1、Victorian PoetsVictorian Poetry The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. All made their respective attempts at poetic innovations and helped open up new ways for the 20th-Century modern poetry:Alfred TennysonRobert Browning Matthew

2、 ArnoldAlfred Tennyson阿弗瑞德丁尼生 (1809-1892) 因貧窮而未能讀完劍橋大學(xué)，也因貧窮而到41歲才和苦戀了14年的戀人結(jié)婚。His life Alfred Tennyson was often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry. Tennyson succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850. He was appointed by Queen Victoria and served 42 years. Alfred

3、 Tennyson was the fourth son in a family of twelve children. His father was a clergyman, the disinherited eldest son of a wealthy landowner. The poet was tutored by his father in classical and modern languages before his entry to Cambridge University in 1827. At the university , he formed a lasting

4、friendship with a college-mate Arthur Henry Hallam who later became engaged to Tennysons sister and whose sudden death in Vienna in 1833 of a brain seizure led to continuous mourning and much elegic（挽歌的） verse in Tennysons long poetic career. Tennyson left Cambridge in 1831, and in 1830 and late 183

5、2 he published two volumes of poetry which brought him considerable fame and financial rewards. From 1850 till 1884, he wrote openly as a court poet.Tennyson with his wife Emily (1813-1896) and his sons Hallam (1852-1928) and Lionel (1854-1886). His Positionin Literature HistoryHe was often regarded

6、 as the chief representative of the Victorian age (1836 - 1901) in poetry. Tennyson succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; he was appointed by Queen Victoria and served 42 years.Major WorksPoemsbyTwoBrothers 兄弟詩集Poems,ChieflyLyrical 抒情詩集Ulysses 尤利西斯ThePrincess 公主InMemoriam 悼念 CrossingtheBar

7、跨越沙洲 IdyllsoftheKing 國王詩歌集Alfred Tennyson: His PoemsTennysons major poetic achievement is the elegy mourning the death of his friend Arthur Hallam, In Memoriam (1850). The patriotic poem “Charge of the Light Brigade”, published in Maud (1855), is one of Tennysons best known works. Idylls Of The King

8、 (1859-1885) is a somber ethical epic of the glory and the downfall of King Arthur. In the Arthurian legend, Tennyson projected his vision of the hollowness of his own civilization. BREAK, BREAK, BREAK Break, break, break, （指海浪沖擊岸邊的巖石） On thy cold gray stones, O sea ! And I would that my tongue coul

9、d utter (wish) The thoughts that arise in me.(I wish that I can speak out my thoughts that arise in my heart.) 碎裂！啊，大海的波濤在灰冷的危巖上崩潰，碎裂！但愿我胸中涌起的思情能在舌端傾瀉。 O well for the fishermans boy, That he shouts with his sister at play! (O, it is well that the fishermans boy should shouts with his sister at play.

10、) O well for the sailor lad (a young man, a young boy) That he sings in his boat on the bay!嬉戲的漁家兒女奔逐喧鬧，多么親切！帆檣下的少年水手放聲歌唱，多么喜悅！ And the stately ships go on ( solemn, 莊嚴(yán)的) To their haven under the hill; (port,避風(fēng)港, 港口) But O for the touch of a vanishd hand, (disappeared) And the sound of a voice that

11、is still! (noiseless, silent) 山麓期盼中的港灣把莊嚴(yán)的航船迎接。 而我渴望觸及的手不再回歸， 我渴望傾聽的嗓音已然寂滅！ Break, break, break, At the foot of thy crags, O sea! (峭壁) But the tender grace of a day that is dead （beauty） Will never come back to me.碎裂！啊，大海的波濤在峭壁下崩潰，碎裂！溫柔美好的日子死了，已然永遠(yuǎn)和我訣別。 Break, Break BreakIt was written in memory of

12、A.H. Hallam, Tennysons closest friend. Hallam died suddenly of a stroke in Vienna at the age of 22. The sudden death of his friend plunged Tennyson into great sorrow, which found the expression in this exquisite little poem. Tennysons love for Hallam and his grief at his death were expressed passion

13、ately. In this poem, the line that introduces the variation, “ But O for the touch of a vanished hand”, is also the line that tells for the first time what the unutterable grief is about. The line varies, it expands, because it suddenly has an extra freight of emotion. Break, Break, BreakIt is a bit

14、ter poem on unrecompensed, pointless loss, but it achieves its power and makes its point very indirectly, largely through structural implications. The direct statements are deliberately localized and simple, making concrete the emotion of the poem without stating its implications. Because the poem i

15、s so indirect, a good many competing interpretations have been advanced, but all are based on perceptions of the poems structure. StyleHis poetry is rich in poetic images and melodious language.His poetry is noted for its lyrical beauty and metrical charm.His wonderful works manifest all the qualiti

16、es of Englands great poets: the dreaminess of Spencer, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.He was a poet of great lyrical gifts and distinguished himself in beauti

17、ful poetic imagery and melodious verse in many of his poem. Comment on Alfred Tennyson1) Tennyson is a moralist.2) Tennyson is a poet of nature.In Tennysons poetry, natural descriptions provide a series of metaphors on the changing state of the poets mind.3) Tennyson is a real artist.Mr. & Mrs Brown

18、ingsMr. Browning Mrs. Browning(1806-1861)1828: Attends London University for a semester, and returns home, to study, write, and publish (at his fathers expense) poetry. 1840: Publishes Sordello, a long narrative poem in dramatic monologue. It gains a reputation as “unintelligible” and “meaningless,”

19、 establishing Browning as an obscure poet.1812: Robert Browning, an English poet and playwright, was born in Camberwell, a London suburb. 1826: Begins writing poetry, influenced largely by Shelley. Robert Browning-the most original poet1845: Writes a letter to Elizabeth Barrett praising her poetry.

20、Visits her and declares his love. Her father is against marriage. 1846: Marries Elizabeth Barrett, secretly. They settle in Florence, Italy, where they will live in a happy marriage for fifteen years. 1861: Elizabeth Barrett Browning dies; Browning moves to London.1871-1887: Publishes over a dozen v

21、olumes of poetry during this period, which now reside in near-obscurity. 1889: Dies in Venice of bronchitis (支氣管炎); is buried in Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey.WorksPauline: A Fragment of a Confession (1833) Paracelsus (1835) Strafford (play) (1837) Pippa Passes (play) (1841) Dramatic Lyrics (184

22、2) It includes notably “My Last Duchess.”Dramatic Romances and Lyrics (1845) Men and Women (1855) Dramatis Personae (1864) The Ring and the Book (1868-9) Aristophanes Apology (1875) Dramatic Idylls (1879) Comments on Robert BrowningHe is difficult to understand for the obscurity of his poems.He is a

23、n important Victorian poet together with Tennyson.He is regarded as the most original poet in his age.He is famous for his development and mastery of the “dramatic monologue”, that is, a poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience. Dramatic monologue : A kind of nar

24、rative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, and about their minds and hearts. In “l(fā)istening” to those one side talks, readers can

25、 form their own opinions and judgments about the speakers personality and about what has really happened. His dramatic monologue usually consists of an uninterrupted narrative spoken by a single character to a specific audience. The speaker is not the poet himself, but rather a character created by

26、the poet.StyleBrowning often applies an ingenious means of the dramatic monologue. His rhythms are too fast, too rough and unmusical. The syntax is usually clipped and highly compressed. The similes and illustrations appear too profusely. prfjusli The allusions and implications are sometimes odd and

27、 far-fetched.(牽強(qiáng)的 ) His poetic style is that the appearance is rough, grotesque and disproportionate, the diction(措辭) and jarring and the rhythms are clumsy.笨拙的 My Last DuchessIt is Browning s best-known dramatic monologue. The speaker is the Duke of Ferrara (a city in Italy), whose young wife died

28、suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the dukes speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his “ last duchess,” the duke re

29、veals himself as a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse. My Last Duchess My Last DuchessThats my last Duchess painted on the wall,Looking as if she were alive. I callThat piece a

30、wonder, now: Fra Pandolfs hands. (畫家名字) Worked busily a day, and there she stands. (she stands there)Willt please you sit and look at her? I said.“Fra Pandol” by design, for never read (deliberately 有意識(shí)地) (understand)Strangers like you that pictured countenance, (圖中的表情)The depth and passion of its e

31、arnest glance, （真摯的眼神）But to myself they turned(since none puts byThe curtain I have drawn for you, but I) (they turned to myself) And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst, (dare)How such a glance came there; so , not the firstAre you to turn and ask thus. Sir, twas notHer husbands presence on

32、ly, called the spotOf joy into the Duchess check: perhaps （歡樂的面容）Fra Pandolf chanced to say, “Her mantle laps cloak 披風(fēng)Over my Ladys wrist too much,” or “Paint （cover over）Must never hope to reproduce the faint Half-flush that dies along her throat”: such stuff (隱約的紅暈) （無聊的話語）Was courtesy, she though

33、t, and cause enough (politeness)For calling up that spot of joy. She had A heart how shall I say?. to soon made glad,Too easily impressed; she liked whateer (moved)She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.Sir (), twas all one! My favour at her breast, (it was) (my favour ornament)The dropping of

34、 the daylight in the West,The bough of cherries some officious fool (excessively enthusiastic in offering help 愛管閑事的)Broke in the orchard for her, the white muleShe rode with round the terrace all and each （平臺(tái))Would draw from her alike the approving speech, (approval)Or blush, at least. She thanked

35、men, good; but thankedSomehow I know not how as if she rankedMy gift of a nine-hundred-years-old nameWith anybodys gift. Whod stoop to blame (rank with) (屈尊)This sort of trifling? Even had you skillIn speech (which I have not) to make your will (意愿)Quite clear to such an one, and say, “Just this (su

36、ch one duchess)Or that in you disguts me; here you miss, Or there exceed the mark” and if she let (這兒你做得不到位，那兒你又做得過了頭)Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set (讓她自己得到教訓(xùn))Her wits to your, forsooth, and made excuse, （與你辯駁）（in fact）(找借口) Een then would be some stooping; and I chooseNever to stoop. Oh, s

37、ir, she smiled, no doubt,Wheneer I passed her; but who passed withoutMuch the same smile? This grew; I gave commands; (order)Then all smiles stopped together. There she standsAs if alive. Willt please you rise? Well meet (stand up)The company below, then. I repeat,The Count your masters known munifi

38、cence (generosity)Is ample warrant that no just pretence (enough) (保證) （托辭）Of mine for dowry will be disallowed; （嫁妝）reject/refuse）Though his fair daughters self, as I avowed（admit）At starting, is my object. Nay, well goTogether down, Sir! Notice Neptune, though,(此處指海神的雕像)Taming a sea-horse, thought

39、 a rarity,（馴服） treasure Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me. (雕塑家的名字) （地名）(鑄造) （青銅藝術(shù)品） 我的前公爵夫人 墻上的這幅面是我的前公爵夫人，看起來就像她活著一樣。如今，我稱它為奇跡：潘道夫師的手筆經(jīng)一日忙碌，從此她就在此站立。你愿坐下看看她嗎？我有意提起潘道夫，因?yàn)橥鈦淼纳停ɡ缒悖┓彩且娏水嬛忻枥L的面容、那真摯的眼神的深邃和熱情，沒有一個(gè)不轉(zhuǎn)向我（因?yàn)槌彝庠贈(zèng)]有別人把畫上的簾幕拉開），似乎想問我可是又不大敢問；是從哪兒來的這樣的眼神？ 你并非第一個(gè)人回頭這樣問我。先生，不僅僅是她丈夫的在

40、座使公爵夫人面帶歡容，可能潘道夫偶然說過：“夫人的披風(fēng)蓋住她的手腕太多，”或者說：“隱約的紅暈向頸部漸漸隱沒，這絕非任何顏料所能復(fù)制?！边@種無聊話，卻被她當(dāng)成好意，也足以喚起她的歡心。她那顆心怎么說好呢？要取悅?cè)菀椎煤?，也太易感?dòng)。她看到什么都喜歡，而她的目光又偏愛到處觀看。 先生，她對什么都一樣！她胸口上佩戴的我的贈(zèng)品，或落日的余光；過分殷勤的傻子在園中攀折給她的一枝櫻桃，或她騎著繞行花圃的白騾所有這一切都會(huì)使她同樣地贊羨不絕，或至少泛起紅暈。她感激人好的！但她的感激（我說不上怎么搞的）仿佛把我賜她的九百年的門第與任何人的贈(zèng)品并列。誰愿意屈尊去譴責(zé)這種輕浮舉止？即使你有口才（我卻沒有）能把你

41、的意志給這樣的人兒充分說明：“你這點(diǎn)或那點(diǎn)令我討厭。這兒你差得遠(yuǎn)，而那兒你超越了界限。”即使她肯聽 你這樣訓(xùn)誡她而毫不爭論，毫不為自己辯解，我也覺得這會(huì)有失身份，所以我選擇絕不屈尊。哦，先生，她總是在微笑，每逢我走過；但是誰人走過得不到同樣慷慨的微笑？發(fā)展至此，我下了令：于是一切微笑都從此制止。她站在那兒，像活著一樣。請你起身客人們在樓下等。我再重復(fù)一聲：你的主人伯爵先生聞名的大方足以充分保證：我對嫁妝提出任何合理要求都不會(huì)遭拒絕；當(dāng)然如我開頭聲明的，他美貌的小姐才是我追求的目標(biāo)。別客氣，讓咱們一同下樓吧。但請看這海神尼普頓在馴服海馬，這是件珍貴的收藏，是克勞斯為我特制的青銅鑄像。 詩歌中的敘

42、述者是公爵，他的夫人剛剛?cè)ナ溃S即有人上門提親，媒人到來時(shí)，公爵帶著媒人參觀自己的藝術(shù)收藏品。全詩即是公爵對媒人說的一番自言自語。詩中透露出公爵夫人之死與公爵有直接的關(guān)系。但殺死自己的夫人在詩中卻成了公爵向別人炫耀的談資。 這首詩是布朗寧戲劇獨(dú)白詩體中的代表作。詩歌語言口語化，夾敘夾議，它利用戲劇反諷，通過公爵一個(gè)人的自言自語的道白揭示其心理活動(dòng)，入門三分地刻畫了公爵的兩面性：他表面上溫文爾雅、愛好藝術(shù)，實(shí)際上專橫霸道，冷酷自私。媒人來提親時(shí)，他故作風(fēng)雅，帶人去欣賞藝術(shù)品，但卻借機(jī)對已故妻子大加貶斥，然而讀者卻從他口中得知他妻子友善而又開朗的形象，他不能容忍夫人的天真活潑恰恰暴露了自己心胸狹窄

43、的性格。他剛說完前妻之死，便對新人提出了嫁妝的要求，討價(jià)還價(jià)未畢卻又夸耀自己的藝術(shù)收藏品，使他的冷酷和虛偽暴露無余。Elizabeth Barrett(1806-1861)In 1821, Elizabeth injured her spine as a result of a fall. She spent the majority of her time in her room writing poetry. In 1844, Robert Browning wrote to Elizabeth admiring her poems. He continued to write to he

44、r and they were engaged in 1845.Elizabeths father disapproved of the courtship and engagement. In 1846, Elizabeth and Robert were secretly wed. Soon the couple ran off to Italy where Elizabeths health improved. In 1861, Elizabeth Barrett Browning died at the age of 55. Elizabeth Barrett was born at

45、Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. Elizabeth was educated at home. In 1819, her father arranged for the printing of one of her poems (she was 13 at the time.) Her PoetryIn 1850, Elizabeths best known book of poems was published: Sonnets from the Portuguese. They are not translations, but a sequence of 44

46、 sonnets recording the growth of her love for Robert. He often called her “my little Portuguese” because of her dark complexion.Elizabeths poems have a diction and rhythm evoking an attractive, spontaneous quality though some may seem sentimental. Many of her poems protest what she considered unjust

47、 social conditions. She also wrote poems appealing for political freedom for Italy and other countries controlled by foreign nations. How Do I Love Thee Elizabeth Barrett Browning How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. (give the number) I love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sight （心靈）For the ends of Be