1、中國(guó)古代科技發(fā)明Science and Technology in Ancient China 中國(guó)古代科學(xué)技術(shù)中國(guó)古代科學(xué)技術(shù) Science and Technology in Ancient China v 中國(guó)作為世界四大文明古國(guó)之一，曾發(fā)明了光輝燦爛的古代科技和文化。本展覽以四大發(fā)明為中心，擇取古代天文、數(shù)學(xué)、醫(yī)藥學(xué)、機(jī)械、青銅冶鑄、陶瓷、紡織刺繡、建 筑等十二項(xiàng)學(xué)科內(nèi)容，展現(xiàn)了中國(guó)古代的科學(xué)技術(shù)成就。本片的內(nèi)容缺乏以代表中國(guó)古代科學(xué)技術(shù)的全貌，僅以此鼓勵(lì)后人繼往開(kāi)來(lái)，重創(chuàng)輝煌。vChina, as one of the worlds four countries of great

2、ancient civilizations, is famous for its scientific discoveries in ancient times. This exhibition selects 12 disciplines, including astronomy, mathematics, medical science, machinery, bronze metallurgy, pottery and porcelain, textile embroidery and architecture to display the scientific and technolo

3、gical achievements in ancient China. This exhibition does not present the whole picture of science and technology in ancient China, but shows enough to encourage later generations to inherit the past achievements and look forward to the future to create more. /conten_pages/permanent_con/anci

4、ent.html天文篇astronomy簡(jiǎn)儀模型簡(jiǎn)儀模型Model of Abridged Armilla v元代科學(xué)家郭守敬于1276年創(chuàng)制的簡(jiǎn)儀，是當(dāng)時(shí)世界上最先進(jìn)的天文觀測(cè)儀器。vThe abridged armilla made by Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty in 1276. It was the most advanced astronomical observation instrument in the world at that time. to display the scientific and technological achi

5、evements in ancient China. This exhibition does not present the whole picture of science and technology in ancient China, but shows enough to encourage later generations to inherit the past achievements and look forward to the future to create more. v渾儀模型渾儀模型Model of Armillary Sphere v 渾儀是中國(guó)古代測(cè)定天體位置

6、的儀器，發(fā)明渾儀是中國(guó)古代測(cè)定天體位置的儀器，發(fā)明于戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期公元前于戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期公元前475-公元前公元前221年，年，唐宋時(shí)期趨于完善。唐宋時(shí)期趨于完善。vThe armillary sphere was an instrument used to measure the location of celestial bodies in ancient China. It was first invented in the Warring States Period(475 - 221 B.C.), and was improved.v水運(yùn)儀象臺(tái)水運(yùn)儀象臺(tái)vModel of Water-Drive

7、n Astronomical Clock Tower v北宋科學(xué)家蘇頌于公元1088年研制水運(yùn)儀象臺(tái)。以水為動(dòng)力，集渾儀、渾象、報(bào)時(shí)安裝于一體，是世界上最早的天文鐘。vSu Song, a scientist of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), directed the research and manufacture of the water-driven astronomical clock tower. Using water power and having all the functions of the armillary sphere

8、,it was the first astronomical clock in the world.赤道式日晷赤道式日晷Equatorial Sundialv風(fēng)行于南宋公元1127-1279年時(shí)期赤道日晷是一種古老的天文儀器，利用日照時(shí)指針投影的位置表示時(shí)間。vThe sundial shows the time by indicating the movement of the sun as the shadow of the pointer moves. The equatorial sundial became popular in the Southern Song Dynasty(1

9、127-1279) . v登封測(cè)景臺(tái)登封測(cè)景臺(tái)Model of Dengfeng Astronomical Observatory v元代天文學(xué)家郭守敬于公元1279年設(shè)計(jì)建造的中國(guó)現(xiàn)存最早的天文臺(tái)。 vThis observatory was located in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, and1279 was built by Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-8). It is the oldest astronomical observatory still extant.v侯風(fēng)地動(dòng)儀侯風(fēng)地動(dòng)儀Mod

10、el of Zhang Hengs Seismograph v公元132年張衡發(fā)明制造侯風(fēng)地動(dòng)儀是世界上第一臺(tái)感知地震的儀器。地動(dòng)儀利用慣性原理、以擺和杠桿機(jī)械為主的構(gòu)造方式，測(cè)定地震和方向。vThis seismograph was invented by Zhang Heng in A.D.132,as the worlds first instrument to sense earthquakes.It used the principle of inertia, using pendulum and lever mechanics.v銅壺滴漏銅壺滴漏Copper Kettle Clep

11、sydrav漏刻是一種古老的計(jì)時(shí)儀器。經(jīng)過(guò)漏壺水面的高低，由箭刻標(biāo)示時(shí)間。本件為元代1316年所制浮箭式漏壺復(fù)制件。 vThe clepsydra is an old instrument for calculation of time, originating in the later part of the Neolithic Age. The water level marked by an arrow in the kettle indicates the change of time. The water clock displayed here is a replicate of

12、an arrow-marked water clock made in 1316 in the Yuan Dynasty.指南針COMPASSv縷懸法指南表示模型縷懸法指南表示模型vConceptual Model v of Suspended Compassv沈括于公元十一世紀(jì)著記載四種指南法，其中縷懸法指南“取新纊中獨(dú)繭縷，以芥子許蠟綴于針腰，無(wú)風(fēng)處懸之。vThe Sketchbook of Dream Brook by Shen Kuo has the following entry: Take a single silk thread from new cocoon, wax it a

13、nd tie it around the middle of a needle. Suspend the needle in a place sheltered from the wind. The needle would act as a compass. 火藥GUNPOWDERv萬(wàn)戶飛天模型萬(wàn)戶飛天模型Model of Wang Hus Rocket v十四世紀(jì)中國(guó)人萬(wàn)戶利用火箭的反沖力和風(fēng)箏上升的力量做升空實(shí)驗(yàn)，被譽(yù)為人類航天史上第一“飛人。 vIn the 14th century, Wang Hu experimented with gunpowder-propelled rock

14、ets, making him a pioneer of aeronautics. 造紙術(shù)paper makingv造紙扮演造紙扮演Chinese Paper-Making Technique Spreads Worldwide v自漢代以后，中國(guó)造紙術(shù)不斷改良，明代宋應(yīng)星于公元1637年著，書中對(duì)古代造紙工藝進(jìn)展總結(jié)。圖為仿四川夾江造紙工序中“抄紙的扮演。v Since the Han Dynasty, the technology of paper making has been improving continuously, Song Yingxin of the Ming Dynast

15、y (8-1644) summarized the technology of paper-making in his book Exploitation of the Works of Nature. The picture here is a demonstration of dipping paper as used in Jiajiang County, Sichuan Province. 青銅冶鑄bronze castingv銅綠山古礦井銅綠山古礦井Cross-Sectional View of the Ancient Copper Mine of Tonglu Mountainv湖

16、北大冶銅綠山古礦井遺址是迄今已開(kāi)掘的消費(fèi)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)、規(guī)模最大的古銅礦。它的開(kāi)采年代最晚始于西周(約公元前1066前771年)，經(jīng)春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)不斷延續(xù)到漢代公元前206公元220年，累計(jì)產(chǎn)銅不少于八萬(wàn)噸。 vThe now-defunct Tonglu Mountain Copper Mine in Hubei Province was first exploited in the Western Zhou Dynasty (c.1066-771 BC), and mining there continued up until the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD). Its

17、total copper production would have been about 80,000 tons. v重金丈量法表示模型重金丈量法表示模型Conceptual Model of Heavy-Mineral Measuring Technologyv銅綠山古礦井采用重砂丈量的方法確定采掘方向。 vThe Ancient Tonglu Mountain Copper Mining adopted heavy-mineral measuring technology to determine the direction of digging. v井巷支護(hù)技術(shù)井巷支護(hù)技術(shù)Concep

18、tual Model of Mine Support Technologyv銅綠山古礦井采用符合力學(xué)原理的木框架支護(hù)技術(shù)，框外用木棍、木板作護(hù)壁，組成完好平安的井筒。v The Tonglu Mountain Copper Mine used an elaborate system of timbering to support the working areas. v分段提升法分段提升法Conceptual Model of Sub-Level Lifting Technology v銅綠山古礦井采用分段提升的方法，利用轆轤等簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械，將井下50余米深處的礦石提出地面。 vThe Tong

19、lu Mountain Copper Mine used the sub-level lifting technology and simple well-pulley mechanical methods to convey the ore from depths of up to 50 meters. v銅車馬銅車馬Replicas of Copper Chariots and Horsesv1980年秦陵出土大型彩繪銅車馬，是繼兵馬俑之后的又一次震動(dòng)世界的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)。二號(hào)銅車馬由3462個(gè)零件組成；工藝上采用鑄造、焊接、嵌接、插接等方法，堪稱金屬工藝史上的奇觀。v The copper c

20、hariots and horses unearthed in 1980 from the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang, near Xian, Shaanxi Province, show the advanced level of metalwork in ancient China. It was another world-shaking archeological discovery following the discovery of terra-cotta warriors and horses from the Qin Mausoleum.

21、 v擂鼓礅二號(hào)墓編鐘復(fù)制件擂鼓礅二號(hào)墓編鐘復(fù)制件Replica of a Set of Chimes from Leigudun No. 2 Tomb v1981年湖北擂鼓墩二號(hào)墓出土戰(zhàn)國(guó)編鐘一套，音律準(zhǔn)確，音色優(yōu)美，根本音階構(gòu)造與C大調(diào)七聲音階一樣。其件數(shù)和規(guī)模僅次于曾侯乙編鐘，總音域達(dá)5個(gè)8度以上，可本人轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)，奏出五聲、六聲、七聲音階構(gòu)成的各種樂(lè)曲。須五人協(xié)作上演，眾聲齊發(fā)，交響疊鳴。無(wú)愧為古代音樂(lè)之絕響。vThe set of chimes excavated in 1981 from the Leigudun No. 2 Tomb in Hubei Province has the s

22、ame scale as the seven scales in C major. Its total volume range is over five octaves, and was played by a team of five persons.v透光寶鏡透光寶鏡Replica of the Precious Translucent Mirrorv“透光鏡是西漢青銅工藝的精品。當(dāng)光線照射在鏡正面時(shí)，產(chǎn)生的反射圖象與鏡反面的紋飾一致，被稱為“漢代魔鏡。vThis is a masterpiece of Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24AD) bronze c

23、raftsmanship. When light shines on the front side of the mirror, the reflected image is the same as decorative pattern on the back, thus known as Magic Mirror of the Han Dynasty. v馬踏飛燕馬踏飛燕Replica of the Galloping Horse Treading on a Flying Swallowv馬踏飛燕鑄于漢代晚期。以夸張的藝術(shù)手法塑造了奔馬的藝術(shù)形狀，意境帶有浪漫主義顏色。vThis gem o

24、f ancient art was cast in the late Han Dynasty. It portrays an artistic concept through the skill of hyperbole with a romantic flavor. v失臘法鑄造失臘法鑄造Conceptual Model of Lost Wax Casting Technique v失臘法出現(xiàn)于戰(zhàn)國(guó)以前，是中國(guó)古代三大鑄造技術(shù)之一。其特點(diǎn)是以可熔模料替代不可熔模料作模，造出復(fù)雜精致的器形。失臘法是現(xiàn)代精細(xì)鑄造技術(shù)的淵源。vThis lost-wax casting technique, ap

25、peared before the Warring States Period, was one of three major casting technologies in ancient China. It used soluble molding material to replace insoluble molding material to make complicated and exquisite casts. Modern precision casting technique originates from the technique.v泥范法鑄造泥范法鑄造Conceptua

26、l Model of Mud-Casting Technique v商代早期已用泥范法鑄造器物，澆出的鑄件外表較光潔。在近代砂范鑄造出現(xiàn)以前，泥范鑄造是中國(guó)最主要的鑄造方法。 vThis technique of mud-casting was known in China as early as in the Shang Dynasty (c.1600-1100 BC). Before the invention of sand-casting in modern times, mud-casting was the leading casting technique in China.v噴

27、水魚洗噴水魚洗Sprinkling Washbasinv“魚洗大約出現(xiàn)于唐代，曾是皇宮盥洗器具。摩擦盆的兩耳，由于振動(dòng)，盆壁魚嘴處噴起水花，宛如盆底的魚在騰躍嬉戲，故有“魚洗之稱。vThis invention emerged in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). It was used as washingdevice in the imperial palace. By rubbing two ears of the basin, the vibration will cause water to spout from the mouth of the fish o

28、n the wall of the basin. 機(jī)械Mechanicsv農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械A(chǔ)gricultural Mechanics v西漢公元前206公元年初年，農(nóng)耕工具的發(fā)明促進(jìn)了中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)的開(kāi)展。展出農(nóng)具有：耕、犁、耬車、扇車、翻車等。 In early years of the Western Han Dynasty, agriculture was already well advanced. The farm tools displayed here are a hand plow, animal-drawn seed plow, winnower, waterwheel, etc

29、. v記里鼓車記里鼓車estoration of an Ancient Odometerv東漢公元25-220年出現(xiàn)記里鼓車。每行駛一里路，木人自動(dòng)擊鼓一次，因此而得名。車內(nèi)裝有一套具有減速作用的傳動(dòng)齒輪，是近代里程表和減速安裝的先驅(qū)。This device appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). Every mile the carriage traveled, the wooden figure would beat the drum once. A set of gears connected the wheels of the car

30、riage with the wooden drummer, on the same principle as that of the modern automobile odometer. v商代古戰(zhàn)車商代古戰(zhàn)車Model of an Ancient Chariotv屯溪磨房屯溪磨房Model of Tunxi Millv明代公元81644年初年，在安徽屯溪出現(xiàn)的一組綜合性谷物加工機(jī)械。以流水沖擊轉(zhuǎn)輪帶動(dòng)石碓、石磨任務(wù)。In the early Ming Dynasty(8-1644), a highly-efficient water-powered device for milling

31、grain was installed in Tunxi County, Anhui Province. 紡織 weavingv蠶房蠶房Silkworm Raising v養(yǎng)蠶繅絲是中國(guó)古代的偉大發(fā)明之一，距今5000多年前，中國(guó)人已開(kāi)場(chǎng)利用蠶絲織造絲織品。 The technique of reeling silk from silkworm cocoons was one of the great inventions in ancient China. Five thousand years ago, Chinese people began to use silk filaments

32、reeled from cocoons to produce silk items. v紡織紡織 Textile Spinning and Weavingv中國(guó)機(jī)具紡織來(lái)源于五千年前新石器時(shí)期的紡輪和腰機(jī)。西周時(shí)期具有傳統(tǒng)性能的簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械繅車、紡車、織機(jī)相繼出現(xiàn)，漢代廣泛運(yùn)用提花機(jī)、斜織機(jī)，唐以后中國(guó)紡織機(jī)械日趨完善，大大促進(jìn)了紡織業(yè)的開(kāi)展。 Textile spinning and weaving using machinery in China originated from the spinning wheel in the Neolithic Age. In the Western Zh

33、ou period, the spinning wheel was further developed, and led to the invention of sophisticated spinning and weaving machines. In the Han Dynasty, the jacquard loom and cruise loom were widely used. In the Tang Dynasty, textile spinning and weaving developed as a full-scale industry. v四大名繡四大名繡 Four F

34、amous Types of Embroideryv蘇、湘、蜀、粵四大名繡。蘇繡以繡工精細(xì)、針?lè)ɑ顫?、圖案秀麗、顏色典雅著稱。Four main types of embroidery emerged - Su embroidery (produced in the City of Suzhou), Xiang embroidery (produced in Hunan Province), Shu embroidery (produced in Sichuan Province), and Yue embroidery (produced in Guangdong Province). Su

35、 embroidery is famous for its fine workmanship, beautiful pictures and elegant colors, and is rated as the best of the four types. v蜀錦機(jī)蜀錦機(jī) 蜀錦機(jī)屬提花機(jī)的一種，可織造多種圖樣花蜀錦機(jī)屬提花機(jī)的一種，可織造多種圖樣花紋。紋。 vThis machine was thev forerunner of the v jacquard loom。 v織布織布 Cloth Weaving春秋公元前春秋公元前770476770476年時(shí)期，年時(shí)期，中國(guó)已運(yùn)用腳踏織機(jī)。中

36、國(guó)已運(yùn)用腳踏織機(jī)。 As early as in the Spring and As early as in the Spring and Autumn PeriodAutumn Period770-476 B.C.770-476 B.C., , China had begun to use the pedal China had begun to use the pedal loom, which was driven by loom, which was driven by manpower. manpower. v金縷玉衣金縷玉衣 Replica of Jade Burial Cloth

37、esv此金縷玉衣為公元前113年西漢中山靖王劉勝墓隨葬品的復(fù)制品。玉衣由2498片小玉片組成，每片玉片都磨光鉆孔，鉆孔直徑約1毫米，用鍍金絲銜接而成，反映了當(dāng)時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)程度和精深加工技術(shù)。 The jade burial suit was excavated from the mausoleum of Liu Sheng, ruler of the State of Zhongshan. It is composed of 2,498 pieces of jade, sewn together with gold thread. v雙面繡雙面繡 Double-Sided Embroidery v雙

38、面繡是刺繡中的珍品，經(jīng)過(guò)巧妙的構(gòu)思、精深的技術(shù)到達(dá)同工異面之效。 Double-sided embroidery is characterized by ingenious composition and exquisite craftsmanship. v建筑architecturev佛宮寺釋加塔佛宮寺釋加塔Model of the Sakyamuni Pagoda at the Temple of the Buddhas Palacev此塔建于遼1056年，位于山西應(yīng)縣，俗稱“應(yīng)縣木塔。是我國(guó)現(xiàn)存獨(dú)一的木塔。其體形高大，構(gòu)造復(fù)雜，輪廓優(yōu)美，是中國(guó)古代木構(gòu)建筑的代表作。 This pagod

39、a was built in 1056, during the Liao Dynasty. It is located in Ying County, Shanxi Province. It is the tallest ancient wood pagoda in the world, and the only extant wooden pagoda in China. vv北宋公元9601127年)體張擇端繪畫，圖高24.8厘米，橫528.7厘米，描畫了清明時(shí)節(jié)汴河一帶的風(fēng)光，再現(xiàn)了河南北宋都城汴梁今開(kāi)封的城市街景和建筑方式。作者以手卷方式，推移視點(diǎn)取景，落筆兼工帶寫，著色典雅清淡，成為

40、藝術(shù)上的珍品。 Zhang Zeduang of the Northern Song Dynasty created this scroll picture. It is 24.8 cm high and 528.7 cm wide. It shows the scenes along the Bianhe River at Bianliang, capital of Northern Song, on the occasion of the annual Pure Brightness Festival. v木榫卯殘木木榫卯殘木W(wǎng)ooden Joggle and Mortise v浙江余姚河

41、姆渡遺址出土，距今已有七千年歷史。This evidence of ancient architectural skill was excavated from the Hemudu Ruins in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, and dates back some 7,000 years.v斗拱斗拱Model of a Bucket Archv斗拱是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)建筑上的特有構(gòu)件，從二千多年前就開(kāi)場(chǎng)運(yùn)用了。The role of the bucket arch is to pass the weight of the roof to columns, and

42、 in the same time it has a certain esthetic value. v明清琉璃構(gòu)件明清琉璃構(gòu)件Imitation Colored Glazev琉璃構(gòu)件是中國(guó)古建筑中重要的裝飾資料，琉璃工藝出現(xiàn)于戰(zhàn)國(guó)公元前475221年時(shí)期。 Colored glaze was an important decoration material in traditional Chinese architecture. The art of making and applying colored glaze appeared in the Warring States Period

43、(475-221 B.C.). 陶瓷ceramicsv“中國(guó)中國(guó)原始瓷原始瓷的誕生展版的誕生展版The Birth of Archetype Chinese Porcelain v商周(公元前16世紀(jì)前256年)時(shí)期，“原始瓷器用高嶺土為原料，燒成溫度在1200以上，質(zhì)地鞏固，吸水性弱，外表涂青綠色釉，已具備瓷器的根本特征。 In the Shang and Zhou dynasties,Chinas archetypal porcelain came into being.It used kaolin as the material,and its burning temperature w

44、as up to 1200 degrees C,giving it a hard quality and strong water absorption ability.The predominant surface color was blue. v景德鎮(zhèn)制瓷作坊景德鎮(zhèn)制瓷作坊Reproduction of a Jingdezhen Porcelain Kiln v景德鎮(zhèn)以產(chǎn)瓷出名于世，享有“瓷都之稱。元代以后，景德鎮(zhèn)漸執(zhí)全國(guó)瓷業(yè)之牛耳。圖為仿清代景德鎮(zhèn)制瓷作坊。 Jingdezhen ha been famou for its porcelain since the Yuan Dynast

45、y, and enjoys the reputation of being the porcelain capital of China. Here we can see a reproduction of a Jingdezhen porcelain kiln as it would have looked during the Qing Dynasty. v印坯印坯Technological Process of Adobe Making v制坯工藝分為：拉坯、印坯、晾坯、利坯、畫瓷、蕩釉等幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。圖為拉坯扮演。 Workmanship of adobe making include s

46、everal procedures, such as abode making, engraving, drying, painting, and glazing etc. The picture presents adobe making. v清代清代“景德鎮(zhèn)窯部分模型景德鎮(zhèn)窯部分模型Partial Model of a Jingdezhen Kiln of the Qing Dynasty v明公元81644年末清公元16441911年初，出現(xiàn)著名窯形“景德鎮(zhèn)窯，據(jù)其外形又稱“蛋形窯。它的出現(xiàn)將窯爐的構(gòu)筑、燒煉技術(shù)推向新程度。 At the end of Ming Dynasty and

47、the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there appeared the famous Jingdezhen kiln, which, from its external outline, was also called an egg kiln. It pushed the technology of kiln firing and smelting to a new level. v北宋饅頭窯北宋饅頭窯Model of a Bun Kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty v宋代公元9601279年，一種“全倒焰式饅頭窯，窯溫可達(dá)1

48、300。 In the Song Dynasty960-1279, a kind of bun-type kiln with upside-down flames appeared. The kiln temperature could reach up to 1300 degrees C.v宋代龍窯宋代龍窯Model of a Dragon Kiln of the Song Dynastyv戰(zhàn)國(guó)公元前1475前221年至秦漢，“龍窯依山而建，多為長(zhǎng)條斜坡形，猶如火龍自上而下，故而得名。 Dragon kilns were usually constructed against mountai

49、n slopes, looking like long dragons, hence the name. From the Spring and Autumn Period(1475-221 B.C.) to the Han Dynasty, dragon kilns made possible the birth of standard porcelains. v異彩紛呈的瓷器異彩紛呈的瓷器Colorful Porcelainsv宋代是中國(guó)瓷器開(kāi)展的頂峰期，名窯輩出，爭(zhēng)奇斗艷。當(dāng)時(shí)最著名的有定、汝、官、哥、鈞五大名窯，產(chǎn)品各具特征，顯示了宋代制瓷工藝的杰出成就。 vThe Song Dyna

50、sty was a golden age for Chinese porcelain development, and famous kilns appeared one after another. The most famous kilns at that time were the Ding kiln, Ru; kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln and Jun kiln. They all had their own characteristics, and contributed to the remarkable achievements made in porcel

51、ain production technology during the Song Dynasty. v紅陶陶器紅陶陶器Display of Pottery v新石器時(shí)代早期，采用露天堆燒法或原始窯燒制的陶器在燒制過(guò)程中與大量空氣接觸，所以燒制成的陶器為紅色，故稱為紅陶。 At the early Neolithic Age,potteries were either baked in open-air or kilned in primitive kilns.During the baking or kilning process,potteries had contact with a huge amount of air and red color appeared. It was therefore ca