車用生物可降解材料發(fā)展文獻(xiàn)綜述可降解材料不單具有傳統(tǒng)塑料的質(zhì)量較輕、化學(xué)性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定、強(qiáng)度較高、易于機(jī)械加工、成本低廉的主要特點(diǎn)，并且在廢棄后又不會(huì)對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境造成一系列污染問題，所以此類材料被廣泛地應(yīng)用于汽車制造零部件、環(huán)境保護(hù)、農(nóng)業(yè)及醫(yī)藥等領(lǐng)域。根據(jù)美國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)材料學(xué)會(huì)ASTM，給出了其定義。這種材料在一定條件下，可被細(xì)菌、真菌以及存在于人類自然界的各種微生物降解，或在人體或其他動(dòng)物的組織、酶、細(xì)胞、體液的促進(jìn)下，發(fā)生一系列化學(xué)物質(zhì)，生物或物理效應(yīng)使其轉(zhuǎn)變成對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境和各種生物非有害的小分子材料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>朱常英</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620544140">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>朱常英</author><author>由英才</author><author>寇小娣</author><author>徐家毅</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>南開大學(xué)化學(xué)系!天津300071,南開大學(xué)化學(xué)系!天津300071,南開大學(xué)化學(xué)系!天津300071,南開大學(xué)化學(xué)系!天津300071</auth-address><titles><title>含淀粉生物降解型塑料</title><secondary-title>離子交換與吸附</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>離子交換與吸附</full-title></periodical><pages>182-187</pages><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>淀粉</keyword><keyword>含淀粉塑料</keyword><keyword>生物降解塑料</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year></dates><isbn>1001-5493</isbn><call-num>12-1147</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]。如圖1-1所示，從源頭上，這類聚合物可以細(xì)分為這三類ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>翁云宣</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1621070490">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>翁云宣</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>北京工商大學(xué);</auth-address><titles><title>2016生物基材料專刊序言</title><secondary-title>生物工程學(xué)報(bào)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>生物工程學(xué)報(bào)</full-title></periodical><pages>711-714</pages><volume>32</volume><number>06</number><keywords><keyword>生物基材料</keyword><keyword>聚羥基烷酸酯</keyword><keyword>聚乳酸</keyword><keyword>生物基聚酰胺</keyword><keyword>生物基纖維</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1000-3061</isbn><call-num>11-1998/Q</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zaaba</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1621070568">34</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zaaba</author><author>Ismail</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResourcesEngineering,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Penang,Malaysia</auth-address><titles><title>Areviewontensileandmorphologicalpropertiesofpoly(lacticacid)(PLA)/thermoplasticstarch(TPS)blends</title><secondary-title>Polymer-PlasticsTechnologyandMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Polymer-PlasticsTechnologyandMaterials</full-title></periodical><volume>58</volume><number>18</number><keywords><keyword>Poly(lacticacid)</keyword><keyword>Thermoplasticstarch</keyword><keyword>Tensileproperties</keyword><keyword>Morphologicalproperties</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>2574-0881</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[6]ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dicker</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1621070801">35</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MichaelP.M.Dicker</author><author>PeterF.Duckworth</author><author>AnnaB.Baker</author><author>GuillaumeFrancois</author><author>MarkK.Hazzard</author><author>PaulM.Weaver</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>AdvancedCompositesCentreforInnovationandScience(ACCIS),UniversityofBristol,Queen’sBuilding,UniversityWalk,BristolBS81TR,UK</auth-address><titles><title>Greencomposites:Areviewofmaterialattributesandcomplementaryapplications</title><secondary-title>CompositesPartA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CompositesPartA</full-title></periodical><volume>56</volume><keywords><keyword>A.Fibres</keyword><keyword>A.Polymer–matrixcomposites(PMCs)</keyword><keyword>B.Environmentaldegradation</keyword><keyword>B.Mechanicalproperties</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1359-835X</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[7]：天然聚合物、微生物合成聚合物以及化學(xué)合成的聚合物。跟傳統(tǒng)石油基材料相比，生物基改性材料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有以下幾點(diǎn)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>陳國(guó)強(qiáng)</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620547097">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>陳國(guó)強(qiáng)</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>清華大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院;</auth-address><titles><title>生物基材料</title><secondary-title>中國(guó)基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中國(guó)基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)</full-title></periodical><pages>90-95</pages><volume>11</volume><number>05</number><keywords><keyword>生物基材料</keyword><keyword>生物材料</keyword><keyword>生物技術(shù)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>1009-2412</isbn><call-num>11-4427/G3</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]：（1）從再生農(nóng)業(yè)資源中獲取，且可以利用農(nóng)業(yè)廢料進(jìn)行再生產(chǎn)，成本低較為低廉；（2）生物基材料的生產(chǎn)將同時(shí)消耗地球上大量的溫室氣體；（3）制作成型的溫度低，可節(jié)省大量的能源，降低能耗；（4）廢棄物具有可再生性能，或可制成堆肥處理利用；（5）物理和機(jī)械性能可以通過聚合物系統(tǒng)控制ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ivan</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620546871">9</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FortelnyIvan</author><author>UjcicAleksandra</author><author>FambriLuca</author><author>SloufMiroslav</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>InstituteofMacromolecularChemistry,CzechAcademyofSciences,Prague,Czechia;DepartmentofIndustrialEngineering,UniversityofTrento,Trento,Italy</auth-address><titles><title>PhaseStructure,Compatibility,andToughnessofPLA/PCLBlends:AReview</title><secondary-title>FrontiersinMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FrontiersinMaterials</full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword>biopolymerblends</keyword><keyword>poly(lacticacid)</keyword><keyword>polycaprolactone</keyword><keyword>impactstrength</keyword><keyword>crystallinity</keyword><keyword>particlesizedistribution</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>2296-8016</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]。圖1-1生物可降解材料來源分類生物基材料除了使用傳統(tǒng)的加工方式應(yīng)用在汽車上之外，還有兩種應(yīng)用方式:一種是生物基質(zhì)原料通過自然發(fā)酵和一系列化學(xué)合成，轉(zhuǎn)化為可替代石油基質(zhì)塑料的高分子聚合物；另一種是用天然纖維取代玻璃纖維作為新型復(fù)合材料的增強(qiáng)體ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>徐曉強(qiáng)</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>4</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>4</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620545002">4</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>徐曉強(qiáng)</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>吳宏武,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>改性劍麻纖維增強(qiáng)聚乳酸復(fù)合材料的性能和降解行為研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>劍麻纖維</keyword><keyword>聚乳酸</keyword><keyword>接枝共聚</keyword><keyword>生物降解</keyword><keyword>復(fù)合材料</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><publisher>華南理工大學(xué)</publisher><work-type>碩士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]。在20世紀(jì)30年代，生物基材料就已經(jīng)廣泛被用于開發(fā)生產(chǎn)各類車用零部件，美國(guó)著名的汽車界大亨福特公司在汽車組件研發(fā)生產(chǎn)中首次使用天然植物（如大麻、大豆、棉花等）為原材料，并于1941年成功研制出一輛用大豆基復(fù)合材料為車身面板的汽車，如圖1-2所示，這就是由福特公司研究出的著名的“大豆車”。這款車集成并應(yīng)用了許多生物基原料，其中包括農(nóng)業(yè)廢秸稈、亞麻和豆粕等生物基原料，而金菊黃乳膠則被用在該車輪胎上，這輛大豆車的重量約為普通汽車的65%ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Akampumuza</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620545528">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ObedAkampumuza</author><author>PaulMWambua</author><author>AzzamAhmed</author><author>WeiLi</author><author>Xiao-HongQin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Reviewoftheapplicationsofbiocompositesintheautomotiveindustry</title><secondary-title>PolymerComposites</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PolymerComposites</full-title></periodical><volume>38</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0272-8397</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Frederick

T.

Wallenberger</Author><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620545764">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Frederick

T.

Wallenberger</author><author>Norman

E.

Weston</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>NaturalFibers,PlasticsandComposites</title></titles><pages>2004</pages><dates><pub-dates><date>2004-01-01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Springer,Boston,MA</publisher><isbn>9781441990501</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]。此外福特公司還對(duì)這輛大豆車的車身面板進(jìn)行消防斧測(cè)試，試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明大豆基車身面板也具有良好的強(qiáng)度和剛度。圖1-21941年美國(guó)福特公司研發(fā)的大豆車經(jīng)過幾十年的工業(yè)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步，直到20世紀(jì)中期，椰子纖維被用于汽車座椅上，而用木粉增強(qiáng)改性的PP復(fù)合材料也被作為汽車內(nèi)飾的原料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Boland</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620546181">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ClaireS.Boland</author><author>RobbKleine</author><author>GregoryA.Keoleian</author><author>EllenC.Lee</author><author>HyungChulKim</author><author>TimothyJ.Wallington</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>LifeCycleImpactsofNaturalFiberCompositesforAutomotiveApplications:EffectsofRenewableEnergyContentandLightweighting</title><secondary-title>JournalofIndustrialEcology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofIndustrialEcology</full-title></periodical><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>bio‐basedmaterials</keyword><keyword>biogeniccarbon</keyword><keyword>industrialecology</keyword><keyword>plasticcomposites</keyword><keyword>renewableenergy</keyword><keyword>vehiclelightweighting</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1088-1980</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]。20世紀(jì)90年代之初，汽車制造領(lǐng)域開始廣泛應(yīng)用生物基材料。它們主要用于非結(jié)構(gòu)性組件（如門內(nèi)置面板、座椅靠背等）和能夠適應(yīng)惡劣環(huán)境變化的外飾件兩個(gè)方面。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>楊德旭</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620546317">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="ConferenceProceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>楊德旭</author><author>魯博</author><author>張林文</author><author>陳淳</author></authors><subsidiary-authors><author>中國(guó)硅酸鹽學(xué)會(huì)玻璃鋼學(xué)會(huì)、《玻璃鋼/復(fù)合材料》雜志社,</author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><auth-address>北京玻璃鋼研究設(shè)計(jì)院;北京玻璃鋼研究設(shè)計(jì)院;北京玻璃鋼研究設(shè)計(jì)院;北京玻璃鋼研究設(shè)計(jì)院;</auth-address><titles><title>天然纖維復(fù)合材料在汽車上的應(yīng)用</title><secondary-title>第十六屆玻璃鋼/復(fù)合材料學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)</secondary-title></titles><pages>5</pages><keywords><keyword>天然纖維</keyword><keyword>復(fù)合材料</keyword><keyword>汽車</keyword><keyword>應(yīng)用</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><pub-location>中國(guó)安徽黃山</pub-location><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]。1996年著名的梅賽德斯--奔馳e級(jí)車的門內(nèi)飾板就是應(yīng)用了黃麻纖維來增強(qiáng)其性能的環(huán)氧樹脂復(fù)合材料。此外，奧迪公司在2002年推出的A2車，則是利用麻纖維/聚亞胺酯復(fù)合材料來當(dāng)門內(nèi)飾板。2003年由日本豐田公司研發(fā)的Raum車的備胎外罩則是采用洋麻纖維/聚乳酸復(fù)合材料，該備胎外罩是100%的生物基環(huán)保材料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>張慧君</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>11</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rfzs9tw9aeeswesve6vwff19arvvfxsef5r"timestamp="1620547301">11</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>張慧君</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>華晨汽車集團(tuán)控股有限公司;</auth-address><titles><title>生物塑料在汽車上的應(yīng)用與展望</title><secondary-title>橡塑資源利用</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>橡塑資源利用</full-title></periodical><pages>33-36</pages><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>生物塑料</keyword><keyword>汽車</keyword><keyword>應(yīng)用</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><call-num>12-1350/TQ</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]，該車的地板襯墊則是利用竹纖維/聚丁烯琥珀酸酯復(fù)合材料。在2008年夏天，豐田公司又推出兩款座椅和靠背都是大豆基復(fù)合材料的車型。后來2011年，深受消費(fèi)者歡迎的CT200車型上的許多零部件采用了甘蔗制成的生態(tài)塑料。參考文獻(xiàn)ADDINEN.REFLIST[1]劉永濤,趙俊瑋,喬潔,等.我國(guó)汽車產(chǎn)品再制造的問題剖析與對(duì)策建議[J].汽車工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,8(03):168-175.[2]孔茗.新環(huán)保要求下報(bào)廢車用塑料回收利用現(xiàn)狀分析與展望[J].塑料科技,2018,46(06):127-130.[3]OeverMVD,MolenveldK.Replacingfossilbasedplasticperformanceproductsbybio-basedplasticproducts—Technicalfeasibility[J].NewBIOTECHNOLOGY,2017