCommitteeandexpressedhissympathywiththeCommunistPartyofChinaontheimpeachmentoftheCommunistPartyofChina.Headvocated"theeliminationoftheCommunistsintheKuomintangparty."OnApril2,CaiYuanpeionceagainservedaschairman,CaiYuanpeiagainwithWuZhihuiontheimpeachmentoftheCommunistParty'sstatement,andtookoutthe"CommunistPartyofthepartyevidenceandtheCommunistPartyinthereportoftheparty."DuringthefirsttwoyearsaftertheestablishmentoftheKuomintangNanjinggovernment,CaiYuanpeistillstoodonthesideofChiangKai-shekpoliticallyandsupportedthe"clear".

Butunlikeothers,intheprocessofimplementingtheParty,hedoesnotsupportindiscriminatekilling,butratherthatitwouldincludesuchpoliticalpressureinamoreregulatedruleoflaw,thatis,agreewiththepartybutagainstmurder.IntheearlydaysoftheQingDynasty,CaiYuanpeihadmadeseverecriticismofthehumanrightsoftheZhejiangQingPartyCommitteeandaskedthatthethreeprinciplesmustbeimplementedintheQingdynastyandthattheCommunistsandtherevolutionaryyouthwhohadbeenarrestedbytheKuomintangwererescued.InordertodiscouragetheNanjingKuomintangauthoritiestokilltheact,CaiYuanpeihasspeciallywrittentoadvisetheKuomintangauthoritiestoinheritSunYat-sen'snoblepersonality,toservethepeople,tostopkilling.

Afteraperiodoftime,CaiYuanpeimainlyfocusontheformationoftheCentralResearchInstitute,heservedaspresidentoftheCentralResearchInstitute,begantofocusonthenationalcultureofnationalcultureandscienceandtechnology,andhaveresignedfromotherduties."Nineoneeight"aftertheincidentadvocatedanti-Japanese,supporttheKuomintangcooperation.In1932,andSoongChingLing,LuXuninitiatedtheorganizationoftheChinesecivilrightsprotectionalliance,andactivelycarryoutanti-Japanesepatrioticmovement.HadtosaveYangKaihuimartyrs,rescueXuDehengandotherpatrioticdemocrats,rescueDingLing,ZhuYiquanandotherCommunistPartymembers.

In1933,CaiYuanpeiproposedtocreatetheNationalCentralMuseum(nowNanjingMuseumpredecessor),andpersonallyservedasthefirstsessionoftheCouncil.March5,1940,diedinHongKong.CaiYuanpeiafterthedeathofthemajordomesticpartiesandgroupsaswellasdignitarieshavetocallcondolences.

蔡元培學(xué)術(shù)理論

Hiseducationmodelisnovel,eclectic,thateducationisthefundamentalprosperityofthecountry,isthefoundationofthecountryrichandpowerful.Educationalideasflexible,compatiblewiththepackage,notbecauseofacademicdisputesandexclusion,widelyabsorbedeachdirector."Educators,whodevelopthepersonalityofthebusiness."Headvocatededucationshouldfocusonstudents,againstrigidrigid.Healsoadvocatedaestheticeducation,healtheducation,personalityeducationandotherneweducationalconcepts.

CaiYuanpeithat:educationinthecommunity,therearetwobasicfunctions:oneinthelead,theso-called"educationtoguidethecommunity,ratherthansocialsociety";twointheservice,"istheschooltodevelopatalent,"Or"isthestudentoreducationontheonehandtolearn,ontheonehandtheeffectivenessofsociety".

Freedomofthoughtandcompatibility

CaiYuanpeigenerous,compassionate,Chinesesocietyandvulgarcustomshaveathoroughobservation;twicetraveltoEurope,pro-JingRenRenRenafterthescientificspiritandtheFrenchRevolutionaftertheideologicaltrend.Headvocatedcivilrightsandfeminism,advocatedfreethinking,andtriedtoeradicatetheoldcustomsof"readingofficial",openscientificresearchatmosphere,attachimportancetocivicmoraleducationandincidentalworldoutlook,outlookonlifeandaestheticeducation.

LiangShumingoncesaidthatCaiYuanpeifromtheideologicalandacademicforthepeopletoopenanewtrend,breakingtheoldcustoms,topromotetheoverallsituationofpolitics,whichisverycorrect.ItispreciselybecauseofMr.Tsai'scompatibility,freedomofthought,makingthenewculturehasafoothold,makingPekingUniversitytobecomethenewculturalmovementofthefortress,scientificanddemocraticideastospread.Therefore,inthissense,CaiYuanpeiisnotonlythefounderofmodernPekingUniversity,butalsotheconceptofmodernChineseuniversityandthefounderofthespirit.

AsapioneerofmodernChineseculture,CaiYuanpei'sfamousculturalthoughtandacademicpointofviewhavehadanimportantinfluenceonChina'shistoricalprocess.CaiYuanpei,thepresidentofPekingUniversity,putforwardthe"compatiblepackage"ofacademicthought,notonlyhepresidedovertheimportantguidingideologyofPekingUniversityeducation,butalsoheinsistedontheprincipleofrunningaschool.Afterthisideawasputforward,agroupofrepresentativeswithnewcultureandnewideasenteredPekingUniversity,andPekingUniversitybecamethehighestinstitutionofChinesethoughtandacademicprosperity.Therefore,the"compatiblepackage"thoughthasplayedapositiveroleinacceptingnewcultureandopposingfeudalculture.

EthnologicalStudies

Mr.CaiYuanpei'scontributiontoeducationandaestheticsisobvioustoall,buthiscontributiontoethnologyislittleknown.CaiYuanpeisaidinhisownchronology,oneofhisdreamsistowritea"comparativeethnology","tostudytheethnologyoftheold."

CaiYuanpeiwenttoBeijingPalacetest,intherelevanttopicsofTibet,heelaboratedinTibet,"thevastterritory,mountainsandrivers."

In1901CaiYuanpeiinthe"schoolofteachingtheory,"said:"Theprevioushistoryonlyremembertheemperorthings,donotrememberthepeople'slivelihood,sothatthenumberofstrongandweakupsanddowns,thefinalcannotbe."

From1908to1911,hestudiedphilosophy,literature,civilizationandethnologyattheUniversityofLeipziginGermany.

InAugust1924toattendthe21stNationalCongressoftheInternationalSociety.November1924toFebruary1926inHamburg,Germanyspecializinginethnology.

From1926to1934CaiYuanpeipublished"ArticlesofEthnology","EthnologyandSociology","EthnologicalEvolution"andotherarticles.

AtthetimeoftheestablishmentoftheCentralResearchInstitutein1927,CaiYuanpeihopedtosetupanethnologicalresearchinstitute,butbecauseoflimitedmanpowerandmaterialresources,thishopefailedtoachieve.

In1928theInstituteofSocialScienceswasestablished,CaiYuanpeiintheInstituteoftheadditionofethnologygroup,pro-headandresearcher.Thefollowingstudieswerecarriedoutintheethnologygroup.

InvestigationandStudyonLingyunYaoPeoplein

InvestigationandResearchonGaoshanNationalityinTaiwan

InvestigationandResearchontheHezheNationalityintheLowerReachesofSonghuaRiver

AStudyontheKnotandtheOriginalTextoftheNationintheWorld

ChineseTranslationofForeignNationality

CollectionofResearchDataofEthnicMinoritiesinSouthwestChina

Independenteducation

"Educationindependence"asakindofthought,germinationinthe"MayFourth"beforethedevelopmentflourishedinthe20thcentury,20years.Asaresultofwarlordwarfare,economicdepression,theNortherngovernmentdoesnotattachimportancetoeducation,thestatebudgetintheproportionofeducationisverylow,suchasthe1920budgetbeforethestatebudgetfundsonlyabout1.2%.Onlythislimitedamountofbudgetaryfundsisofteninvadedandmisappropriated,norcanitbeinplace,leadingtounevenspendingoneducation,educationiscaughtinadifficultdegree.

CaiYuanpeihasalwaysregardededucationasthebasicwaytosavethecountry,respectedtheidea,academicfreedom,asthepresidentofPekingUniversity,thegovernmentbureaucraticconstraints,devastatingeducationhasdeepfeelings,itisanindependentadvocateandsupportersofeducation,andtheoreticallyToguide.InMarch1922,hepublishedthearticle"EducationIndependence"in"NewEducation",whichclarifiedthebasicviewpointsandmethodsofeducationalindependenceandbecameanimportantchapterintheindependenteducationalthought.

Hearguesthattheoppositionbetweenpoliticalpartiesandeducationis:

①educationtobalancethedevelopmentofhumanpersonalityandgroup,thepartyisnot,itshouldcauseaspecialgroup,forthepartyservices,obliteratethepersonalityoftheeducated.

②educationisseekingfaraway,focusingonthefuture,theeffectcannotbeshownintheshortterm,sotalkabout"ahundredyearstreepeople."Whilethepartyisseekingwork,oftenonlyconsidertheimmediateinterests.

③Inthepoliticalbackgroundofpoliticalparties,theregimeischangingamongtheparties,andthepoliticaleducationofthepoliticalpartieswillinevitablyaffectthestabilityoftheeducationpolicyandaffecttheeffectivenessofeducation.Sohebelievesthateducationshouldgobeyondthefactions.

Inordertorealizetherealindependenceofeducation,CaiYuanpeidesignedtheindependentmeasuresofeducationalfunding,educationaladministrationindependenceandeducationindependentofreligion.Amongthem,theschemeofeducationaladministrationindependenceisdividedintoseveraluniversitydistricts,oneuniversityineachdistrict,Theareaofhigherspecializededucation,primaryandsecondaryeducation,socialeducation,culturalandacademicmattersareorganizedbytheuniversityorganization.TheaffairsoftheuniversityarepresidedoverbytheBoardofEducation,andtheprincipaliselectedbytheBoardofEducation.Theheadmastersoftheuniversitydistrictsformahighereducationconferencetodealwiththeaffairsoftheuniversitysections.TheMinistryofEducationisonlyresponsiblefordealingwiththeaffairsoftheHigherEducationConferenceandtherelationshipwiththecentralgovernmentaffairs,andeducationstatisticsreports,donotinterferewiththeuniversitydistrictaffairs,educationchiefsmustberecognizedbytheHigherEducationConference.ThisideahasbecometheframeworkoftheNanjingNationalGovernmentearlyimplementationofthe"universitysystem"framework.[twentyfour]

OntheNatureoftheUniversity

CaiYuanpeithattheuniversityshouldbecomeastudyofadvancedlearninginstitutions,whichisCaiYuanpeischoolofguidingideology,butalsohisuniversityeducationthinkingstartingpoint.AsearlyasMay16,1912,heattendedtheopeningceremonyofPekingUniversityasthechiefofeducation.Inhisspeech,heputforward"Universityforthestudyofnobleknowledge."AfterservingaspresidentofPekingUniversity.Heisrepeatedlystatedthisidea.OnJanuary9,1917,inhisspeechastheprincipal,heclearlystatedtothestudentsthat"thekingwillcometothisschool,andtherewillbeapurpose,andthepurposeofthewillofthekingwillbeknowntothenatureoftheuniversity.School,learntoserve,thispotentialisinevitable,whileintheuniversityisnot,theuniversity,thestudyofseniorlearnersalso".

Healsosuggestedthattheuniversitycannotjustengageinteaching,butalsomustcarryoutscientificresearch.Heaskedtheuniversityfacultynottoinstillfixedknowledge,buttohaveastronginterestinlearning,andcancausestudentstostudyinterest;collegestudentsarenotrotelectures,butundertheguidanceofteachersintheautomaticresearch.Inordertoenableuniversitiestoassumetheteachingandresearchdualtask,hestronglyadvocated"wheretheuniversitymusthaveavarietyofscientificresearchinstitute."Heinthe"ontheUniversityshouldsetuptheInstituteofthereasons,"thearticle,detailingthethreereasons:

First,"nouniversityresearchinstitute,theteacheriseasytofallintothehandoutdonotseekprogressforthebadhabits."

Second,theestablishmentoftheInstitute,forcollegegraduatestocreat