第二講掌握易變形的詞——名詞、形容詞和副詞第一節(jié)名詞【考點精析】考點1名詞的數(shù)一、可數(shù)名詞1.單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞的規(guī)則變化情況方法例詞一般情況加－sstudent→students，teacher→teachers，doctor→doctors，table→tables以－s，－x，－ch，－sh結(jié)尾加－esglass→glasses，dish→dishes，box→boxes，watch→watches；但stomach復(fù)數(shù)形式直接加s以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾變y為i再加－esfamily→families，baby→babies，army→armies，body→bodies以－f或－fe結(jié)尾大都變f或fe為v，再加－es少數(shù)加－sthief→thieves，wife→wives，knife→knives，shelf→shelves，life→lives，belief→beliefs，proof→proofs，roof→roofs，chief→chiefs以－o結(jié)尾通常加－s有的加－esradio→radios，video→videos，zoo→zoos，tobacco→tobaccos，hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes2.不規(guī)則變化變化規(guī)則例詞自身有特殊變化的名詞child→children，man→men，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，mouse→mice，phenomenon→phenomena，medium→media單復(fù)數(shù)同形Chinese，sheep，deer，series，means，works，species二、不可數(shù)名詞1.常見的24個不可數(shù)名詞單詞詞義單詞詞義rubbish垃圾luggage行李information信息advice建議fun樂趣homework家庭作業(yè)progress進(jìn)步equipment設(shè)備bread面包wealth財富knowledge知識room空間work工作weather天氣music音樂news新聞；消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck運氣2.抽象名詞的具體化具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時，可以與不定冠詞連用。這就是抽象名詞的具體化。抽象名詞具體化success成功asuccess一個(件)成功的人或事failure失敗afailure一個(件)失敗的人或事surprise驚訝asurprise一件令人驚訝的事情pleasure樂意apleasure一件樂事honour榮譽anhonour一件引以為榮的事考點2名詞所有格情況構(gòu)成示例表示有生命的名詞的所有格時在詞尾加“’s”theboy’sbag，men’srooms若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s只在詞尾加“’”theworkers’struggle如果兩個名詞并列，且分別加“’s”，則表示“分別有……”；若只有后一個名詞加“’s”，則表示兩個“共有”。John’sandMary’srooms(兩間)；JohnandMary’sroom(一間)省略格：在表示店鋪、教堂、診所的名稱或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常省略它所修飾的名詞。atthedoctor’s在診所；atmysister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價值、國家、城市等無生命名詞的所有格在詞尾加“’s”來表示所屬關(guān)系，意為“……的”atwentyminutes’walk,atenmiles’journey,twopounds’weight,tendollars’worthof屬格：無生命的名詞的所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers雙重所有格of＋名詞“’s”結(jié)構(gòu)afriendofmyfather’s,worksofLuXun’s考點3派生名詞1.動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞后綴例詞－ion/－tion/－sion/－ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration慶祝(活動)discuss→discussion討論；論述decide→decision決定invite→invitation邀請explain→explanation解釋－er/－orgather→gatherer收集者，采集者teach→teacher老師direct→director導(dǎo)演conduct→conductor指揮；售票員－mentpunish→punishment懲罰achieve→achievement功績；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)treat→treatment對待；治療－ance/－enceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導(dǎo)exist→existence存在；生活prefer→preference偏愛－ure/－turefail→failure失??；倒閉press→pressure壓力depart→departure離開；出發(fā)mix→mixture混合；混合物－inghear→hearing聽力，聽覺begin→beginning開始－yrecover→recovery恢復(fù)，痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向，趨勢2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞后綴例詞－ageshort→shortage不足，短缺－cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利，流暢accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性private→privacy隱私，私密－domfree→freedom自由wise→wisdom明智；智慧－encedifferent→difference差異silent→silence沉默－nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點kind→kindness仁慈，友好careless→carelessness粗心大意rich→richness富有；豐富－thstrong→strength力氣；優(yōu)勢long→lenghth長度warm→warmth溫暖；熱情grow→growth成長－y/－ty/－ityhonest→honesty誠實difficult→difficulty困難safe→safety安全cruel→cruelty殘忍disable→disability缺陷；傷殘responsible→responsibility責(zé)任單句語法填空1.(2022·柳州模擬)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninterestingcompetition(compete),togetherwiththestorybehindit.2.(2022·成都模擬)I’mascientist(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.3.(2022·包頭模擬)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithhereducation(educate).4.(2022·德州模擬)Shehasturneddownseveralinvitations(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.5.(2022·石家莊模擬)Althoughtheyareseenascompanionsandpartofthefamilytoday,ChinaandWesterncountrieshavedifferentculturalbeliefs(belief)aboutdogs.【規(guī)律方法】1.根據(jù)修飾詞確定名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式(1)不定冠詞a，an后用名詞單數(shù)形式；(2)有these，those，several，many，all，both，apairof，avarietyof，different或數(shù)詞等修飾時名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；(3)名詞前有oneof，among時用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式?！镜淅縏here’snodenyingthatdifferentjudgeshavedifferent________(approach)tothesecases.解析由空前的different可知應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)形式，故用approaches。答案approaches【典例】Idecidedtolabeloneofmysmall________(purse)，whichIactuallyhadwithmethatday，withhername，alongwithsomecashinsideandanencouragingnote.解析由空前的oneof可知應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)形式，故用purses。答案purses2.根據(jù)謂語動詞確定名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式名詞作主語時，如果一般現(xiàn)在時的謂語動詞是動詞原形或are，要考慮用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式?！镜淅縒hilethereareamazingstoriesofinstanttransformation，formostofus，the________(change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork，likecleaningupapollutedriver.解析由空后的謂語動詞are可知應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)形式，故用changes。答案changes3.根據(jù)常識和句意確定名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式表示兩個(或兩個以上)的可數(shù)名