1、大學(xué)英語跨文化交際Chapter 1 Culture-Learning objectives :1. Understand the definitions of culture. 2. Describe the functions and characteristics of culture.3. Summarize the process of the formation of cultural identity.-Chapter Outline CultureAnthropological Intercultural Formation Characteristics Subculture

2、Co-cultureSubgroupThe Nature of CultureCultural IdentityDefinitionDefinitions LearnedDynamicPervasiveSociologicalIntegratedadaptiveCultures within CultureCharacteristics Psychological -Lead-in Activity 1:Make a list of images from your home culture and try to explain what they express about who the

3、people of your culture are and what their relationship is to people from other cultures.-which image do you prefer? Which do you think are the images that most truly express how people feel about themselves and the world?-Think about the following similes and metaphors, how do you think culture is r

4、elated to the references?1. Culture is like an iceberg.2. Culture is our software.3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in.4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.The Nature of Culture- Behaviour Traditions Artefacts buildings, clothes, art etc. What lies under the surface?1. The culture icebe

5、rg-What lies under the surface?cultural beliefs （e.g. how people should behave）cultural perceptions （e.g. which people are beautiful）cultural attitudes （e.g. which people are most important in society）cultural values （e.g. whats important in life）? Which things below the surface influence us most? H

6、ow can we become aware of our own deep culture? How can we recognize it in others?-Can you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?What and how people eatHow to keep healthyHow to raise childrenHow to do businessHow to use timeHow to introduce peopleHow to participate in

7、ceremoniesRules for gesturesRules for facial expressions and eye contactEtiquetteWork speedWhat is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or bad, etc.-2. Culture Is Our SoftwareWhy is culture compared to the software of peoples mind? Cite some examples to illustrate it.The society a

8、round us is not an entirely objective reality, for everyone of us helps to construct our world. Culture is the shared set of mental and psychological principles that exist in people minds.-3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In-“Out of water” = Out of ContextAs a schooled fish“Water” is my cul

9、tureOther Waters or Air are other cultural contexts“I want my context to feel comfortable!”-4. Culture Is the Grammar of Our BehaviorThe collective agreement governs peoples behavior and gives people guidelines about what things mean, what is important, and what should or should not be done.-The Nat

10、ure of Culture:Culture is like.G_S_I_W_-DEFINITIONS OF CULTUREAccording to The Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. -DEFINITIONS OF CULTURE1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective2. Defining

11、 Culture from the Psychological Perspective 3. Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspective4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective5. Our Definition of Culture -1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective“Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and fo

12、r behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments(體現(xiàn)） in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”. -Kroeber and Kluckhohn -2. Defining Culture from

13、the Psychological Perspectiveculture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. -Geert Hofstede-3. Defining Culture from the Sociological PerspectiveAccording to the social scientists: “Culture is defined as a pattern of learned,

14、 group-related perceptionincluding both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior”. -Activity: Key wordsFind out the key words shared by the three definitions above. Write them down and try to make up your own definition of culture according to t

15、he key words.Key words: -4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective“Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.” Bates and Plog-SYMBOLSWHAT DO THEY REPRESENT?-A WAY OF OVERCOMING MANS

16、 VULNERABILITY(弱點）ACQUIRED THROUGH SOCIALIZATIONTHUS, MAN IS THE PRODUCER OF CULTURE AND THE PRODUCT OF CULTURECONCLUSION: CULTURE IS -The vulnerability of human beingsCulture is what distinguish humans from animals. Human beings do not have built-in instincts for survival that are biologically pred

17、etermined. But it is just this inborn weakness that makes man exceed animals in earning himself a better life.-Four different definitions of “Culture”I_S_P_A_-Basic Functions of CultureCulture makes all things easy.- by providing meaning to events, objects and people - making life less confusing- by

18、 providing us with structure - the skills and rules necessary to adapt to our world-1 Physiological (hunger, thirst, etc)2 Safety( security, protection)3 Belongingness( sense of belonging, love)4 Esteem( self-esteem, recognition, status)5Self-actualization( self-development and realization)A culture

19、 can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs.Lets follow Abraham Maslow (1908-1970,American psychologist)!-The Characteristics of CultureCase Study Richard, an engineer from the United States, was invited to take tea with one of his British colleagues while he was in Englan

20、d. This was a purely social, relaxed occasion. Tea was served along with sugar and cream. As he helped himself to some sugar and cream, he sensed he had done something wrong. Can you tell what went wrong?“Help yourself” VS. “Be my guest”-ADAPTIVELEARNEDDYNAMICINTEGRATEDPERVASIVECULTURE ISThe Charact

21、eristics of Culture-Culture is Learned We learn our culture in many ways and from a variety of sources, either consciously or unconsciously. One way is by means of proverbs that offer in a vivid way an important set of instructions for members to follow. ethnic-Culture is Dynamic Cultures, once form

22、ed, are stable, but are at the same time changing with the development of human society. Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of culture resists major alterations. ethnic-Culture is Integrated The elements of culture are closely linked as if in a complex chain l

23、ike system. You touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected. ethnic- Case Study Several months ago I was in a bus in Urumqi. A young man, who seemed like a college student, sat several rows ahead of me. He stared at me since I got on the bus. we passed one bus stop after another. Su

24、ddenly he rose from his seat, came to sit by me and just started a very unpleasant conversation with his speedy English. “Do you have a wife?” “How old are you?” “Have you ever been away from Urumqi for a long time? what embarrassed me was not the conversation atmosphere, or his long stare at me whi

25、le witting so close, neither were so many questions we westerners would never ask. What was really embarrassing was his familiarity with my whereabouts. He had obviously been observing me for at least one year, which truly made my flesh creep.Why do you think the young man asked the foreign teacher

26、such questions? And why was the foreigner frightened?Cultural Identity-Cultural Identity Cultural identity refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for con

27、duct. ethnic- Considering Identity & Context What are my Cultural Influences? My Culture My GroupMe-Jacky Chen, Chinese famous Kong Fu movie star, expresses his loyalty to Chinese culture by wearing Chinese traditional clothes and advocating Chinese culture. -CULTURE: ELEMENTSStage 1Material or artifact, including dresses, build