1、考博作文資料背誦版（考試后整理）第一部分：寫(xiě)作的基本類型1.體育類：competition, stamina, victory, glory, honor, achievement, dedication2.工作類:cooperation, commitment, devotion, talent, ability, 3.環(huán)保類:environment, resources, ecological balance, species extinction,4.傳媒：electronic media, on-line addict, communication, 5.老年人: elders, se

2、nior citizens, retired people6.交通方式：means of transportation, public transit, traffic jams, accidents7.娛樂(lè)：entertainment, diversion, recreation, leisure activities, a relaxed life8.教育：education, sustainable development9.文化:culture, convention, tradition, integrity, wisdom, intelligence, heritage 第二部分

3、基本策略第一個(gè)模板策略1: 支持或者反對(duì): Theres a solid reason for the statement that 重要/獲益/有害/不獲益次段：原因/舉例: Clearly, as I can see it, 主題詞 plays a key role（threatens to do more harm than good）in our society, so we are supposed to emphasize its importance(threat) in our everyday life. One reason is that by doing so, it

4、is possible for us to延伸and 延伸. The other reason(example) is that we are more likely to 延伸 and 延伸. So it is safe to say that the central position(potential threat) of 主題詞 cannot be ignored. 三段：讓步比較/建議整改：Some people might point out that 延伸，hence the conclusion that延伸. Even such possibility exists, it

5、doesnt run counter to the statement that 第二段觀點(diǎn). Such a conclusion might be conservative, but it is more realistic, persuasive and convincing. 四段：整改措施：In this issue, researchers and experts are supposed to take concrete steps: whatever approach they take, a feedback mechanism is central of all things

6、. For another thing, journalists are obliged to remind people of the central position of主題詞and the potential harm of主題詞. As for the citizens, it is important for them to watch out for the misconducts, extending their helping hands and foster rational values. But the best policy for them is to learn

7、self-control. 修正了的第二個(gè)模板策略2：既不支持、也不反對(duì)：To simplify the issue that whether we should, one has to take two aspects into consideration and give each of them due attention, one of them being名詞, the other being名詞. 次段：原因舉例：Clearly, as I can see it, 主題詞 plays a key role in our society, so we are supposed to

8、emphasize its importance in our everyday life. One reason is that by doing so, it is possible for us to延伸and 延伸. The other reason is that we are more likely to 延伸 and 延伸. So it is safe to say that the central position of 主題詞cannot be ignored. 三段：平衡比較：Despite the statement that總結(jié)第二段，therere two thing

9、s to note. One possibility(example) is that延伸. The other (instance) is that延伸. Some readers might think that they are exceptions, but they do exist in our society and equally deserve our attention. 四段：To sum up, it can be concluded that while第三段觀點(diǎn)，第二段觀點(diǎn). Such a conclusion might be conservative, but

10、it is more convincing, realistic and persuasive. 第三部分：第二段和第三段的寫(xiě)作思路1）重要有害要重視；2）掙錢省時(shí)擔(dān)責(zé)任；3）方便快捷要安全；4）娛樂(lè)要注意健康；5）幫助別人成就自我；6）遵守法律和道德；7）發(fā)展兼顧文化環(huán)境第四部分 延伸句寫(xiě)作延伸句的基本理念：Therere, of course, five grounds with which a passage is censured, that is, it is impossible, irrational, inconsistent, immoral and technically

11、at fault.-Aristotle 一篇文章受到質(zhì)疑，共有五大原因：不可能、不合理、不一致、不道德、技術(shù)上有缺陷。-亞里斯多德寫(xiě)作經(jīng)驗(yàn)1：盡量單點(diǎn)延伸，不要什么都說(shuō)，沿著“態(tài)度-行為-結(jié)果-影響”模式展開(kāi)。寫(xiě)作經(jīng)驗(yàn)2：輕易不要吐露“利大于弊”這類說(shuō)法，這樣會(huì)帶來(lái)更多的模板背誦。寫(xiě)作經(jīng)驗(yàn)3：實(shí)證寫(xiě)作，二三段內(nèi)容具體，最沒(méi)有模板痕跡。寫(xiě)作經(jīng)驗(yàn)4：注意以下題材：1）時(shí)尚、2）廣告、3）環(huán)境Money is important, and then many people give priority to its role. By doing so, they (always/sometimes/h

12、ardly/seldom)行為延伸work in their spare time and make good money. For another thing, it is possible for them to pay for their living cost. 延伸句寫(xiě)作的說(shuō)法態(tài)度行為結(jié)果影響一、掙錢物質(zhì)（選三）(養(yǎng)老、兼職工作) 1. benefit greatly（little） from 主題詞 because its reward is huge.可以從中獲益，因?yàn)樗幕貓?bào)巨大2. obtain(purchase)some necessities such as(includ

13、ing)food and clothes得到食品衣服3. be sheltered from bad weather or danger有地方住，能不受天氣困擾，不受傷害4. As economy improves, more people can earn handsome salary and obtain well-paid positions，enjoy a paid vacation.掙得豐厚的收入、得到好工作、享受帶薪假期5. afford their living cost such as housing(room rent房租), private cars, tuition f

14、ee, gas, car repair, and medical care: 承受生活開(kāi)銷，例如買得起房（承受得起房租）車、上得起學(xué)、能修車（承受得起修車費(fèi)）、能買油（承受得起油錢）、看得起病6. improve their living standards改善生活水平，lead(live) an easy, comfortable and peaceful life過(guò)上舒適的生活，enjoy their late years安享晚年7. trade ones honor for dirty money為錢失去尊嚴(yán)，break a companys (national) rules 違法亂紀(jì)，

15、leak the business secrets to the competitors不向競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手泄露商業(yè)機(jī)密，risk their lives for money為了金錢鋌而走險(xiǎn)二、時(shí)間（選一）（娛樂(lè)、上網(wǎng)、專職兼職工作、疲勞駕駛、酒后駕駛）1. They occupy much time that should have been spent(invested)on their (work)academic studies 占用很多本來(lái)應(yīng)該花在學(xué)業(yè)上的時(shí)間2. stay up late and neither sleep regular hours nor eat sensibly熬夜、

16、睡眠、飲食不規(guī)律3. Youngsters seldom concentrate on their academic studies 學(xué)習(xí)精力不集中have a hard time finishing their assignment沒(méi)有時(shí)間完成學(xué)業(yè)fail to follow up the courses學(xué)習(xí)跟不上gradually lose their motivation to pursue study失去學(xué)習(xí)興趣get poor test results考試不及格4. indulge in computer games沉溺于電腦游戲，live in a world full of fa

17、ntasies生活在充滿虛幻的世界里，escape from reality逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)，feel lonely, be isolated from reality感到孤獨(dú)，脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)5. have little time to stay with their families or socialize沒(méi)有時(shí)間和家人呆在一起6. either idle their time or waste much money:耗費(fèi)時(shí)間、浪費(fèi)金錢，neither make the most of their spare time nor earn enough money既沒(méi)有充分運(yùn)用時(shí)間、也沒(méi)有掙多少錢7. t

18、hey feel dizzy，suffer from headache(backache), and have dim sights頭暈、頭疼、視線模糊，become distracted and less motivated走神兒、萎靡不振、積極性不高，have little time to react沒(méi)有時(shí)間反應(yīng)三、責(zé)任（養(yǎng)老、公務(wù)員考試、反腐倡廉）1. When were young, parents bring home bread and bacon養(yǎng)家糊口(support a family), bring up (raise/nourish) the children養(yǎng)育子女Whe

19、n theyre aging, we are obliged to take care of them養(yǎng)老, respect the elders and love the young.尊老愛(ài)幼，set an example for the younger generation為年輕一代做出表率2. They are avoiding their duties and shift them to other people. 逃避責(zé)任，并把責(zé)任推卸給別人。3. keep social order,維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序 uphold social justice, 捍衛(wèi)社會(huì)正義expose social

20、evils, 揭露社會(huì)邪惡crack down crimes:打擊犯罪 respect the old and love the young,尊老愛(ài)幼practice filial piety, 恪守孝道 bless the good and punish the evil,賞善罰惡protect the property of the citizens 保護(hù)市民人身安全和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全safeguard the legal rights of citizens捍衛(wèi)公民的合法權(quán)益serve the citizens with heart and soul全心全意為市民服務(wù)4. shoulder th

21、e responsibility instead of shifting them to others承擔(dān)責(zé)任provide a range of social services such as medical insurance and low income support提供社會(huì)保障donate food, clothes and money to the people in difficulty.向陷入困境的人們捐獻(xiàn)食品、衣服和金錢comfort people with greeting and blessing給絕望的人以鼓勵(lì)和祝福financially support a child

22、 to further his education幫助一個(gè)貧困兒童繼續(xù)上學(xué)assist the disadvantaged groups such as the poor, the homeless, the disabled and the seniors.幫助弱勢(shì)群體四、方便：convenience, efficiency, entertainment（傳媒：網(wǎng)絡(luò)、手機(jī)、電視、報(bào)刊雜志、E-book）1. send and receive E-mails收發(fā)信件play computer games or chat on-line網(wǎng)上聊天have an on-line conference

23、開(kāi)網(wǎng)上會(huì)議, shop-on line網(wǎng)購(gòu) 2. have an easy access to obtain/download a wealth(bulk) of up-to-date(fresh/latest) information from social highlights, breaking news to entertainments through Google and Baidu; 通過(guò)谷歌和百度得到大量信息，包括社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)、爆炸性新聞和娛樂(lè)3. log in, type in our passwords, account number, and then order our f

24、avorite goods such as books, foods, and clothes.登錄、輸入密碼和帳號(hào)，訂購(gòu)喜歡的商品如書(shū)籍、食品和衣服4. have an easy access to（download）American sitcoms,(Hollywood) movies，on-line courses of Harvard, Yale and Stanford, CNN on-line news, audio and video programs.網(wǎng)上新聞、音頻、視頻follow up the breaking news(scientific development) ar

25、ound the world跟蹤世界熱點(diǎn)新聞5. be turned into fresh men, 精力充沛、calm their nerve and restore their souls放松、恢復(fù)活力6. Through MSN, speed up communication, promote mutual understanding, shrink the distance between individuals(people)加快溝通、促進(jìn)相互了解、拉近彼此的距離7. speed up communication with other people, remove the barri

26、er, enlarge friend circle, extend their information sources, turn ourselves into fresh men.擴(kuò)大朋友圈、擴(kuò)大信息源, 網(wǎng)上聊天改善市民們間的溝通，消除了他們之間的障礙8. Though seldom do we meet the leader of a country, participate in a war or travel to the Moon, we can still observe such experiences through the photos or live reports fr

27、om Internet.盡管我們沒(méi)有碰到過(guò)國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人、參戰(zhàn)或者去月球旅行，我們?nèi)匀豢梢酝ㄟ^(guò)圖片和網(wǎng)上的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)報(bào)道觀察到這種經(jīng)歷。五、快捷：(交通、城鄉(xiāng)差距、要會(huì)說(shuō)“很方便”)Convenience, efficiency, entertainment1. We can have an easy access to a rich selection of goods in a shopping mall, while within ten minutes, we can reach a cinema only two streets away from my home.我們可以在商城里有豐富的商品

28、可選；只需要十分鐘，我們就能到達(dá)離家兩街之隔的電影院。2. We can arrive at a cyber bar within a ten-minute walk. And we can sip a cup of Black ice in a Starbuck.只要十分鐘步行就能到達(dá)一家網(wǎng)吧，可以在一家星巴克里飲用咖啡。3. Usually a city is well equipped with post offices, medical centers, schools and kinder gardens. So it is convenient for a city dweller

29、 to call EMS, have an easy access to medical care or tend their children. 城市里有醫(yī)療中心、郵局、學(xué)校、幼兒園，很容易就能叫特快服務(wù)，醫(yī)療條件好，能照顧孩子。4. A city is a place where many higher educational institutions concentrate. They provide city dwellers with better educational opportunities. 在城市里面有很多高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)，他們?yōu)槌鞘芯用裉峁┒喾N教育機(jī)會(huì)。5. Many mu

30、seums are located in a city and provide a cultural setting for many visitors. People can expand their outlook and extend their knowledge there. 城市里面還坐落著很多博物館，提供給來(lái)訪者良好的文化氛圍中，人們?cè)谀抢锟梢蚤_(kāi)闊眼界、增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)。6. obtain many job opportunities, earn handsome salary, obtain a well-paid position得到工作機(jī)會(huì)、獲得豐厚收入、找到好職位 六、安全（旅游

31、的注意事項(xiàng)、行車安全、網(wǎng)絡(luò)）1. feel overtired or dizzy，suffer from headache and have a dim sight過(guò)度勞累、感到頭暈、頭疼、視線昏暗even fall sleep while driving開(kāi)車時(shí)睡著了2. cannot concentrate on their driving behaviors and the emergency on the highway.開(kāi)車精神不集中，不能注意公路上的緊急情況。3. When they wake up, they can have little time to react沒(méi)有時(shí)間做出反

32、應(yīng)4. come off the track while driving串道collide with other vehicles其他車輛產(chǎn)生碰撞5. damage the vehicles of their own and put other peoples lives in grave danger, or vice versa毀壞車輛、人身安全受到威脅6. plunge into a totally strange environment進(jìn)入陌生環(huán)境（對(duì)什么都不習(xí)慣）、be overcharged at a wholesale market(at an outlet/at an on-l

33、ine shop.)在批發(fā)市場(chǎng)挨宰7. Hotel reservations or flights are sometimes cancelled, but the clerks give no explanation.航班、旅館預(yù)訂被取消，但是工作人員不解釋get stuck in the airport because of bad weather or delayed flights由于航班延誤和壞天氣導(dǎo)致機(jī)場(chǎng)滯留 8. watch out for food poisoning, robbery, theft,警惕食品中毒、搶劫、盜竊safeguard burglar, deceptio

34、n or financial fraud. 警惕入室盜竊、詐騙和金融詐騙9. Sometimes some hackers will break into our computer system(on-line bank), steal our personal information, passwords and account numbers.黑客闖入電腦并盜取密碼10. leak(give out) their personal information such as ID, cell phone numbers and address泄露個(gè)人信息，如身份證、手機(jī)號(hào)碼、住址，expose

35、 their privacy to the spotlight隱私曝光，put their property and personal lives in grave danger(騙錢騙色)將自身財(cái)產(chǎn)、隱私和生命處在巨大的危險(xiǎn)中11. be invaded by some computer viruses(a hacker), our system will probably crash, Some important files will be deleted.病毒侵入電腦、癱瘓系統(tǒng)、文件被刪除12. Sometimes when your order goods from a websit

36、e, you often find that the delivered products dont meet your requirements (the delivered goods are not up to you standards).當(dāng)你從網(wǎng)頁(yè)上訂貨時(shí)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)送來(lái)的商品不合乎你的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Worse still, you soon find that it is barely possible for you to cancel your order, reject the products, ask for full amount of refund or lodge a com

37、pliant to the Consumers Association.更糟糕的是，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)幾乎不可能取消訂貨或者不要這個(gè)商品、要求全額退款或者去消費(fèi)者協(xié)會(huì)投訴。七、娛樂(lè)方式（娛樂(lè)、教育、旅游、養(yǎng)寵物、時(shí)尚）炫富1. stroll on the main street逛街、go window shopping只看不買,go hiking, sing songs at KTV, or climb a hills遠(yuǎn)足、慢跑idle time and get away from ones daily grind打發(fā)時(shí)間、從無(wú)聊的生活中解脫出來(lái)2. It can broaden ones views,

38、 while it can also extend his knowledge, enrich his experience and draw on experiences from other people. 開(kāi)闊眼界、增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)、豐富閱歷，從他人那里吸取經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)3. one can avoid spirit sink避免精神頹廢 get away from ones daily grind擺脫無(wú)聊生活，calm ones nerve放松 and meet new friends(enlarge friend circle)結(jié)識(shí)新朋友4. Many other opinions are ava

39、ilable. For example, they can jog, swim or circle, while dinners and parties can bring people together, promoting mutual understanding between people.慢跑、旅游、騎自行車，遠(yuǎn)足和晚會(huì)能促進(jìn)彼此之間的了解5. demonstrate ones personality such as hobbies, tastes and passion展示個(gè)性、如愛(ài)好、品味和激情lead the vanguard spirit引領(lǐng)前衛(wèi)精神6. 炫耀名牌產(chǎn)品：sho

40、w off their brand names滿足虛榮心：satisfy their vanity,引發(fā)公眾的眼球效應(yīng)spark eyeball effects among the general public形成攀比keep up with Joneses（浪費(fèi)資財(cái)squander their (parents) wealth(兼顧另一個(gè)主題詞“啃老”)7. 沒(méi)有展示出健康向上的個(gè)性：fail to demonstrate their talents, vigor and wisdom（沒(méi)有展示出才藝、活力和智慧）8. 缺少品味：lack in spiritual and aesthetic

41、(artistic)qualities9. 精神空虛：reveal their spiritual wasteland 八、身心健康（健康、吸煙、養(yǎng)老、體育健身活動(dòng)）1. The breathe in fresh air, drink clean water, bask in the bright sunshine or eat clean food,呼吸新鮮空氣、飲用干凈水，沐浴陽(yáng)光下，吃干凈食品，while you can enjoy a quiet setting and enlarge friend circle.享受安靜的環(huán)境，擴(kuò)大朋友圈2. avoid overeating and

42、 overdrinking避免暴飲暴食sleep regular hours and eat sensibly睡眠規(guī)律、飲食規(guī)律keep away from liquors and drugs遠(yuǎn)離酒精和毒品3. stretch out our limbs, turn around our necks, and hop in place, be turned into fresh men伸展四肢、扭扭脖子、原地跳一跳、也會(huì)精力充沛people can keep fit physically and mentally by jogging, swimming or playing basketba

43、ll通過(guò)慢跑、游泳和打籃球保持身體健康In a gym, we can build up（shape）ones body by sit-ups, pull-ups, push-ups, rope skipping, weight lifting and Yuga.仰臥起坐、引體向上、俯臥撐、跳繩、舉重、瑜伽4. live a normal life in order to avoid over- exhaustion, headache and insomnia避免過(guò)度疲勞、頭疼和失眠By jogging, swimming or playing basketball, people can

44、prevent heart attacks, hypertension(high blood pressure), pneumonia, diabetes or obesity，etc. 通過(guò)慢跑、游泳和打籃球，人們可以預(yù)防心臟病、高血壓、肺炎、糖尿病、肥胖癥people can(not) keep fit physically and mentally and relieve their pressure能夠緩解壓力、焦慮和壓抑, extend life span.延年益壽九、幫助別人 1. we can, on a bus, give our seat to an elder(a seni

45、or)or an expectant mother讓座 or show the way to a foreign traveler指路2. provide food, clothes and money to the people in difficulty.給困難的人食品、衣服和金錢donate blood to a dying patient獻(xiàn)血comfort people with blessings用祝福給他人以安慰financially support a poor child to further his education.助學(xué)兒童assist the disadvantaged

46、 groups such as the old, the poor, the homeless and the disabled.救助弱勢(shì)群體secure their food and shelter確保他們的食品和住處，3. obtain material support, mental comfort, or spiritual backup.別人可以得到物質(zhì)支持、情感撫慰和精神支柱win the best regard from those people贏得對(duì)方的好感和愛(ài)戴bridge the gap between people, remove the barrier, rescue

47、them from a grave danger, walk out of their difficulty, 消除彼此隔閡、幫他們走出困境build a harmonious society, fit into a harmonious human relationship融入（共建）和諧社會(huì)4. become more optimistic, courageous and self-confident自信dare challenges面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn) 十、自我成就1. come up with pressure(stress), challenges, and hardship (failure/

48、frustrations/setbacks)2. work hard(together)and stick to a goal努力學(xué)習(xí)、堅(jiān)持不懈read extensively, accumulate working experience, draw on experience from other people.博學(xué)強(qiáng)記、積累工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)、從他人那里吸收有用（有益）的東西think logically, creatively and independently邏輯思維、創(chuàng)造思維、獨(dú)立思考foster analytical and problem solving abilities培養(yǎng)分析解決問(wèn)題

49、的能力3. be admitted to a college上大學(xué)obtain a well-paid position得到一個(gè)薪酬豐厚的職位accumulate(build up/increase)ones wealth積累財(cái)富improve their skills改善技能 hold (grab/grasp) fast opportunities把握機(jī)會(huì)shape future, shoulder the responsibility, further their cause把握未來(lái)、承擔(dān)責(zé)任、開(kāi)展事業(yè)4. It can cultivate talent, confidence and s

50、elf-worth. 培養(yǎng)能力、信心、自尊They can obtain wealth and attain social status. Through your help，they can become self-confident, courageous, motivated and optimistic.積累財(cái)富、得到社會(huì)地位、變得自信、勇敢、積極和樂(lè)觀acquire knowledge, improve status quo, fit into(adapt to)a competitive society獲得知識(shí)、改變現(xiàn)狀、適應(yīng)社會(huì)5. To be successful, one h

51、as to start from very beginning.從基層做起keep grace under pressure.鎮(zhèn)定自若always set a goal and achieve it.永遠(yuǎn)設(shè)立目標(biāo)和完成目標(biāo)dare challenges and overcome difficulty迎接挑戰(zhàn)、克服困難十一、道德方向1. In order to earn more profit，replace genuine goods with fake ones.以次充好break rules or regulations違法亂紀(jì)，bed-peddle some out-of-date pr

52、oducts.兜售過(guò)期產(chǎn)品they exaggerate the size and function of a product, 夸大產(chǎn)品尺寸和功能reduce the cost and drive up its prices:降低成本、炒作價(jià)格2. spread(disseminate) misleading information against its competitors, lead to vicious competition, run counter to the essence of virtuous competition散布不利于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的誤導(dǎo)信息，引起惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，這與良性競(jìng)

53、爭(zhēng)的精髓背道而馳 3. bring the market into disorder and cheat money out of the consumers.市場(chǎng)陷入混亂，從消費(fèi)者那里騙取了很多錢財(cái)The price goes up, but the quality of goods is worsening. So these attempts harm the interest of consumers. 物價(jià)上漲、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量下降、傷害了消費(fèi)者的利益。4. Once consumers find themselves cheated, they will certainly resist

54、the goods. Finally, these companies will lose more money, or their business will probably fail.一旦消費(fèi)者發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被欺騙，他們會(huì)抵制產(chǎn)品，你會(huì)虧損更多的錢、或者破產(chǎn)十二、文化1. encounter language barrier and culture shock遭遇語(yǔ)言障礙、文化不適應(yīng)lose cultural heritage and cultural identity失去文化遺產(chǎn)和文化認(rèn)知（根）be discriminated on the basis of race, colors and

55、 religion由于種族、膚色和宗教受到歧視2. witness the wisdom and creativity of the ancient working people/ancestors見(jiàn)證了古代人民的智慧和創(chuàng)造力(祖先)regard it as the sum total of wisdom that belongs to a particular ethnic group.民族智慧結(jié)晶boast itself of the aesthetic values and its imposing style in the world以其美學(xué)價(jià)值和富麗堂皇的風(fēng)格聞名于世win best

56、 regards from people from far and wide贏得世界各地人民的敬仰3. stand for the traditions and conventions of the local people體現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)和習(xí)俗attract millions of travelers and bring revenue to our country.吸引著上千萬(wàn)的游客，為國(guó)家?guī)?lái)大量收入4. protect it as an element of traditional culture傳統(tǒng)文化要素preserve it as a symbol of cultural heri

57、tage文化遺產(chǎn)象征5. help people treat the world with benevolence, confidence, and tolerance. 教給人們用寬容和自信看待世界improve mutual understanding and remove the barrier between countries and peoples.增進(jìn)國(guó)與國(guó)之間的了解、消除隔閡 enhance friendly ties and bring harmony, peace and integrity to the world. 增強(qiáng)國(guó)與國(guó)的友誼、給世界帶來(lái)和諧與和平serve as

58、 the catalyst to the economic growth and cultural development.做經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的催化劑十三、環(huán)保(什么行為是人們可以控制的、什么是人們不能控制的)1. litter leftovers, bottles，plastic bags, lunch boxes, and cans; pollute water, make streets smelly and air choking亂扔剩飯剩菜、瓶子、塑料袋、飯盒和罐頭盒、污染水源、使街道變臟變臭2. drive private cars to increase carbon emission.(take public transport to reduce carbon emission)駕駛私人汽車，導(dǎo)致碳的增加3