非謂語動(dòng)詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總1、 不定式:to do1. 特點(diǎn)1） 基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：to + 動(dòng)詞原形2） 動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化3） 在句子中可以做主語、賓語、定語、表語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語2. 時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式to doto be done進(jìn)行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been done完成進(jìn)行時(shí)to have been doing/1） 時(shí)態(tài)A.一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生；B.完成式表示動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前；C.進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行；D.進(jìn)行式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2） 語態(tài)A. 主動(dòng)形式表示邏輯主語是其所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；B. 被動(dòng)形式表示邏輯主語是其所表示的動(dòng)作的承受著。3. 動(dòng)詞不定式可在句中的成分：1）做主語To climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun.2） 作賓語Your father has aat last decided to stop smoking.作動(dòng)詞的賓語Im worried about how to pass the exam.作介詞的賓語3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：I was interested in astronomy and he asked me to give a presentation to the class.使役動(dòng)詞（make,let,have等）與感官動(dòng)詞（watch,hear,feel,notice,see等）用于主動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)的不定式to要省略，但被動(dòng)語態(tài)中to不能省略。My parents always make me do my homework before I go out.常見是接to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：advise,allow,ask,cause,command,direct,encourage,expect,forbid,invite,order,permit,persuade,request,teach,tell,want,beg,force,help4） 作表語：Anyhow my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality.5） 做形容詞的作用，動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，放在被修飾詞后面I cant think of any good advice to give her.(不定式和所修飾詞是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)I am always the first person to get to the office(主謂關(guān)系)His last appeal,to come and see her,went unanswered.(同位語)Thats the way to do it.(狀語關(guān)系)6） 作副詞的作用：在句子中作目的，結(jié)果和原因狀語To make friends easily,you need to be very kind.(目的狀語，常用于in order to, so as to.)Im not so stupid as to put in in writing.(結(jié)果狀語，常用語so.to, such/so.as to, enough.to,only to, too.o)Im so excited to be here!（原因狀語，常用于sorry,surprised,disappointed,excited,glad等表示情感的詞后面）7） 作獨(dú)立成分，獨(dú)立于句子之外，表示說話者的態(tài)度，語氣To be honest, I dont like him very much.常用于獨(dú)立成分的不定式：to tell truth; to be honest; to put it briefly; to be frank; to begin/start with; to make things worse4.動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)1） for sb句型: 通常使用表示客觀情況的形容詞，描述不定式的特征，性質(zhì)。這類形容詞有：easy,difficult,important,necessary,possible,dangerous,hard,interesting,goodIt is good for one to have self-knowledge.2） of sb句型：使用表示主觀態(tài)度或情感的形容詞，描述主語的性質(zhì)，身份，特征。這類形容詞有：nice,silly,selfish,honest,rude,careful,kind,friendly,wiseIt is very friendly of you to help me when Im in trouble.5. 疑問詞+不定式：與疑問代詞who,whom,what,which,whose及疑問副詞when,where,how等連用，在句中作主語，表語，賓語，賓補(bǔ)，同位語等。I didnt know how to get back to the village.注意：why不能用于疑問詞+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)6. to的省略1） 感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)2） 在介詞but,except，表示除了之意的單詞前，若有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do，作賓語的不定式省略to，若無do，to不能省略。I can do everything around the house except cook.（有do，省略to）I have no choice but to accept the fact.(無do，加to)3） help后不定式作賓補(bǔ)，to可有可無；但主語是表示物的名詞或主語不能發(fā)出不定式的動(dòng)作時(shí)要加toYour rich experience will help you to find a good job.4） 多個(gè)不定式短語表示并列關(guān)系時(shí)，to可省略；若表示對比關(guān)系，to不可省略He refuses to spend time with us or do as we tell him.They came not to save us,but to conquer us.5） 常見的省略to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：had better do, would rather do, cannot but do, do nothing but do, have nothing to do but do,why(not)do7. 不定式后面動(dòng)詞的省略1）為了避免重復(fù)，在hope,wish等動(dòng)詞短語后面出現(xiàn)的與上文相同的不定式，通常只保留不定式符號to，其他省略。這類動(dòng)詞有:hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer,have to,be able to,be going to,used to ,ought to, would like toWe would not only be able to travel around the world,but also to study in any world famous university we want to.(省略了go to study)2） 不定式為to be或者to have done，不定式to后的do和have保留，其他省略Arent you a lawyer? No,but I want to be.Hasnt he finished writing the report? No,but he ought to have.2、 動(dòng)名詞：v-ing1. 特點(diǎn)1） 具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征2） 變否定時(shí)，其前加not2. 時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1） 時(shí)態(tài)一般式表示沒有時(shí)間先后的動(dòng)作，也可以表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前或之后的動(dòng)作完成式表示其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。2） 語態(tài)主動(dòng)形式表示其邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；被動(dòng)形式表示其邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。3. 在句子中的成分1） 動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)A. 可接賓語：Finding jobs is difficult these days.B.可用副詞修飾:Getting up early in the morning is tough.2） 名詞形式A. 作主語：常用it作形式主語，把動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。It is fun playing computer games.常用句式: It is no use/good/harm doing, It is a waste of time doing, It is worthwhile doingB.作動(dòng)詞和介詞的賓語：常見動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞和短語：enjoy,finish,keep,mind,advise,pay attention to,admit,stick to,feel like,look forward to,cant help to,avoidDo you feel like going for a swim?After eating in her restaurant people would become tired very quickly.3） 作定語：在意思上相當(dāng)于“名詞+for+doing”，常放在名詞前面No flying machine will fly from New York to Paris.4） 作表語：My favorite part was seeing the bear in the mountains.What you said is really inspiring.(形容詞)4. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致時(shí)，要用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即在動(dòng)名詞前加形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格，有時(shí)也可用人稱代詞賓格或普通名詞來代替。Her coming to help encouraged all of us.He suggested students going to school on foot.三、現(xiàn)在分詞：v-ing1.特點(diǎn)：具有動(dòng)詞的某些性質(zhì)。2.時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1） 時(shí)態(tài)一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。2） 語態(tài)主動(dòng)形式：邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；被動(dòng)形式表示邏輯主語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。3. 在句子中的成分1） 作定語：單個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語放在修飾詞之前，現(xiàn)在分詞短語放在修飾詞之后。He told me the exciting news.There is a note pinned to the door saying when the shop will open again.2） 作表語：說明主語的性質(zhì)，特征。He is really amusing and tells jokes when he thinks were getting bored.3） 作賓補(bǔ)：說明賓語的性質(zhì)、特征或正在做的動(dòng)作Jenny could hear them arguing outside.4） 作狀語：表時(shí)間，結(jié)果，原因，方式，條件It hasnt rained for a month,making the crops hard to grow.When reading the novel,I heard the telephone ring.Living far from the school,he has to get up early every morning.My brother ran away,shouting loudly.Knowing all this,I still wanted to have a try.注意：有些分詞短語可以沒有邏輯上的主語而獨(dú)立存在，此時(shí)其作為句子的獨(dú)立成分來修飾全句，表明說話者的態(tài)度，觀點(diǎn)等。例如，generally speaking,strictly speaking,judging from/by.4、 過去分詞：1. 特點(diǎn)由動(dòng)詞+ed構(gòu)成，保留了動(dòng)詞的很多特征，在句中可以作表語，定語，狀語，補(bǔ)語等。2. 在句子中的成分1） 作定語：及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語，表示被動(dòng)和完成；不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作前置定語，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。There are fallen leaves on the ground in fall.Look at the broken glasses.2） 作表語：大多是及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞，表示主語所處狀態(tài)或感受，很多已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞。Although the cities were crowed,the country was beautiful.3） 作賓補(bǔ)：及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，與賓語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car washed.4） 作狀語：表時(shí)間，原因，條件，方式或伴隨，相當(dāng)于狀語從句。Frightened by the noise outside,the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom.5、 非謂語動(dòng)詞的辨析1. 不定式與名詞作主語的不同不定式：表示具體的某一次行為或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作本身；動(dòng)名詞：表示動(dòng)作比較抽象，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)事情本身。Learning about a language is easier than using itIts easier to learn about a language than to use it.2. 非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語的不同不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語可以互換。不定式：表示具體的動(dòng)作或?qū)韯?dòng)名詞：表示動(dòng)作的內(nèi)容現(xiàn)在分詞：表示主語具有的特征過去分詞：表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或感受What he likes is to collect stamps/collecting stamps.My wish is to become a writerYour work is cleaning the tables.What he said is exciting.I was moved to hear the story.3. 不定式與動(dòng)名詞作賓語的不同不定式表示具體的，一次的或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞表示一個(gè)概念或習(xí)慣性的事物。1） need,want,require等后表示被動(dòng)意義時(shí)，不定式用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，動(dòng)名詞不用My bike needs to be repaired.=My bike needs repairing.2） 部分動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義差別大remember/forget/regret/try/stop/mean/go on/cant help 后面接to do/doing4. 非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語的不同1） 不定式作定語表示還未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作The children are looking forward to the party to be held next weekend.2） 動(dòng)名詞作定語表示所修飾的名詞的用途，不存在邏輯關(guān)系There are two teaching buildings in our school.3） 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)過的主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。There are lots of students wishing to join us.4） 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式作定語，表示正在被進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作The power station being built now will be one of the largest in China.5） 過去分詞作定語，表示該動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)和完成Some people invited to the party are famous people.5. 不定式與分詞作狀語的不同不定式作狀語表示目的和結(jié)果；分詞作狀語表示伴隨，時(shí)間，方式，結(jié)果，條件和原因。做結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，不定式常表示不太好或出乎意料的結(jié)果，分詞表示順理成章的結(jié)果。He hurried to the airport only to find that the plane had taken off.It rained heavily in the south,causing serous flooding in several provinces.6. 不定式和分詞作賓補(bǔ)的不同感官動(dòng)詞后面跟：1）不定式：常跟省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，表示動(dòng)作全過程2）現(xiàn)在分詞：表示動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行3）過去分詞：表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)或完成I saw her enter the classroom.I saw her entering the classroom.I heard the song sung.7. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的不同1） 語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)2） 時(shí)間：現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作a moving film/the moved peoplethe rising sun/the risen sun8. have+賓語+賓補(bǔ)1） have sth done:讓某事被別人做過去分詞這個(gè)動(dòng)作由他人來完成，含有被動(dòng)意義且強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。The driver had his car washed once a week.2） have sth to do：have是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，作“有”的意思，表示有某事要去做3） have sb do：省