哈爾濱理工大學學士學位論文 1 of in is of is an an a or a is a to an is a on of We in a of as to or a or is a we a to is of or to of of is a on to on in of of in by to to If t be be of of in of on to or of of of of is a of In of in to on to of 2 re or of to in to of is on of of of of by to or is by in or or of in or of is of of to to by of is by a of of of of to of to is an to of is of to to do in to or it be to to or of or is a to to to or to of of in of to of in of to do a in in to or it be to to or of or is a to to to or to of of in of to of in of to do a in s a in of is a to of of of is to a of to of is in in of it to a 爾濱理工大學學士學位論文 3 as to its on it or a of of be is to be by be of of of is to of at in to to of of of to on of of is is a to In to s is to do a of is is of to be by it in is of by to In is by at of it be in of s a in of is to of of of is to a of to of is in in of it to a as to its on it or a of of be is to be by be of of of is to of at in to to of of of to on of of is is a to In to 爾濱理工大學學士學位論文 4 s is to do a of is is of to be by it in is of by to In is by at of it be in of of is in to of in to on of a to of to by is a is a be is We a of is to if in of a of As an of of a of in a of a by a An of a of As of to of in of do do by as to of is to do in of in of of a be by It is to of an of or of as is a is to by to 哈爾濱理工大學學士學位論文 5 is of in in in is an is is of of as to of in in is to a of or of as be of to to c of a at or to s by to be is to an or of of of an to of to of to on of as or to of to of at of of of be to or to to 哈爾濱理工大學學士學位論文 6 by as as no be to of 0 0 is a on in 980s, as It a of of to of a to to or on or 哈爾濱理工大學學士學位論文 7 控制質(zhì)量的原則 質(zhì)量 質(zhì)量在競爭產(chǎn)品和服務之中已經(jīng)變得最重要的選擇中消費決定因素之一。這種現(xiàn)象是廣大而有普遍的 ， 不管無論那個消費是個體，一個工業(yè)的組織，一間零售商店或軍事的防衛(wèi)。結(jié)果 ， 了解而且改良質(zhì)量是對生意成功生長和一個可提高的競爭位置的領(lǐng)先的主要因素。有在全部生意策略的整體部份上的實質(zhì)上的回返。 我們可能以許多方式定義質(zhì)量。大多數(shù)的人當做有關(guān)有質(zhì)量的概念上理解一或一個產(chǎn)品或服務應該持有的比較令人想要的特性。雖然概念上的理解確定地是一個有用的出發(fā)點但是我們將會給一種較精確和更有用的定義。 根據(jù)美國質(zhì)量管理協(xié) 會的定義，質(zhì)量是產(chǎn)品或服務能夠滿足規(guī)定需求而具有的特性和特征的組合。這個定義表明，應該首先確定顧客的需求，因為滿足這些需求是達到質(zhì)量目標的關(guān)鍵。然后應該把顧客的需求轉(zhuǎn)化為產(chǎn)品的特征和特性，并據(jù)此進行設(shè)計工作和定制產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)要求。 許多過去的質(zhì)量體系的設(shè)計目標是，在各個加工階段中，將合格的產(chǎn)品和不合格的產(chǎn)品區(qū)分開來。那些被判定為不合格的產(chǎn)品必須經(jīng)過重新加工以滿足技術(shù)要求。如果它們不能被重新加工，就應該被當成廢料處理。這種體系被稱之檢測修改體系，在這種體系中，只有在對產(chǎn)品進行檢測時，或者當用戶使用時，才會發(fā)現(xiàn)其 中存在的問題。由于檢查人員本身固有的因素所決定，這種分類檢測的有效性不高，目前，預防型質(zhì)量體系得到了越來越廣泛的應用。在這種體系中，為了避免發(fā)生質(zhì)量問題，首先強調(diào)對產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的各個階段進行合理的規(guī)劃和制定發(fā)生問題的措施 質(zhì)量有一些定義明確的技術(shù)上的和美學的特性或財產(chǎn)方面，去主觀的考慮著去順應設(shè)計消費者的需求。 質(zhì)量控制 不斷地發(fā)現(xiàn)制造品的差的質(zhì)量，而且不斷的修改來改善它的質(zhì)量。 傳統(tǒng)定義的質(zhì)量以服務（使用要求）一定符合那些使用他們的人需求觀點為基礎(chǔ)的那一種產(chǎn)品，因此 ， 質(zhì)量對于使用者意味著適合于應用。 為使用有二個一般適合的方面 ： 設(shè)計質(zhì)量和合適的質(zhì)量。 質(zhì)量提及各種不同的等級或企圖地被設(shè)計決定的設(shè)計意圖的質(zhì)量。所有的貨物和售后服務在質(zhì)量的各種不同的等級或水平中被生產(chǎn)。質(zhì)量的等級或水平的這些變化是要達到預定的意圖和結(jié)果，適當?shù)钠谙奘窃O(shè)計中質(zhì)量的保證。 質(zhì)量提及到如何完善產(chǎn)品主要藉著設(shè)計者在（多大程度上）遵照必需達到的規(guī)格。 適合消費者的質(zhì)量被若干因素影響 ， 包括制造過程中程序的選擇，訓練和勞動力的監(jiān)督 ，使用過的質(zhì)量保證系統(tǒng)的類型，這些質(zhì)量保證的程序被依照的規(guī)定范圍和勞動力的動機共同達成質(zhì)量所需求