考點29閱讀理解主旨大意題(重難題型)

高考閱讀理解對文章的主旨大意進行命題，旨在考查考生通過對原文快速瀏覽正確

獲取語篇的大意，并對文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信

息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會作者的主要意圖，充分運用邏輯概括

能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點、中心論點及作者的情感傾向。

在高考閱讀理解中，針對短文主旨常見的命題形式如下：

(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?

(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis.

(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis...

(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison.

(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

(7)Whafsthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.

(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?

(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?

(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.

從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心

思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。下面結(jié)合高考題實例來具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。

怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意

——主題句定位法

文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開，而段落的中心思

想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小

段的主題句，通過主題句找出文章的主題。找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。主題是文章要

表達的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個話題，它是文章的核心。"主題句定位法”是一種行之有效的方

法。

但是由于文章的不同，表現(xiàn)的手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，

尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據(jù)其篇章特點我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主

題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭結(jié)尾同時出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。

因此，仔細閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法（skimming）,瀏覽時，一

般不需逐句細讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。

文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^文章的寫作方法來體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：

1.中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首

開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細節(jié)來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想。這是英語中最常見

的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫作方法。

新聞報道通常就采用這種寫法。新聞報道的首句通常稱為“新聞導(dǎo)語”，“導(dǎo)語”實際上就是主題句，是對

全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標(biāo)題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據(jù)。

,經(jīng)典殍題

[2022年全國甲卷B篇】

Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshaperecognition

abilitiestoahumantwoyearold.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattooluse

whilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclear

frontoftheboxhada“keyhole“inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"to

choosefrom.Insertingthecorrect^tkey^^wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryear

beforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（對稱的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewill

needtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan"allocentricframeofreference”.Inthe

experiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.

Wheretrialanderrorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin's

cockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwoyearold

babies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisual

clues（線索），oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignalReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShapeSorters

2.主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾

在細節(jié)后，歸納要點、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式,

即細節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。

[2021全國甲卷D篇】

Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.

Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.But

wewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeopleareso

muchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.

Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthe

standardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidethe

club-women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief-theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboysto

saythatmembersoftheirgender（性另（j）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsact

onthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare"really,really

smartnCanourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbeediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakea

geniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.

Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalmunication,we'reallpositionedtosee

flashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因

素）likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,future

geniusesefromthosewith'"intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力），andsimplegoodfortune,whoare

abletochangetheworld.n

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlike

B.GeniusTakesManyForms

C.GeniusandIntelligence

Lacrosse（曲棍球）isapopularspoitinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainfor

war.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.

Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled44cross".Theplayerhitaball

intothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheball

atahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthe

lacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.

l.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse-APopularGameinCanada

4.中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句

閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。

分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納

形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。

[2022年全國甲卷C篇】

AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins（企鵝）

longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeepersweledherandkickstartedwhatwastobeatripGinniwould

neverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer（職業(yè)）asa

professionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingand

hersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotakethepluege.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventually

gettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlastminutecheap

dealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmerican

mainland.t4IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,“shesays."IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,I

justwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowards

Antarctica.t6Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftan

impressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“Ginnisays."IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustrose

outofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperatic

soundsitwasmakingunderwater.

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithome

toGinni.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

4.主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間

通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進一步

的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。

題

TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethreedayeventisnotfixedtothesamedates

eachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetter

attendedbylocals.

Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattend

thefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthe

sands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowing

another,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderful

traditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.

Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhah':theirlong,dark,shinyhair

isthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.

67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders.

A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestival

B.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethreedaySaharaFestival

C.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestival

D.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival

怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標(biāo)題

——高度概括法

對文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現(xiàn)，而且也可以用選擇

或擬定文章標(biāo)題的形式出現(xiàn)。因此，選擇文章標(biāo)題，首先可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主

旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。

標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達形式。

標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖。那么如何選

擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？

首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體

現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。?；②過

度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實、細節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。

其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對性強。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，

仔細考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出,

太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是單詞、短語,

也可以是句子。

再次要注意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題的選擇要簡潔、突出、新穎，標(biāo)題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂

和門面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標(biāo)題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題一般

比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來吸引讀者對文章的興趣。

最后要注意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方法。一般說來，擬定標(biāo)題是以話題為

核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句

為：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th

2004inBeijing.

話題：Stamps

控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames

標(biāo)題：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynames

模

Passage1

（2021?福建南平?二模）Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorother

healththreateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.

Thewearable"panicbuttons^^introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.Buttheyonlyworkifpeople

actuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Todaytherearepassivewearablesthatautomatically

detectfalls,andcamerabasedsystemstomonitoreldersafety.

ingfroma40yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelessmunicationfield,RafiZackdecidedtofinda

betteralternative.'"Peoplearen'tdevotedtowearingsmalldevices24/7,andcamerabasedsystemsareaninvasion

（侵犯）ofprivacy,9,hepointsout,“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmatters

becausethemedicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.Wehavetofind

outhowtosolvethatproblem.^^

Zackisacofounder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO

（ElderlyCareHomeObserver）,acloudconnectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.

Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcanmonitoroneperson（ortwo

persons,inafutureversion）inastandardsizedapartmentinaseniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,

breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealth

worseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson'slocation,posture（姿勢）,motionand

breath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHOwascertified（認(rèn)證）in

2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.

“Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.^^saidSMK

DirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara."'Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersand

nursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare^solution.^^Zacknoted,t4Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelive

aloneasaresultofsocialdistancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesor

privacyinvadingcameras.^^

1.WhafstheadvantageofECHOover"panicbuttons”?

A.Ithascamerabasedsystems.B.Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.

C.Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras.D.Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.

2.WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?

A.Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.

B.Itmonitorsdangeroushealthrelatedevents.

C.Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.

D.Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.

3.WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?

A.If11beemorepopularwiththeelderly.

B.It'llstop17,000deathshappeningannually.

C.It511beusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.

D.If11helpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.

4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AnAdvancedMedicalInstrument

B.AHightechMonitorfortheElderly

C.TheInventionofaHealthcareDevice

D.TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility

Passage2

（2021-山西晉中?三模）Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedpassionate（有同情心的）loveandempathy

（認(rèn)同感）fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,a

UniversityofCalifornia,Davis'studysuggests.

Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens（代金券）they

hadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresent-iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhen

giventheopportunitytoshareandhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudy

initiallyincluded74preschoolagechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin

54motherchildpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere6.

“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswhoexpressedstronger

passionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,9,saidPaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorof

psychology,"'passionatemotherslikelydevelopemotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealso

providinganearlyexampleofsatisfyingtheneedsofothersJresearcherssaidinthestudy,publishedinNovember

inFrontiersinPsychology^^EmotionScience.

Ineachlabexercise,afterattachingamonitortorecordchildren'sheartrateactivity,theexaminertoldthe

childrentheywouldbeearningtokensforavarietyofactivities,andthatthetokenscouldbeturnedinforaprize.

Thetokenswereputintoabox,andeachchildeventuallyearned20prizetokens.Thenbeforethesessionended,

childrenweretoldtheycoulddonateallorpartoftheirtokenstootherchildren.

Takentogether,thefindingsshowedthatchildren'sgenerosityissupportedbythebinationoftheir

socializationexperiences-theirmothers9passionatelove-andtheirphysiologicalregulation,andthatthesework

like"'internalandexternalsupportsfortheabilitytoactprosociallythatbuildoneachother”.

Inadditiontoobservingthechildren'spropensity（習(xí)'性）todonatetheirgameearnings,Hastingssuggested

that"beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforce（力口強）thegenerousbehaviorthatproducedthatgood

feeling.^^

5.Howdoyoungchildrenlovedbytheirmothertendtobeeinlateryears?

A.Considerate.B.Emotional.

C.Generous.D.Optimistic.

6.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theprocessoftheresearch.B.Theresultoftheexperiment.

C.Thereactionsofthechildren.D.TheimportanceofMom'slove.

7.AccordingtoHastings,whatfactorcouldstrengthenchildren'sgoodbehaviors?

A.Theirmomslovethemdeeply.B.Theydonatethetokenseasily.

C.Theybehavephysiologically.D.Theyarecalmeraftersharing.

8.Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthispassage?

A.WhatContributestoGenerosity?

B.TheMoreYouGive,theCalmerYouWillBe

C.DoYouPrefertoReceiveorGive?

D.MoreGiving,LessReceiving

Passage3

（2021-山西晉中?三模）NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellprettymuch

anything.ThereareotherInternetauction（拍賣）sites,butnoneeclosetoeBayforbrandnamerecognition.Andfor

goodreason:eBayisthelargestEnglishlanguageonlineauctionsiteintheworld.BuyersetoeBayforthebest

chanceoffindingtheparticularthingtheywant.Sellerseforthelargestpoolofbuyers,whichtheyhopemeansthe

bestchanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.

BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearchfield,orclickthroughthe

categorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.Insideanindividualitemlisting,you'llseethecurrentaskingprice,anda

littlebuttontoclickifyouwishtoplaceyourownbid.Enteraprice,occasionallyebacktoseeifsomeonehasbid

higherthanyouandwaitfortheendoftheauctionperiod.Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhaveto

doisarrangepaymentandshippingmethodwiththeseller.eBayisonlyinthebusinessofputtingbuyersand

sellerstogetherforasmallfeefromtheseller.Itdoesn'thandletheactualpaymentorshippingofgoods.Inother

words,itisn'tabigdepartmentstore,orawarehouse.Ifstheownerofafleamarket,andyouhavetodoyourown

dealswiththeindividualsellersintheirvirtualstalls.

TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersandhowaproxy（代理人）bidcansaveyou

fromgoingonlineeveryhalfhourtoupyourbid.ExperiencedeBayusersalsoknowhowtouseescrows（公正托管）

toguaranteegoods,andhowtoavoidsellingtrickssuchasfakebidsthatpushupprices.Themoreoftenyoubuy

oneBay,themoreyoulearn.

9.WhyiseBaythebestwebsiteforpeopletobuyandsellthings?

A.Becauseithasallbrandproducts.

B.BecausethetradelanguageisEnglish.

C.Becausesellersandbuyerscanclosetheirdeals.

D.Becausesellerscanfindaswimmingpoolthere.

10.Whatshouldyoudofirstifyouwanttobuysomethingatthesite?

A.Findthecurrentaskingprice.

B.Clickabuttontoplaceyourownbid.

C.Enterapricewhichishigherthanothers.

D.Findwhatyouwantinthecategorieslist.

11.Whatshouldthebuyerdoifhe/shewinsthebid?

A.GetgoodsfromeBay.

B.Determinepaymentandshipment.

C.Sendsomebodyforthegoods.

D.Talkaboutthepriceofthegoods.

12.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthelastparagraph?

A.HowtobeaskillfulbuyerateBay.

B.Howtomakesureofqualifiedgoods.

C.Howtoavoidbeingcheatedbyothers.

D.Howtospareyoufromgoingonlinefrequently.

Passage4

（2022?黑龍江?大慶實驗中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）TheuseofAI（artificialintelligence）isbeingmoremoninmany

branchesofindustryandonlineshopping.Traditionallinesofwork,suchasgoodstransportanddriving,are

developinginasimilardirectionalthoughmainlyoutofpublicview.ScientistsattheUniversityofGottingenhave

nowinvestigatedhowefficient（高效的）theuseofAIcanbeinthemercialmanagementoftrucks.

“Digitalapplications——aswellasmachineleaning,akindofAI——areincreasinglyappliedtooperationsand

coursesinthetransportarea,^^explainsProfessorMatthiasKlumppfromtheFacultyofEconomics.t6Thequestion

inthemercialarea,however,iswhetherornotthiscontributestoachievinggoals.”

Toanswerthisquestion,theresearchersparedtheworkefficiencyoftruckdriverswiththeirmainuseofAI

applications.Lookingattradedeliverybytruck,theystudiedthreegroups:thefirstdrovepletelyfollowinghuman

decisionmakingmodels;thesecondusedabinationofhumanandmachine;andthethirddependedpletelyonfully

automateddecisions.

TheresearchersfoundthatanintelligentbinationofhumanworkanddecisionmakingabilitieswithAI

applicationspromisesthehighesttransportanddrivingefficiency.660naverage,thesecondgroupachievedthemost

efficienttransporttrips,withthefewestinterventions（干預(yù)）andoffcoursefromthebestpath.^^oneresearchersaid,

“Clearly,neitherapletelyhumandecisionmakingstructurenorafullyautomateddrivingsystemcanpromiseto

meetcurrentgoodstransportrequirements.^^ThescientiststhereforesummarizedthatdespitetheprogressofAIin

thefieldoftransportationbytruck,humanexperienceanddecisionmakingabilitieswillstillbenecessaryinthe

longerterm.However,thechallengeisthatawiderangeoftrainingandqualification（資格）needswillealongby

workingwithAlapplications,especiallyforsimplegoodstransportactivities.

13.WhatdoesMatthiasKlumppfocuson?

A.TheefficiencyofAL

B.TheadvantagesofAI.

C.TheproblemscausedbyAL

D.ThewideapplicationsofAL

14.Howdidtheresearchersgetthefinding?

A.Byprovidingexamples.

B.Bymakingparisons.

C.Byusingdifferenttrucks.

D.Bylistingthreeexperiments.

15.Whatcanweknowfromthelastparagraph?

A.Alisbetteratmakingdecisions.

B.AbalanceisneededbetweenhumanandAL

C.HumanwillsoonbereplacedbyAIindriving.

D.Alapplicationsmeetthecurrentrequirements.

16.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Thefutureoftransport.

B.Artificialintelligenceasacodriver.

C.Artificialintelligenceabetterchoiceindriving.

D.Thestrengthsofartificialintelligenceintransport.

Passage5

（2021?福建寧德?三模）Justasahungrybraincraves（渴望）food,alonelybraincravespeople.Anewbrain

studydemonstratesthis.Afterbeingleftalone,itshowspeople'sbrainswouldbeactivatedatthesightofother

people.Theactionwasinthesamebrainregionthatspeedsupwhenahungrypersonseesfood.

LiviaIbmova,aneuroscientist,whostudieshowthebrainproducesmentalactivities,andhercolleagues

beganthisstudy.Theyrecruited（招募）40people.Ononeday,theparticipantshadtofast-noteatanythingat

all-for10hours.Onanotherday,thesamepeoplewereplacedinaroomfor10hours.Theycouldn'tseeanyone.

Nofriends,nofamilyandnosocialmedia.Theyweren'tevenallowedtochecktheiremail.Afterbothdays,

TomovaandhercolleaguesputthepeopleinaMRImachine.Itshowsactivityinthebrainbytrackinghowmuch

bloodisflowingtoeachregion.

Attheendofeachday,theparticipantsshowedhighactivityinabrainareacalledthemidbrain.Thescientists

wereinterestedintwo,smallareaswithinit.Bothareasproducedopamine,achemicalthatisimportantincraving

andrewards.Thetwoareasactivatedwhenhungryparticipantssawpicturesoftastypizzaorjuicyhamburgers.

Afterthevolunteershadbeenisolated,thosebrainareasbecameactivewhentheysawsocialactivitiestheymissed.

Itmightbeplayingsportsorchattingwithfriends.

Themidbrainplaysanimportantpartinpeople'smotivationtoseekfoodorfriends.Infact,itrespondstofood

andsocialsignalsevenwhenpeoplearen'thungryorlonely.Buthungerandlonelinessincreasedthereactionsand

madepeople'sresponsesspecifictothethingtheyweremissing.Andthemorehungerorisolationthevolunteers

saidtheywereexperiencing,thestrongertheactivityinthispartofthebrain.Tomovaandhercolleaguespublished

theirresultsNovember23inNatureNeuroscience.

17.HowdoesTomovatestouttheresultofthestudy?

A.Bystimulatingdesire.B.Bycontrollingbloodflow.

C.Bymonitoringbrainactivity.D.Byexaminingmentalactivities.

18.Whatdoweknowaboutmidbrain?

A.Itconsistsoftwoareas.B.Ithelpsmotivatedesireforfood.

C.Itstopsworkingwhenpeoplearefull.D.Itdecreasesresponsestolostfriends.

19.Whatdoestheunderlined"it"inparagraph3referto?

A.Amidbrainarea.B.Asocialactivity.C.Avolunteer.D.Ahamburger.

20.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Dopamine-aSureSignofAgeB.Midbrain-aNestfortheThoughts

C.HungerMakesMentalHealthStruggleD.LonelinessMakesOurBrainsNeedPeople

Passage6

（2022?陜西?寶雞中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）Forthousandsofyears,mankindhasbredplantsandanimalstocreatemore

desiredandusefulplantsandanimals.Forinstance,moderncornhasbeenbredtosuchalargesizethatitisno

longerabletoreproducewithoutman'sassistance.Modemdairycowsproducetoomuchmilk;andiftheyarenot

oftendrainedofmilk,theycouldleak,burst,beeinfected,andpossiblydie.Furthermore,mostdomesticateddogs

cannotsurviveinthewildevenwithspecialtraining.Sincenaturalevolutionisextremelyslowandmankind's

selectivebreedingprogramsonlytakeafewgenerationstoproduceapletelynewspecies,naturalevolutionhas

alreadytakenabackseattomankind'sbreedingprograms.

Additionally,mankindhassuccessfullykilledoffseveralspeciesalltogether.Forinstance,therearenomore

Europeanwolvesinexistenceandmammothsprobablybecameextinctbecauseofmankind.Evencertaindiseases

havebeenpermanentlyeradicated（根除）fromtheplanet,anddozensofotherdiseaseswillsoonfollow.Again,

naturalevolutiondidnotcausemostextinctionduringhumanity'sreign.

Currently,scienti