2021—2022學(xué)年（上）遼寧省部分中學(xué)高三期末考試英語考試時(shí)間：120分鐘滿分：150分第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。ADreamingofsummerpicnicsfilledwithfamilyandfun?We’vecomeupwith4ofthetoppicnicareasacrosstheUS.CumberlandIslands,GeorgiaJustafewhourssouthofSavannah,thisnationalseashoreisawonderfulpicnicplace.It’sanunspoiledplaceintheDeepSouthwithover50milesofhikingtrails(小徑).CoveredinSpanishmoss,thetrailsarelinedwithtreesandsinceit’sstillaruralarea,thestarslineupforagrandshowatnightandcreatetheperfecteveningstarlitpicnicopportunity.GrantPark,ChicagoIfyouarelookingfordeliciousfoodinChicago,goforatasteofa20-day,lake-front,foodiefestivalthathappensinOctobereachyear.Grabaspotnearthefountaintoenjoyyourpicnic,appreciatethecitysceneryandlakeviewsandrelaxwithfamilyandfriends.IfyouarethereonJuly4th,besuretoplanthedaytoincludethefireworksdisplayattheNavyPier.CranberryIslands,MaineHere,you’llenjoynaturalpicnicswithislandviews.Theislandsareadelightfulgroupofislandsabout20minutesoffshorefromAcadiaNationalPark.Youcanvisittheislandsbyprivateboatorferryservice.Bringapicnicbasketalongfortherideasit’saromanticpicnicareatotakeyourspecialsomeoneorgoforafamilyoutingtovisittheislands.BigSur,CaliforniaThePointLobosStateReserveisasmallgem.Besidesthecoastalwildlifetherearerareplantcommunities,anduniquegeologicalformations.It’sgoodtohaveapicnicthere.Werecommendbringingatelescope,becausemuchofthewildlifecanbeseenonlyatadistance.1.WhydoesthewriteradviseustogotoCumberlandIslands?A.BecausetheyarejustnexttoSavannah.B.Becausetheyhaveagrandshoweverynight.C.BecausetheyarealmostcoveredinSpanishmoss.D.Becausetheykeeptheiroriginalecology(生態(tài)).2.Wherecanyouenjoyobservingwildlifewithatelescope?A.AttheNavyPier. B.AtthePointLobosStateReserveC.AtAcadiaNationalPark. D.IntheDeepSouth.3.Wherecanwemostprobablyreadthispassage?A.Inapersonaldairy. B.Inasciencereport.C.Inageographytextbook. D.Inatravelmagazine.【答案】1.D2.B3.D【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了四個(gè)最佳野餐地點(diǎn)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中CoveredinSpanishmoss,thetrailsarelinedwithtreesandsinceit’sstillaruralarea,thestarslineupforagrandshowatnightandcreatetheperfecteveningstarlitpicnicopportunity.（小路上爬滿了西班牙苔蘚，兩旁種滿了樹。由于這里仍然是一個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，所以星星們會在晚上排起隊(duì)來參加盛大的表演，這是在夜晚星光照耀下野餐的絕佳機(jī)會。）可知作者建議我們?nèi)タ膊m群島，因?yàn)槟抢锉３种鷳B(tài)。故選D?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Besidesthecoastalwildlifetherearerareplantcommunities,anduniquegeologicalformations.It’sgoodtohaveapicnicthere.Werecommendbringingatelescope,becausemuchofthewildlifecanbeseenonlyatadistance.（除沿海野生動物外，還有珍稀植物群落和獨(dú)特的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造。在那里野餐很好。我們建議帶上望遠(yuǎn)鏡，因?yàn)楹芏嘁吧鷦游镏荒茉谶h(yuǎn)處看到。）可知在thePointLobos國家保護(hù)區(qū)可以享受用望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀察野生動物的樂趣。故選B。【3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段Dreamingofsummerpicnicsfilledwithfamilyandfun?We’vecomeupwith4ofthetoppicnicareasacrosstheUS.（夢想著充滿家庭和樂趣的夏日野餐?我們列出了全美4個(gè)最佳野餐地。）以及文章主要介紹了四個(gè)最佳野餐地點(diǎn)可知最可能在一本旅游雜志上讀到這篇文章。故選D。BImaginereadingastorytitled"PursuingSuccess."Thatwouldbeaninspiringstory,wouldn'tit?Maybe—butmaybenot.Itmightwellbethestoryofsomeonewhosenever-endingchaseformoreandmoresuccessleavesthemunsatisfiedandincapableofhappiness.Thoughitisn'taconventionalmedicaladdiction,formanypeoplesuccesshasaddictiveproperties.Obviously,successgoeswithpraise.Toacertainextent,praisestimulatestheneurotransmitterdopamine(神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)多巴胺)，whichcontributestoalladdictivebehaviors.Thedesireforsuccessmaybeborntohumannature,butspecialnessdoesn'tcomecheap.Successistoughwork,anditrequiresbearingthecostoflosing.Inthe1980s,thephysicianRobertGoldmanfamouslyfoundthatmorethanhalfofambitiousathleteswouldbewillingtotakeadrugthatwouldkilltheminfiveyearsinexchangeforwinningeverycompetitiontheyentered.Unfortunately,successisendless.Thegoalcan'tbesatisfied;mostpeopleneverfeel“successful”enough.Thehighonlylastsadayortwo,andthenit'sontothenextgoal.Psychologistscallthisthehedonictreadmill(快樂跑步機(jī)現(xiàn)象)，inwhichsatisfactionwearsoffalmostimmediatelyandwemustrunontothenextrewardtoavoidthefeelingoffallingbehind.Peopleshouldgetoffthetreadmill.Butquittingisn'teasyforaddicts.Forpeoplehookedonsubstances,withdrawalcanbeapainfulexperience,bothphysicallyandpsychologically,researchfindsthatdepressionandanxietyarecommonamongoutstandingathletesaftertheircareersend.Olympicathletes,inparticular,sufferfromthe“post-Olympicblues.”Justlikewine,successinandofitselfisnotabadthing.Bothcanbringfunandsweetnesstolife.Butbothbecomebossywhentheyareasubstitutefor—insteadofacomplement(補(bǔ)充物)to—therelationshipsandlovethatshouldbeatthecenterofourlives.4.Whatdoespraisefunctionaswhengoingwithsuccess?A.Ithasnothingtodowithsuccessaddiction.B.Itmayindirectlycausesuccessaddiction.C.Italwaysbringspositiveresultsofsuccess.D.Itresultsinalladdictivebehaviorsexceptsuccess.5.WhydidtheauthormentiontheresearchfindingsofRobertGoldman?A.Toshowsuccessisatoughandcrueljob.B.Tostressthekeytosuccessliesinefforts.C.Toarguethatathletesdeservemorerewards.D.Todescribetheroutinetrainingofanordinaryathlete.6.Whatcansuccessbringtoasuccessaddictaccordingtopsychologists?A.Satisfactionandasenseofpride.B.Anxietyandshort-livedhappiness.C.Relaxationandendlessmotivation.D.Confidenceandpermanenthappiness.7.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestpeopledoaboutpursuingsuccess?A.Stopchasingsuccess.B.Chasesuccessatanycost.C.Reflectonwhatmattersinlife.D.Giveuploveandrelationships.【答案】4.B5.A6.B7.C【解析】【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了成功對人們的影響，對許多人來說，成功有上癮的特性，但成功是艱苦的工作，它要求承擔(dān)失敗的代價(jià)，而且成功還是無止境的，帶來的快樂卻很短暫；對此，作者建議人們應(yīng)該思考自己生活中真正重要的東西是什么?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的“Obviously,successgoeswithpraise.Toacertainextent,praisestimulatestheneurotransmitterdopamine（神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)多巴胺），whichcontributestoalladdictivebehaviors.”（顯然，成功與表揚(yáng)相伴。在一定程度上，表揚(yáng)刺激神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)多巴胺，這有助于所有成癮行為。），可知表揚(yáng)與成功相伴，會刺激神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)多巴胺，它可能間接地導(dǎo)致成功成癮。故選B項(xiàng)。【5題詳解】推理判斷題。由第三段中的“Successistoughwork,anditrequiresbearingthecostoflosing.Inthe1980s,thephysicianRobertGoldmanfamouslyfoundthatmorethanhalfofambitiousathleteswouldbewillingtotakeadrugthatwouldkilltheminfiveyearsinexchangeforwinningeverycompetitiontheyentered.”（成功是一項(xiàng)艱巨的工作，它需要承擔(dān)損失的代價(jià)。1980年代，醫(yī)生RobertGoldman發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)著名的發(fā)現(xiàn)，超過半數(shù)雄心勃勃的運(yùn)動員愿意服用一種藥物，這種藥物將在五年內(nèi)殺死他們，以換取他們參加的每一場比賽都能獲勝。），可推知本段列舉RobertGoldman的研究是為了說明成功是一項(xiàng)艱巨而殘酷的工作。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段中的“Thegoalcan'tbesatisfied;mostpeopleneverfeel“successful”enough.Thehighonlylastsadayortwo,andthenit'sontothenextgoal.Psychologistscallthisthehedonictreadmill(快樂跑步機(jī)現(xiàn)象)，inwhichsatisfactionwearsoffalmostimmediatelyandwemustrunontothenextrewardtoavoidthefeelingoffallingbehind.”（目標(biāo)不能滿足，大多數(shù)人從來沒有感覺到“成功”足夠過。興奮的狀態(tài)只持續(xù)一兩天，然后又進(jìn)入下一個(gè)目標(biāo)。心理學(xué)家稱之為快樂跑步機(jī)現(xiàn)象，在這種情況下，滿足感幾乎立即消失，我們必須繼續(xù)下一個(gè)獎勵，以避免落伍的感覺。）和倒數(shù)第二段中的“Forpeoplehookedonsubstances,withdrawalcanbeapainfulexperience,bothphysicallyandpsychologically,researchfindsthatdepressionandanxietyarecommonamongoutstandingathletesaftertheircareersend.”（對于那些沉迷于物質(zhì)的人來說，戒斷可能是一種痛苦的經(jīng)歷，無論是身體還是心理上，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動員職業(yè)生涯結(jié)束后，抑郁和焦慮是常見的。），可知成功者永遠(yuǎn)感覺不到滿足，他們的滿足感/幸福感是短暫的，一些優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動員職業(yè)生涯結(jié)束后，會抑郁和焦慮，說明成功能給成功成癮者帶來短暫的幸福和焦慮。故選B項(xiàng)。【7題詳解】推理判斷題。由最后一段“Justlikewine,successinandofitselfisnotabadthing.Bothcanbringfunandsweetnesstolife.Butbothbecomebossywhentheyareasubstitutefor—insteadofacomplement(補(bǔ)充物)to—therelationshipsandlovethatshouldbeatthecenterofourlives.”（就像葡萄酒一樣，成功本身并不是壞事。兩者都能給生活帶來樂趣和甜蜜。但是，當(dāng)它們?nèi)〈恕皇茄a(bǔ)充——我們生活本該是關(guān)系和愛的中心時(shí)，它們就會變得專橫。），可知作者認(rèn)為成功本身并不是壞事，但當(dāng)成功取代了我們生活中最核心的關(guān)系和愛時(shí)，成功就會變成壞事。由此推知，作者建議讀者思考生活中最重要的事情。故選C項(xiàng)。CForseveraldecades,therehasbeenanorganizedcampaignintendedtoproducedistrustinscience,fundedbythosewhoseinterestsarethreatenedbythefindingsofmodernscience.Inresponse,scientistshavetendedtostressthesuccessofscience.Afterall,scientistshavebeenrightaboutmostthings,fromthestructureoftheuniversetotherelativityoftimeandspace.Stressingsuccessesisn’twrong,butformanypeopleit’snotpersuasive.Analternativeanswertothequestion“Whytrustscience?”isthatscientistsusetheso-calledscientificmethod.Butwhatiscalledthescientificmethodisn’twhatscientistsactuallydo.Scienceisdynamic:newmethodsgetinvented;oldonesgetabandoned;andatanyparticularpoint,scientistscanbefounddoingmanydifferentthings.Falsetheoriessometimesleadtotrueresults,soevenifanexperimentworks,itdoesn’tprovethatthetheoryitwasdesignedtotestistrue.Ifthereisnospecificscientificmethod,thenwhatisthebasisfortrustinscience?Theansweristhemethodsbywhichthoseclaimsareevaluated.Ascientificclaimisneveracceptedastrueuntilithasgonethroughalongprocessofexaminationbyfellowscientists.Scientistsdrafttheinitialversionofapaperandthensendittocolleaguesforsuggestions.Untilthispoint,scientificfeedbackistypicallyfairlyfriendly.Butthenextstepisdifferent:therevisedpaperissubmittedtoascientificjournal,wherethingsgetawholelottougher.Editorsdeliberatelysendscientificpaperstopeoplewhoarenotfriendsorcolleaguesoftheauthors,andthejoboftherevieweristofinderrorsorotherfaults.Wecallthisprocess“peerreview”becausethereviewersarescientificpeers—expertsinthesamefield—buttheyactintheroleofasuperiorwhohasboththerightandtheresponsibilitytofindfault.Itisonlyafterthereviewersandtheeditoraresatisfiedthatanyproblemshavebeenfixedthatthepaperwillbeprintedinthejournalandentersthebodyof“science.”Somepeoplearguethatweshouldnottrustsciencebecausescientistsare“alwayschangingtheirminds.”Whileexamplesoftrulysettledsciencebeingoverturnedarefarfewerthanissometimesclaimed,theydoexist.Butthebeautyofthisscientificprocessisthatscienceproducesbothcreativityandstability.Newobservations,ideas,explanationsandattemptstocombinecompetingclaimsintroducecreativity;transformativequestioningleadstocollectivedecisionsandthestabilityofscientificknowledge.Scientistsdochangetheirmindsinthefaceofnewevidence,butthisisastrengthofscience,notaweakness.8.Scientistsstressthesuccessofscienceinorderto________.A.promotebasicknowledgeofscienceBremindpeopleofscientificachievementsC.removepossibledoubtsaboutscienceD.showtheirattitudetowardsthecampaign9.Whatcanwelearnabouttheso-calledscientificmethod?A.It’saneasyjobtoproveitsexistence.B.Itusuallyagreeswithscientists’ideas.C.Ithardlygetsmixedwithfalsetheories.D.Itconstantlychangesandprogresses.10.Whatcanwelearnabout“peer”review?A.Itseldomgivesnegativeevaluationofapaper.BItisusuallyconductedbyunfriendlyexperts.C.Itaimstoperfectthepapertobepublished.D.Ithappensatthebeginningoftheevaluationprocess.11.Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphimpliesthat________.A.itisnotuncommonforsciencetobeoverturnedB.scientistsareverystronginchangingtheirmindsC.peoplelosefaithinthosechangeablescientistsD.changesbringcreativityandstabilitytoscience【答案】8.C9.D10.C11.D【解析】【分析】這是一篇議論文。因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)和科學(xué)方法的變動，某些組織企圖煽動人們懷疑科學(xué)。而文章用科學(xué)的成功來進(jìn)行反駁，并指出科學(xué)論文的發(fā)表是非常嚴(yán)苛的，而且正是科學(xué)的改變?yōu)榭茖W(xué)帶來了創(chuàng)新和相對穩(wěn)定性。【8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中Forseveraldecades,therehasbeenanorganizedcampaignintendedtoproducedistrustinscience,fundedbythosewhoseinterestsarethreatenedbythefindingsofmodemscience.Inresponse,scientistshavetendedtostressthesuccessofscience.(幾十年來，一個(gè)有組織的運(yùn)動旨在讓人們懷疑科學(xué)，該組織由那些利益受到現(xiàn)代科學(xué)威脅的人資助。作為回應(yīng)，科學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)的成功)可推測，科學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)的成功使為了消除人們對科學(xué)的懷疑。故選C?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段的Scienceisdynamic:newmethodsgetinvented;oldonesgetabandoned;andatanyparticularpoint,scientistscanbefounddoingmanydifferentthings.(科學(xué)是動態(tài)的：新的方法被發(fā)明，舊的被遺棄，在任何一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間都可以發(fā)現(xiàn)科學(xué)家們在做著不同的事情)可知科學(xué)的本質(zhì)是動態(tài)的，它是一直變化的，而不是一成不變。D.Itconstantlychangesandprogresses.(它在不斷變化和進(jìn)步)符合以上說法，故選D項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中Wecallthisprocess“peerreview”becausethereviewersarescientificpeers—expertsinthesamefield—buttheyactintheroleofasuperiorwhohasboththerightandtheresponsibilitytofindfault.Itisonlyafterthereviewersandtheeditoraresatisfiedthatanyproblemshavebeenfixedthatthepaperwillbeprintedinthejournalandentersthebodyof“science.”(我們把這個(gè)過程稱為“同行評審”，因?yàn)檫@些人都是該領(lǐng)域的專家，但他們現(xiàn)在扮演的角色是有權(quán)力和責(zé)任發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤的上級。只有在審稿人滿意以及任何問題都被解決了之后論文才會被刊登在期刊上，進(jìn)入科學(xué)雜志)可知，“peerreview”的職責(zé)是發(fā)現(xiàn)科學(xué)論文的錯誤，讓它在出版時(shí)沒有任何問題，也就是旨在讓論文在出版前得到完善)，故選C項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】句意猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段中Newobservations,ideas,explanationsandattemptstocombinecompetingclaimsintroducecreativity;transformativequestioningleadstocollectivedecisionsandthestabilityofscientificknowledge.(新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，想法，解釋和嘗試將相互競爭的觀點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來，帶來了創(chuàng)造力；變革性的質(zhì)疑導(dǎo)致集體決策和科學(xué)知識的穩(wěn)定性)可知，劃線句子的意思是：改變促成了科學(xué)的創(chuàng)新和相對穩(wěn)定性。故選D項(xiàng)。DSomebatssingjustasbirdsandhumansdo.Buthowtheylearntheircallsandmelodiesisamystery—onethatscientistswilltrytosolvebyresearchingthegenesofmorethan1,000batspecies.Theproject,calledBat1K,wasannouncedon14NovemberattheannualmeetingoftheSocietyforNeuroscienceinSanDiego,California.Itsorganizersalsohopetolearnmoreabouttheflyingmammals’echolocationability—theabilitytofinddirectionsinthedark;theirstrongimmunesystemsthatcandefendagainstEbola,adeadlyvirus;andtheirrelativelylonglifespans.“Thegenomesofalltheseotherspecies,likebirdsandmice,arewell-understood,”saysanexpertattheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsinNijmegen,theNetherlands.“Butwedon’tknowanythingaboutbatgenesyet.”Somebatsshowbabblingbehaviorincludingbarks,chatter,screeches,whistlesandtrills,saysMirjamKn?rnschild,abehavioralecologistattheFreeUniversityofBerlin.Youngbatslearnthesongsandothersoundsfromoldermaletutors.Theyusethesesoundsduringcourtshipandmating,whentheyseekfoodandastheydefendtheirterritoryagainstrivals.Scientistshavestudiedthevocalsoundsofonlyabout50batspeciessofar,Kn?rnschildsays,andtheyknowmuchlessaboutbats’communicationthanbirds’.Fourspeciesofbathavesofarbeenfoundtolearnvocalsoundsfromeachother,theirfathersandotheradultmales,justasachildgraduallylearnshowtospeakfromitsparents.Geneticstudieshavediscoveredatleastonegeneinbatsthatislinkedtospeechandlanguage,calledFOXP2.Thegeneisalsoknowntohavearoleinhowpeoplelearnlanguage,andinvocallearninginsong-birds.ResearchersworkingontheBat1Kprojectexpecttofindthatothergenesarealsoinvolvedincommunication,andthatmanymorebatspecieshavetheabilitytolearnsongs,callsandothersounds.“It’snotararetrait,”Kn?rnschildsays.“I’mbecomingconvincedthatallbatsaremoreorlessthesameinvocallearning.”Bats’echolocationabilityhasbeenstudiedformanyyears,partlybecauseofitsapplicationstosonarandradar.Butscientistsknowverylittleaboutthevocalcommunicationandsocialbehaviourthatdrivehowbatslearntheirsongsandsounds,saysMichaelYartsev,aneurobiologistatUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Thestudyofvocallearninginbatsis“nearlycompletelyuntapped”,hesays—comparingittothestateofresearchintobirdsong60yearsago.12.Theproject,Bat1Kiscarriedoutmainlyto________.A.doresearchonthegenesofmorebatspeciesB.researchbats’abilitytofinddirectionsinthedarkC.studythewaybatslearntheircallsandsongsDlearnmoresecretsaboutbats’longerlifespans13.FromPara5and6,wecansafelyinferthat________.A.scientistshavestudiedonlyapproximately50batspeciessofarB.ofallbats,onlyfourspecieslearnvocalsoundsfromeachotherC.morethanonegenelinkedtospeechandlanguagehasbeendiscoveredD.thegeneFOXP2hassomethingtodowithhumanlanguagelearning14.Whichofthefollowingistheword“trait”inParagraph6closesttoinmeaning?A.quality B.behavior C.habit D.gene15.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Scientiststrytoknowmoreaboutbatgenes.B.Scientistsseekkeystobats’vocalsounds.C.Allbatsarealmostthesameinvocallearning.D.Batssingjustasbirdsandhumanbeingsdo.【答案】12.C13.D14.A15.B【解析】【分析】文章介紹了科學(xué)家們研究蝙蝠學(xué)習(xí)叫聲和歌聲方式的項(xiàng)目和研究成果?！?2題詳解】C細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)第一段Somebatssingjustasbirdsandhumansdo.Buthowtheylearntheircallsandmelodiesisamystery和第二段Theproject,calledBat1K和Itsorganizersalsohopetolearnmoreabouttheflyingmammals’echolocationability可知，Bat1K項(xiàng)目是為了研究蝙蝠學(xué)習(xí)叫聲和歌聲的方式，故選C。【13題詳解】D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段onegeneinbatsthatislinkedtospeechandlanguage,calledFOXP2.Thegeneisalsoknowntohavearoleinhowpeoplelearnlanguage,andinvocallearninginsong-birds.可知，蝙蝠的FOXP2基因和人類的語言學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)，故選D?！?4題詳解】A猜測詞義題。此處指研究人員希望發(fā)現(xiàn)，和其他參與交流的基因，而更多蝙蝠物種有能力學(xué)習(xí)歌曲、叫聲和其他聲音?！斑@不是一種罕見的特征?！薄皌rait”指“特征，品質(zhì)”，和quality同義，故選A。【15題詳解】B主旨大意題。文章介紹了科學(xué)家們研究蝙蝠學(xué)習(xí)叫聲和歌聲方式的項(xiàng)目，B項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家們尋找蝙蝠聲音的關(guān)鍵”，概括全文內(nèi)容，是文章的主旨。故選B?！久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】關(guān)于詞義猜測題做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境上下文來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。下面結(jié)合文本及近幾年高考試題，對詞義猜測的技巧加以解讀。1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.從后面thatis(也就是說)的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測閱讀中出現(xiàn)難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語，對前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對前面或后面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測。例如：The“Chunnel”,atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.此句中atunnelconnectingEnglandandFrance是Chunnel的同位語。因此，The“Chunnel”就是英法之間的海底隧道。3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等)進(jìn)行猜測在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞，乍看起來，這個(gè)詞可能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：“Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10,”Anacleriosaid,“andthey’reveryinteractiveandcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject.”文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的)和active(活動的，活躍的)而構(gòu)成的，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動的”。4.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。例如：Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.從前后兩句的意思可以看出，hassle和abasketoffun肯定是近乎相反的意義。所以不難判斷hassle的意思是“困難，麻煩”。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Willyoustopusingplastic?Ifyoutakealookaroundyourkitchenorofficerightnow,chancesarethatyou’llnoticeyou’resurroundedbyplastic—waterbottles,to-gocoffeecups,straws(吸管),plasticgrocerybags,foodwrappers,take-outcontainers,single-servecoffeepodsandproducebags.___16___It’scertainlynotrealistictoremoveallplasticfromyourlife,butlet’sexaminesomestatisticsthatmayencourageyoutoreduceyoursingle-useplasticfootprintbythrowingawaystraws,switchingtoreusablewaterbottles,bringingclothbagstothegrocerystoreandmore.AccordingtoastudypublishedinthejournalScienceAdvances,thepopularityofplastic,whichbeganrisinginthe1950s,isgrowingoutofcontrol.____17____Andthere’snosignofslowingdown,consideringscientistssaythatanother12trillionkilogramswillbeproducedworldwideby2050.“Everypieceofplasticthathaseverbeencreatedwillremainintheenvironmentinsomeform,butonceweconvenientlythrowoutourrubbishathome,windandrunoffcarryourwastefromlandfillsandstreetstotheocean,”saysMysticAquarium’schiefclinicalveterinarianJenniferFlower,DVM,MS.“Giventhatwearegloballyproducingover320milliontonsofplasticannually,themarineenvironmentistakingabighitfromourdailydisposalofplastic.___18___Forexample,newbornfisharemistakingtinybitsofplasticwasteforfood.Iftheydie,therewillbefewerbigfish—andthatcoulddamagethefoodchain.Oftenoursocietyissofocusedonmakingourlivesmoreconvenientintheshortterm,butinthelongrun,ourhealthandthehealthofmarinelifeareattheexpenseofthoseeverydayconveniences.”___19___Arecentreportsuggeststhatwhenheated,certainfoodadditives(添加劑)candamagehormones,growthanddevelopment,aswellasincreasechancesforchildrenofbeingfat.____20____Itisfoundinplasticcontainersandmetalcans.Parentsareurgedtoavoidusingmicrowavestowarmfoodanddrinksorplacingplasticsinthedishwasher.A.Ourplasticconsumptionisdirectlyaffectingthelifeintheocean.B.Peopleareconcernedabouttheresultsofoverusingplasticcontainers.C.8.2trillionkilogramsofplastichavebeenproducedaroundtheworld.D.Usingplasticcontainersinmicrowavesisalsoharmfultochildren’shealth.E.Let’sstopusingplasticforthebenefitoftheenvironmentandhumanbeings.F.Theseareallexamplesofsingle-useplasticproducts,whichisahottopicnowadays.G.ThemostconcerningartificialadditiveBPAisachemicalusedintheproductionofplastics.【答案】16.F17.C18.A19.D20.G【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。在我們的生活中，到處充斥著塑料制品，而且我們越來越多的使用塑料，文章介紹了過多的使用塑料給環(huán)境和我們的生活帶來了不利影響?！?6題詳解】根據(jù)上文chancesarethatyou’llnoticeyou’resurroundedbyplastic—waterbottles,to-gocoffeecups,straws(吸管),plasticgrocerybags,foodwrappers,take-outcontainers,single-servecoffeepodsandproducebags.可知，所列舉的這些都是塑料用品，在我們的生活中到處都是。由此可知，選項(xiàng)F“這些都是一次性塑料產(chǎn)品的例子，這是一個(gè)熱門話題?！奔瘸薪由衔模忠霰疚牡脑掝}。故選F?！?7題詳解】根據(jù)下文的Andthere’snosignofslowingdown,consideringscientistssaythatanother12trillionkilogramswillbeproducedworldwideby2050.（考慮到科學(xué)家說到2050年世界范圍內(nèi)還將生產(chǎn)12萬億公斤，沒有任何減緩的跡象。）尤其是數(shù)據(jù)another12trillionkilograms可知，選項(xiàng)C“全世界已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)了8.2萬億公斤的塑料?！迸c下文最符。故選C?！?8題詳解】根據(jù)下文的Forexample,newbornfisharemistakingtinybitsofplasticwasteforfood.（例如，新生的魚會把塑料垃圾當(dāng)成食物。）及本段主要講述塑料對海洋生物的影響可知，選項(xiàng)A“我們的塑料消費(fèi)直接影響著海洋生物?！笔潜径蔚闹行木?。故選A。【19題詳解】本段主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)于塑料容器和金屬罐裝的食物中的某些食品添加劑在加熱后會損害激素、生長發(fā)育，并增加兒童發(fā)胖的機(jī)會。尤其是本段的Itisfoundinplasticcontainersandmetalcans.Parentsareurgedtoavoidusingmicrowavestowarmfoodanddrinksorplacingplasticsinthedishwasher.可知，本段的中心句應(yīng)為“在微波爐中使用塑料容器也對兒童的健康有害?！?。故選D。【20題詳解】根據(jù)下文的Itisfoundinplasticcontainersandmetalcans.Parentsareurgedtoavoidusingmicrowavestowarmfoodanddrinksorplacingplasticsinthedishwasher.（它存在于塑料容器和金屬罐中。家長應(yīng)避免使用微波爐加熱食物和飲料，或?qū)⑺芰现破贩湃胂赐霗C(jī)。）結(jié)合上文可知，此處it指代的是添加劑，選項(xiàng)G“最受關(guān)注的人工添加劑BPA是一種用于塑料生產(chǎn)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)?！敝械腂PA指的是一種添加劑。與下文正吻合。故選G。第三部分語言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處最佳選項(xiàng)。Tenyearsago,Idroveacabforaliving.Onenightat2:30a.m.,whenIarrivedatabuildingtocollectapassenger,itwas___21___exceptforasinglelightinagroundfloorwindow.Iwalkedtothedoorandknocked.“Justaminute",answeredaweak,elderlyvoice.Afteralong____22____,thedooropened.Asmallwomaninher80'sstoodbeforeme.Byhersidewasasmallsuitcase.Theapartmentlookedasifnoonehadlivedinitforyears.Allthefurniturewas___23___withcloth.Itookthesuitcasetothecab,thenreturnedto___24___thewoman.Shetookmyarmandwewalked___25___towardthecab.Whenwegotinthecab,shegavemeanaddress?andthenasked,“Couldyoudrive___26___downtown?"shesaid,minnohurry.I'monmywaytoahospice(臨終安養(yǎng)院).ThedoctorsaysIdon'thavevery___27___Iwanttokeepthecityinmind.Forthenexttwohours,wedrovethroughthecity.Sheshowedmethebuildingwhereshehadonce___28___asanelevatoroperator.Wedrovethroughthe___29___wheresheandherhusbandhadlived.Asthefirsthintofsunwas___30___fromthehorizon,wedroveinsilencetotheaddressshehadgivenme—alowbuilding.“HowmuchshouldI___31___you?"sheasked?reachingintoherpurse.“Nothing,"Isaid.Shekeptthankingmeformykindness.Almostwithoutthinking,Ibentandgavehera___32___andthenwalkedintothedimmorninglight.Behindme,adoorshut.Itwasthesoundofthe___33___ofalife.Ididn'tpickupanymorepassengersthatshift.Idrove___34___,lostinthought.Whatifthatwomanhadgottena(n)___35___driver?Onaquickreview,Idon'tthinkthatIhavedoneanythingmoreimportantinmylife.21.A.dark B.bright C.modern D.lively22.A.conversation B.shout C.argument D.pause23.A.filled B.covered C.connected D.provided24.A.convince B.encourage C.assist D.remind25.A.firmly B.slowly C.quickly D.gracefully26.A.through B.over C.for D.with27.A.rich B.ill C.long D.young28.A.worked B.expressed C.insisted D.promoted29.A.office B.square C.community D.shelter30.A.wandering B.rising C.setting D.falling31.A.charge B.save C.credit D.pay32.A.smile B.hug C.hand D.greeting33.A.challenge B.beginning C.closing D.decrease34.A.aimlessly B.carefully C.excitedly D.proudly35.A.generous B.enthusiastic C.cautious D.impatient【答案】21.A22.D23.B24.C25.B26.A27.C28.A29.C30.B31.D32.B33.C34.A35.D【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。主要記敘了身為出租車司機(jī)的作者，在一個(gè)凌晨耐心幫助了一位生命快要走到盡頭的老人，開車穿過市中心去看了看她曾經(jīng)工作和生活的地方，在到達(dá)目的地之后司機(jī)沒有收錢而且和她緊緊擁抱，讓她感受到濃濃愛意。作者感覺自己做了一生中最重要的事情?！?1題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：一天晚上，凌晨2:30，當(dāng)我到一幢大樓接乘客時(shí)，除了一樓窗戶上的一盞燈外，外面一片漆黑。A.dark黑暗的；B.bright明亮的；C.modern現(xiàn)代的；D.lively活潑的。根據(jù)上文Onenightat2:30a.m.可知當(dāng)時(shí)是凌晨，所以除了一樓窗戶上的一盞燈外，外面一片漆黑。故選A?！?2題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：一陣長時(shí)間的停頓后，門開了。A.conversation對話；B.shout叫喊；C.argument爭論；D.pause停頓。根據(jù)后文Asmallwomaninher80'sstoodbeforeme.可知屋里是個(gè)老太太，年紀(jì)大了所以停頓了很久，門才開了。故選D。【23題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：所有的家具都用布蓋住了。A.filled裝滿；B.covered覆蓋；C.connected連接；D.provided提供。根據(jù)后文withcloth可知所有的家具都用布蓋住了。故選B?！?4題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我把手提箱拿到出租車上，然后回來幫助那位女士。A.convince說服；B.encourage鼓勵；C.assist幫助；D.remind提醒。結(jié)合上文Asmallwomaninher80'sstoodbeforeme.可知坐車的是個(gè)老太太，行動不便，所以作者把手提箱拿到出租車上，然后回來幫助那位女士。故選C?！?5題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：她挽著我的胳膊，我們慢慢走向出租車。A.firmly堅(jiān)定地；B.slowly緩慢地；C.quickly快速地；D.gracefully感謝地。結(jié)合上文可知老太太年紀(jì)大了，行動緩慢，所以是慢慢走向出租車。故選B?！?6題詳解】考查介詞辨析。句意：你能開車穿過市中心嗎？A.through穿過；B.over越過；C.for為了；D.with和。根據(jù)下一段中Forthenexttwohours,wedrovethroughthecity.可知老太太是問作者能不能穿過市中心。故選A?！?7題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：醫(yī)生說我的時(shí)間不長了，我要記住這個(gè)城市。A.rich富有的；B.ill生病的；C.long久的，長的；D.young年輕的。根據(jù)上文I'monmywaytoahospice.可知醫(yī)生說老太太的時(shí)間不長了，她即將要去世了。沒有故選C。【28題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她指給我看她曾經(jīng)擔(dān)任過電梯操作員的那棟大樓。A.worked工作；B.expressed表達(dá)；C.insisted堅(jiān)持；D.promoted促進(jìn)。根據(jù)后文anelevatoroperator可知老太太曾經(jīng)擔(dān)任過電梯操作員。workas“擔(dān)任”。故選A。【29題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我們開車經(jīng)過她和她丈夫曾經(jīng)住過的社區(qū)。A.office辦公室；B.square廣場；C.community社區(qū)；D.shelter庇護(hù)所。結(jié)合后文wheresheandherhusbandhadlived可知是她和丈夫居住過的社區(qū)。故選C?！?0題詳解】考