專題03閱讀理解說明文

題型簡介

說明文所選材料題材豐富多樣，涉及社會、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生態(tài)、安全等方面。在

高考英語閱讀理解中，說明文所占比重尤為突出。它既要求考三能熟練運用詞匯和語法知識、理解文章語

句、把握語篇整體結(jié)構(gòu)，還要求學(xué)生有大量的閱讀積淀和知識儲備，熟悉不同的話題和不同的題目考查方

式。即便是細節(jié)理解題，大多數(shù)情況下考生也無法從文章中直接找到與選項表述完全一致的信息，而是需

要在理解文章細節(jié)信息后作出歸納和判斷。通常一套卷中主旨大意、詞義猜測、寫作意圖/觀點態(tài)度類高難

度試題的考查數(shù)最為2道左右，說明文考查此類題目的頻率較高，且命題點呈多樣化。

典例在線

(2023年新高考I卷D篇)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhich

illustratedwhathasetobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds“effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconducted

showedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Some

peoplewilllendlooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,

(heycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomake(hesame

errors,thentheirerrorswon'lcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthat

people'sestimatesbeindependent.Iffbrwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbcccorrelatedordependent,the

accuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.The

keyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohavea

discussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependent

individuals.Forinstance,theavaageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewas

significantlymoreaccuratethan(heaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.

Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogelabettersenseofwhatthegroup

membersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowith(hosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Did

theyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominant

response.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether''.Somehow,

theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNaviashave

limitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingare

enormous.

1.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

2.Navajas'studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif,

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotmunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent

3.Whatdid(hefollowupstudyfocuson?

A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.

4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.

【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.D

【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)。實驗表明，在某些情況下大量獨

立估計的平均值可能是相當準確的。

1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrors

aren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andetounderestimate.Whenenoughofthese

errorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilar

andtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,the

wisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Iffbrwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbee

correlatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.（這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個事實，即當人們犯

錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會高估，或者低估。當這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均

在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準確的估計。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯

誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是獨立的。如果由于任何原因，人們

的錯誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計的準確性就會下降廣可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相

同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會產(chǎn)生更準確的估計，討論了獨立估計的平均如何由于誤差的消除而產(chǎn)

生更準確的預(yù)測。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbe

independent從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是獨立的）”和第三段的叮hekeyfindingofthe

studywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,the

averagesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.For

instance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccurate

thantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.（這項研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當人群被進一步劃分為允

許進行討論的小組時，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)屆的獨立個體的平均值更準確。例如，從四個五人討論

組的估計中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個獨立個體獲得的平均值更準確）“可知，人們在沒有獨立的情況下，

分成更小群體，平均值是更準確的，說明即使在估計數(shù)字并非完全獨立的情況下，準確率提高也是可以做

到的。故選D。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogeta

bettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemost

confidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?（在一項針對10（）名大

學(xué)生的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中的實際行為。他們是否傾向于選擇那些對

自己的估計最有信心的人？他們追隨那些最不愿意改變主意的人嗎）''可知，在后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更

好地了解小組成員在討論中實際做了什么。結(jié)合兩個問題，因此可知后續(xù)研究的重點是小組內(nèi)的討論過程。

故選C。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后?段內(nèi)容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestions

reirain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.（盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研

究有局限性，仍存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的）“可知，作者認為雖然Navajas領(lǐng)

導(dǎo)的研究有局限性也存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的研

究表示一定的贊許和支持。故選D。

解題技巧

說明文閱讀量大，生僻詞匯多，句式結(jié)構(gòu)更雜，這就需要考生有方法有技巧地去閱讀。一般我們采用

的方法有三個：細讀、略讀和跳讀。

（I）細讀重點。重點，就原文而言，就是文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容和態(tài)度；就答題而言，就

cantakeholdanytimewefeelasenseofownershipoveraproduct,anditcanhappenquickly.

Asthesayinggoes,“Emotionsgelthebestofus."Thereisnothingwrongwithbeingproudofowningthings

andtreasuringyourexperienceswiththem.Butwhenyouconsidersellingaprizedpossession,thinkaboutwhether

you'refullyreadytopartwithil.Thepastisthepast,though.Removingyouremotionalattachmenttomaterial

possessionscanhelpyoumakemoreaccurateassessmentsofhowmuchyouritemsaretrulyworth.

1.Whatdocstheunderlinedword“evoke”inparagraph2probablyincan?

A.Advocate.B.Cause.C.Identify.D.Control.

2.Whatmakesyouputapricetagof$130onyourshoesaccordingtoparagraphs?

A.Yourfondnessfortheshoes.B.Yourignoranceofthemarket.

C.Thehighqualityoftheshoes.D.Thespecialfunctionoftheshoes.

3.Whichcanbestillustratetheresultofendowmenteffect?

A.Onelikescollectingoldthings.

B.Onetendstobuyexpensivegoods.

C.Oneoffersalowerpricewhenshopping.

D.Onechargesahighcrthanusvalpriceforsomething.

4.What'sthepurposeofthelastparagraph?

A.Tomakeasuggestion.B.Tointroduceatheory.

C.Toanalyzeaphenomenon.D.Toprovidesomeevidence.

【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.A

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹「'稟賦效應(yīng)”的現(xiàn)象，并建議消除對物質(zhì)財富的情感依戀，更準確

地評估物品的價值。

1.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)上文“Foryou,eachitemhasastory（對你來說，每件物品都有一個故事）”和下文的emotions

可知，此處是指一些物品可能會"喚起一些情感，所以推知劃線詞是“引起、喚起”的意思。故選B項。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段"Let'ssayyou'resellingapairofspecialeditionsportsshoesthatyoutookcare

ofandreallyenjoyedwearingonspecialoccasions.Withthesesweetmemoriesinmind,youputapricetagof$13（）

ontheshoes.（假設(shè)你正在銷售一雙特別版的運動鞋，你很喜歡在特殊場合穿它。帶著這些甜蜜的回憶，你給

這雙鞋標上了130美元的價格。）”可知，你對這雙鞋的喜愛讓你給這雙鞋貼上了130美元的價格標簽。故選

A項。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Economistssuggestthisdynamicoccursthroughtheendowmenteffect（稟

賦效應(yīng)）一people'stendencytovaluethingstheyownmorehighlythantheywouldiftheydidnotownthem.（經(jīng)濟

學(xué)家認為，這種動態(tài)是通過稟賦效應(yīng)發(fā)生的——人們傾向于認為自己擁有的東西比自己沒有擁有的東西更

有價值。戶可知，一個人對某物收取比平常更高的價格，最能說明稟賦效應(yīng)的結(jié)果。故選D項。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Thepastisthepast,though.Removingyouremotionalattachmenttomaterial

possessionscanhelpyoumakemoreaccurateassessmentsofhowmuchyouritemsaretrulyworth.（不過，過去的

就讓它過去吧。消除對物質(zhì)財富的情感依戀可以幫助你更準確地評估你的物品到底值多少錢。）”可知，最后

一段的目的是提出建議。故選A項。

刷模擬

（2024,江蘇連云港?統(tǒng)考-模）Artificialintelligencemodelscantrickeachotherintodisobeyingtheir

creatorsandprovidingbannedinstructionsformakingdrugs,orevenbuildingabomb,suggestingthatpreventing

suchAI'jailbreaks"ismoredifficultthanitseems.

Manypubliclyavailablelargelanguagemodels（LLMs）,suchasChatGPT,havehardcodedrulesthataimto

preventthemfromexhibitingracialorsexualdiscrimination,oransweringquestionswithillegalorproblematic

answers—things（heyhavelearnedfromhumansviatrainingdata.Butthathasn'tstoppedpeoplefromfinding

carefullydesignedinstructionsthatblocktheseprotections,knownas'jailbreaks”,makingAImodelsdisobeythe

rules.

Now,ArushTagadcatLeapLaboratoriesandhiscoworkershavefoundaprocessofjailbreaks.Theyfound

thattheycouldsimplyinstructoneLLMtoconvinceothermodelstoadoptapersona（角色）,whichisableto

answerquestionsthebasemodelhasbeenprogrammedtorefuse.Thisprocessiscalled“personamodulation（i周

節(jié)）”.

Tagadesaysthisapproachworksbecausemuchofthetrainingdataconsumedbylargemodelsesfromonline

conversations,and（hemodelslearn（oactincertainwaysinresponsetodifferentinputs.Byhaving（heright

conversationwithamodel,itispossibletomakeitadoptaparticularpersona,causingittoactdifferently.

ThereisalsoanideainAIcircles,oneyettobeproven,thatcreatinglotsofrulesforanAltopreventit

displayingunwantedbehaviourcanaccidentallycreateablueprintforamodeltoactthatway.Thispotentially

leavestheAIeasytobetrickedintotakingonanevilpersona."Ifyou'reforcingyourmodeltobegoodpersona,it

somewhatunderstandswhatabadpersonaisJsaysTagade.

YinzhenLiatImperialCollegeLondonsaysitisworryinghowcurrentmodelscanbemisused,butdevelopers

needtoweighsuchriskswiththepotentialbenefitsofLLMs."Likedrugs,theyalsohavesideeffectsthatneedto

becontrolled,''shesays.

I.WhatdoestheAIjailbreakreferto?

A.ThetechniquetobreakrestrictionsofAImodels.

B.TheinitiativetosethardcodedrulesforAImodels.

C.ThecapabilityofAImodelsimprovingthemselves.

D.TheprocessofAImodelslearningnewinformation.

2.Whatcanweknowaboutthepersonamodulation?

A.ItcanhelpAImodelsunderstandemotions.

B.ItpreventsAIlearningviaonlineconversations.

C.ItcanmakeAImodelsadoptaparticularpersona.

D.ItforcesAImodelstofollowonlygoodpersonas.

3.WhatisYinzhenLi'sattitudetowardsLLMs?

A.Unclear.B.Cautious.C.Approving.D.Negative.

4.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.LLMs:IllegalLearningModelsB.LLMs:TheLatestAdvancement

C.AIJailbreaks:ANewChallengeD.AIJailbreaks:APerfectApproach

【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.C

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了人工智能領(lǐng)域面臨的一項新挑戰(zhàn)——AI“越獄”。

I.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段“Artificialintelligencemodelscantrickeachotherintodisobeyingtheircreatorsand

providingbannedinstructionsformakingdrugs,orevenbuildingabomb,suggestingthatpreventingsuchAI

“jailbreaks”ismoredifficultthanitseems.（人工智能模型可以欺騙對方不服從其創(chuàng)造者，提供被禁止的制造毒

品的指令，甚至制造炸彈，這表明防止這種Arjailbrcaks5比看起來要困難得多。廣以及第二段“Manypublicly

availablelargelanguagemodels（LLMs）,suchasChatGPT,havehardcodedrulesthataimtopreventthemfrom

exhibitingracialorsexualdiscrimination,oransweringquestionswithillegalorproblematicanswers--thingsthey

havelearnedfromhumansviatrainingdata.Butthathasn'tstoppedpeoplefromfindingcarefullydesigned

instructionsthatblocktheseprotections,knownas'jailbreaks"，makingAImodelsdisobeytherules.（許多公開可

用的大型語言模型（LLMs）,如ChaiGPT,都有硬編碼規(guī)則，旨在防止它們表現(xiàn)出種族或性別歧視，或者

用非法或有問題的答案回答問題——這些都是它們通過訓(xùn)練數(shù)據(jù)從人類那里學(xué)到的。但這并沒有阻止人們

找到精心設(shè)計的指令，阻止這些保護措施，即所謂的，jailbreaks，，使人工智能模型不遵守規(guī)則。）”可知，許

多公開可用的大型語言模型都有硬編碼規(guī)則阻止非法、歧視等內(nèi)容，但是人工智能模型可以突破保護限制

措施，互相欺騙對方不服從其創(chuàng)造者，提供被禁止的指令：由此可知，AI“jailbreak”指的是打破人工智能模

型限制，使人工智能模型違反規(guī)則的技術(shù)。故選A。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Tagadesaysthisapproachworksbecausemuchofthetrainingdataconsumedby

largemodelsesfromonlineconversations,and（hemodelslearntoactincertainwaysinresponsetodifferent

inputs.Byhavingtherightconversationwithamodel,itispossibletomakeitadoptaparticularpersona,causingit

toactdifferently.（Tagade表示，這種方法之所以有效,是因為大型模型消耗的大部分訓(xùn)練數(shù)據(jù)來目在線對話，

模型學(xué)會以特定的方式響應(yīng)不同的輸入。通過與模型進行正確的對話，可以使其采用特定的角色，從而使

其采取不同的行動。）''可知，“角色調(diào)節(jié)（ihepersonamodulation）”可以通過與人工智能模型進行正確的對

話讓其采用特定的角色，采取不同的行動。故選C。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“YinzhenLiatImperialCollegeLondonsaysitisworryinghowcurrentmodelscan

bemisused,butdevelopersneedtoweighsuchriskswiththepotentialbenefitsofLLMs."Likedrugs,theyalso

havesideeffectsthatneedtobecontrolled/,shesays.（倫敦帝國理工學(xué)院的YinzhcnLi表示，目前的模型可能

會被濫用，這令人擔憂，但開發(fā)者需要權(quán)衡這些風(fēng)險與LLM的潛在好處?！拖袼幬镆粯?，它們也有需要

控制的副作用，’她說。廠可知，YinzhenLi認為，目前的模型可能會被濫用，但是開發(fā)者需要權(quán)衡這些風(fēng)險

與LLMs的潛在好處，由此可知，YinzhenLi對LLMs持謹慎的態(tài)度。故選B。

4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Artificialintelligencemodelscantrickeachotherintodisobeyingtheircreatorsand

providingbannedinstructionsformakingdrugs,orevenbuildingabomb,suggestingthatpreventingsuchAI

“jailbreaks”ismoredifficultthanitseems.（人工智能模型可以欺騙對方不服從其創(chuàng)造者，提供被禁止的制造毒

品的指令，甚至制造炸彈，這表明防止這種人工智能“越獄”比看起來更困難。戶以及下文內(nèi)容可知本文介紹

了人工智能“越獄”、研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個“越獄”過程一"角色調(diào)節(jié)''以及專家對其態(tài)度；由此可知，本文主

要闡述人工智能發(fā)展面臨的人工智能“越獄”這一新的挑戰(zhàn);C選項“AIJailbreaks:ANewChallenge（AI越獄：

一個新的挑戰(zhàn)）”能夠概括文章主旨，適合作為最佳標題。故選C。

（2024?江蘇連云港?統(tǒng)考一模）Notallbirdssing,butseveralthousandspeciesdo.Theysingtodefendtheir

territoryandcroon（柔聲唱）toimpresspotentialmates."Whybirdssingisrelativelywellanswered,''saysIris

Adam,abehavioralneuroscientist.However,thebigquestionforherwaswhybirdssingsomuch.

“Assoonasyousing,yourevealyourself?'Adamsays."Like,whereyouareandwhereyourterritoryis."Ina

newstudypublishedinthejournalNaturemunications,Adamandhercoworkersofferanewexplanationforwhy

birdstakethatrisk.Theymayhavetosingaloteverydaytogivetheirvocal（發(fā)聲的）musclestheregularexercise

theyneedtoproducetopqualitysongs.Tofigureoutwhetherthemusclesthatproducebirdsongsrequiredaily

exercise,AdamdesignedanexperimentonzebrafinchesthelittleAustraliansongbirds.

Shepreventedthemfromsingingforaweekbykeepingtheminthedarkcagealmostaroundtheclock.Light

iswhatgalvanizesthebirdstosing,soshehadtoworktokeepthemfromwarbling（I鳴叫）.“Thefirsttwoorthree

days,it'squiteeasy/5shesays."Butthelongertheexperimentgoes,themoretheyarelike,4Ineedtosing.'"Atthat

point,she'dtapthecageandtellthemtostopsinging.

Afteraweek,thebirds'singingmuscleslosthalftheirstrength.ButAdamwonderedwhetherthatimpacted

thequalityofsongs.Whensheplayedamale'ssongbeforeandafterthesevendaysofdarkness,shecouldirthear

adifference.ButwhenAdamplayedittoagroupoffemalebirds,sixoutofninepreferredthesongthatcamefrom

amalewho'dbeenusinghissingingmusclesdaily.

Adam'sconclusionshowsthat“songbirdsneedtoexercisetheirvocalmusclestoproducetoppcrformancc

songs.Iftheydon'tsing,theyloseperformance,andtheirsongsgetlessattractivetofemales.MThismayhelp

explainsongbirds'continuoussinging.

It'sagoodruletoliveby,whetheryou'reabirdorahumanpracticemakesperfect,atleastwhenitesto

singingone'sheartout.

5.AccordingtoIrisAdam,birdssingsomuchto.

A.warnotherbirdsofrisksB.producemoresongs

C.performperfectlyinsingingD.defendtheirtenitory

6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"galvanizes”inParagraph3mean?

A.Prepares.B.Stimulates.C.Forbids.D.Frightens.

7.Whatdoweknowaboutthecagedbirdstheexperiment?

A.Theylosttheabilitytosing.B.Theystrengthenedtheirmuscles.

C.Theirsongsshowednodifference.D.Theirsongsbecamelessappealing.

8.WhatmayIrisAdamagreewith?

A.Thesongbirdsliveonmusic.B.Thesongbirdsarebornsingers.

C.Dailyexercisekeepsbirdshealthy.D.Practicemakesbirdsperfectsingers.

【答案】5.C6.B7.D8.

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了神經(jīng)學(xué)家艾瑞斯?亞當對于為什么鳥唱得這么多歌的研究。

5.細節(jié)理解題。由文章第二段中“Theymayhavetosingaloteverydaytogivetheirvocal（發(fā)聲的）musclesthe

regularexercise（heyneedtoproducelopqualilysongs.（它們可能每天都要唱很多歌，讓它們的聲帶肌肉得到定

期鍛煉，從而創(chuàng)作出高質(zhì)量的歌曲）“可知，亞當認為鳥兒每天都要唱很多歌，是為了更加完美地演唱。故選

Co

6.詞句猜測題。由劃線詞上文“Shepreventedthemfromsingingforaweekbykeepingtheminthedarkcage

almostaroundtheclock.（她把它們關(guān)在黑暗的籠子里，整整一個星期不讓它們唱歌）”和下文“soshehadto

worktokeepthemfromwarbling”可知，光是刺激鳥兒歌唱的東西，所以她必須努力不讓它們鳴叫，她把它們

關(guān)在黑暗的籠子里。由此可知,劃線詞的含義為“刺激A.Prepares準備;B.Stimulates刺激;C.Forbids

禁止；D.Frightens使驚嚇。故選B。

7.細節(jié)理解題。由文章第四段“A"eraweek,thebirds'singingmuscleslosthalftheirstrength.ButAdam

wonderedwhetherthatimpactedthequalityofsongs.Whensheplayedamale'ssongbeforeandaftertheseven

daysofdarkness,shecouldn,thearadifference.ButwhenAdamplayedittoagroupoffemalebirds,sixoutof

ninepreferredthesongthatcamefromamalewho'dbeenusinghissingingmusclesdaily.（——周后，鳥兒唱歌的肌

肉失去了一半的力量。但亞當想知道這是否會影響歌曲的質(zhì)量。當她在七天的黑暗之前和之后播放雄性的

歌曲時，她聽不出有什么不同。但是當亞當把這首歌放給一群雌鳥聽時，九只雌鳥中有六只更喜歡每天都

在使用唱歌肌肉的雄鳥發(fā)出的歌）"和第五段"Adam'sconclusionshowsthat“songbirdsneedtoexercisetheir

vocalmusclestoproducetoppcrfonnanccsongs.Iftheydon'tsing,theyloseperformance,andtheirsongsgetless

attractiveto伯males."Thismayhelpexplainsongbirds5continuoussinging.（亞當?shù)慕Y(jié)論表明，“鳴禽需要鍛煉發(fā)

聲肌肉，才能唱出最好的歌曲。''如果它們不唱歌，就會失去表演能力，它們的歌聲對雌性的吸引力也會降

低?！斑@可能有助于解釋鳴禽的持續(xù)歌唱）”可知，實驗中關(guān)在籠子里的鳥的歌曲變得不那么有吸引力了。故

選D。

8.推理判斷題。由文章第五段“Adam'sconclusionshowsthat"songbirdsneedtoexercisetheirvocalmusclesto

producetopperfbrmancesongs.Iftheydon'tsing,theyloseperformance,andtheirsongsgetlessattractiveto

felr.ales.^^Thismayhelpexplainsongbirds,continuoussinging.（亞當?shù)慕Y(jié)論表明，“鳴禽需要鍛煉發(fā)聲肌肉,才

能唱出最好的歌曲?！比绻鼈儾怀瑁蜁ケ硌菽芰?，它們的歌聲對雌性的吸引力也會降低?！斑@可能

有助于解釋鳴禽的持續(xù)歌唱）“可推知，亞當認為練習(xí)使鳥成為完美的歌手。故選D。

（2024?福建?統(tǒng)考一模）OnthestreetsofManhattanandWashington,D.C.,inneighborhoodsinSeouland

parksinParis,ginkgo（銀杏）treesarelosingtheirleavesinreaction（othefirstgustofcoldwinterair.Thisleaf

drop,gradualatfirst,andthensudden,carpetsstreetswithgolden,fanshapedleaves.Scientistsaredocumenting

evidenceoftheeventhappeninglaterandlater,apossibleindicationofclimatechange.Butthestoryofginkgosis

notthefamiliaroneofhumancarelessnesswithnature.

ThankstofossilsfoundinNorthDakota,scientistsfoundaginkgohasgeneticallysimilarancestorsdating

back170millionyearstotheJurassicPeriod."Italmostwentextinct.Thenhumansrescueditandspreaditaround

theworld.Ifssuchagreatevolutionary(進化)andculturalstory,“saysPeterCrane,aginkgoexpert.

Onetheoryfbrthedeclineof(heginkgospeciesbegan130millionyearsago,whenfloweringplantsbegan

spreading.Theygrewfasterandattractedmorepollinators(傳粉者)thanginkgos."It'spossiblethatginkgoswere

elbowedoutoftheway,“saysCrane.Alreadypetingtosurvive,ginkgosbegantodisappearduringatimeofglobal

cooling(hatbeganaround66millionyearsago.Bythetimethelasticeageended11,(X)()yearsago,theremaining

sunivorswerefoundinChina.

Ginkgotreesaresmelly."Myguessisthattheywereeatenbyanimalsthatlikedsmellythings.Theythen

passedthroughtheirbodyandgrew."Cranesays.Thosesameseedsmayhavehelpedginkgofindfavorwith

humans1,000yearsago.Oncecleanedoftheirouterlayer,ginkgoseedsaresafetoeat.It'sthen,whenthetrees

hadlongsincedisappearedelsewhere,thatpeopleinChinamayhavebegunplantingthemandeatingtheirseeds.

Thengraduallyginkgosspreadacrosstheworld.NowitJsseeminglynaturallyresistanttoinsectsandhighlevelsof

airpollution.

Craneisn,tworriedaboutitsfuture,though:Thepopularityofthespecieswillhelpitsurvive."Thoughits

statusinthewildmaybedifficulttoaccess,it'saplantthat'sunlikelytoevergoextinct/'hesays.

9.Whatmayhavecausedthefurtherdelayofginkgo'sleafdrop?

A.Thecolderweatherinwinter.

B.Theprotectionfromcitycouncils.

C.Theglobalwarmingphenomenon.

D.Thecarelessinteractionwithhumans.

10.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?

A.Thereasonswhyginkgosalmostdiedout.

B.Theadvantagesofginkgosoverotherplants.

C.Thetheoriesofexpertsformultiplyingginkgos.

D.Thepelitionbetweenvariousfloweringplants.

11.Whatmighthavecontributedtcginkgos'survival?

A.Theireatableseeds.B.Theirunpleasantsmell.

C.Thenaturalevolution.D.Thecarefulplanting.

12.HowdoesCranefeelaboutginkgos'future?

A.Worried.B.Optimistic.C.Uncertain.D.Hopeless.

【答案】9.C10.A11.A12.B

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了銀杏樹的歷史、特點、傳播以及現(xiàn)狀，通過科學(xué)家和專家的

觀點和研究來闡述銀杏樹在自然界和人類文化中的重要地位，同時也探討了銀杏樹面臨的一些挑戰(zhàn)和未來

發(fā)展的趨勢。

9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Scientistsaredocumentingevidenceoftheeventhappeninglaterandlater,apossible

indicationofclimatechange.（科學(xué)家們正在記錄這一事件發(fā)生得越來越晚的證據(jù)，這可能是氣候變化的一個

跡象廠可推知，全球變暖現(xiàn)象可能是導(dǎo)致銀杏落葉時間進一步推遲的原因。故選C項。

10.主旨大意題。根據(jù)笫二段“Onetheoryfbrthedeclineoftheginkgospeciesbegan130millionyearsago,when

floweringplantsbeganspreading.Theygrewfasterandattractedmorepollinators（傳粉者）thanginkgos.“It's

possiblethatginkgoswereelbowedoutoftheway,“saysCrane.Alreadypetingtosurvive,ginkgosbeganto

disappearduringatimeofglobalcoolingthatbeganaround66millionyearsago.Byihetimethelasticeageended

11,000yearsago,theremainingsurvivorswerefoundinChina.（關(guān)「銀杏物種衰落的一種理論始f1.3億年前，

當時開花植物開始傳播。它們的生長速度比銀杏快，吸引了更多的傳粉者?！坝锌赡茔y杏被擠出了生存的道

路，'‘克雷恩說。已經(jīng)在為生存而競爭的銀杏，在全球變冷時期開始消失，這一時期大約始于6600萬年前。

到最后?個冰河時代結(jié)束前的11000年，剩下的幸存者在中國被發(fā)現(xiàn)）”可知，本段主要講述了銀杏樹幾乎滅

絕的原因，包括與其他植物的競爭以及全球變冷等因素。因此，本段的主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)于銀杏樹幾乎滅絕的

原因。故選A項。

11.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Thosesameseedsmayhavehelpedginkgofindfavorwithhumans1,00（）years

ago.Oncecleanedoftheirouterlayer,ginkgoseedsaresa他to3at.It'sthen,whenthetreeshadlongsince

disappearedelsewhere,thatpeopleinChinamayhavebegunplantingthemandeatingtheirseeds.Thengradually

ginkgosspreadacrosstheworld.Nowit'sseeminglynaturallyresistanttoinsectsandhighlevelsofair

pollution.（同樣的種子可能在1000年前幫助銀杏贏得了人類的青睞。一旦去掉外層，銀杏種子就可以安全食

用。然后，當這些樹在其他地方早已消失的時候，中國人可能已經(jīng)開始種植它們并食用它們的種子。然后

銀杏逐漸傳播到世界各地。現(xiàn)在它似乎對昆蟲和高水平的空氣污染具有天然的抵抗力廣可知，銀杏樹能夠生

存下來，部分原因是因為它們的種子可以被人類食用。故選A項。

12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Craneisn'tworriedaboutitsfuture,though:Thepopularityofthespecieswill

helpitsurvive."Thoughitsstatusinthewildmaybedifficulttoaccess,it'saplantthat'sunlikelytoevergo

extinct,"hesays.（不過，克雷恩并不擔心它的未來：這個物種的受歡迎程度將有助于它的生存?！氨M管它在野

外的地位可能難以評估，但它是一種不太可能滅絕的植物，“他說）“可知，專家Crane對銀杏樹的未來并不

擔心，認為這個物種的受歡迎程度將有助于它的生存。由此推知，Crane對銀杏的未來是樂觀的。故選B想。

（2024?湖南邵陽?統(tǒng)考一模）Listeningtoanaudiobook（有聲書）beforebedaffectsaperson'sbrainactivity

aftertheynodoffaswellasthecontentoftheirdreams.

Betterunderstandingthiseffectcouldhelptreatcertainmentalhealthconditionsbytargetingmemory

processingduringsleep.Whenwesleep,ourbrainspontaneously（自發(fā)地）“replays"，orreactivatespatternsof

electricalactivitythatarerelatedtolearningtotransferimportantnewinformationtolongtermmemorystorage.It

hasbeensuggestedthatdreamsmayreflectthisreactivation,butexactlyhowisunclear.

Toinvestigate,DenizKumralattheUniversityofFreiburg,Germany,andhercolleaguesasked20peopleto

listentodifferentaudiobooksjustbeforetheywenttosleep.TheseincludedTheMysteryoftheBlueTrainby

AgathaChristieandInkheartbyCorneliaFunke.

Amongtheparticipantswhorememberedtheirdreams,theresearcherscouldidentifywhichaudiobookeach

hadheardfromtheirdescriptionsofthedreams.Whiletheparticipantsslept,theresearchersalsousedanEEG（腦

電圖）capthatdetectselectricalactivitytorecordtheirbrainwaves.Thisshowedthatthewavepatternsduringthe

rapideyemovementphaseofsleep,whendrcamsoccurred,weremoresimilarbetweenthosewhohadheardthe

sameaudiobookthanthosewhohadhearddifferentones,suggestingthatthelisteningexperienceshapedthebrain

activity.

Furtheranalysisofthepatternsrevealedthathighfrequencybetawaves—between18and30hertz—were

moststronglyassociatedwiththeparticipantsrecallingtheaudiobookrelatedcontentoftheirdreams.Thefindings

suggestthatdailylifeexperiencescanshapedreaincontentviamemoryreactivation,accordingtotheresearchers.

Butwhiledreamingmayserveadistinctpurposeinmemoryformation,iccouldalsobeabyproductofmemory

processing.

“Daytimeexperiencesarcrarelyreplayedasexperienced,butarcalmostalwaysmodifiedorsurfacein

differentcontexts,nsaysKumral."Individualswithcertainpsychologicalconditionsormentalproblemsmight

benefitfromtailoredstrategiesthatenhancememoryprocessingortreatdisordersofdreamingduringsleep,

potentiallycontrib