Book1Unit4NaturalDisastersSectionIVReadingforWriting同步測試(原卷版)【大單元教學(xué)】2023-2024學(xué)年高一英語同步備課系列（人教版2019必修第一冊(cè)）一、閱讀理解PassageAThecapitalofacountryisoftenaverypopulatedcitywheremuchhistoryhasbeenmadeduetothehigh-levelpoliticalandeconomicfunctionsthatoccurthere.However,sometimesgovernmentleadersdecidetomovethecapitalfromonecitytoanother.Capitalrelocationhasbeendonehundredsoftimesthroughouthistory.TheancientEgyptians,Romans,andChinesechangedtheircapitalfrequently.Somecountrieschoosenewcapitalsthataremoreeasilydefendedinatimeofinvasion(侵略)orwar.Somenewcapitalsareplannedandbuiltinpreviouslyundevelopedareastopromotedevelopment.Countriessometimeschangetheircapitalbecausetheyexpectsometypeofpolitical,social,oreconomicbenefit.Theyhopeandexpectthatthenewcapitalswillsurelydevelopintoculturaltreasureandhopefullymakethecountryamorestableplace.Herearecapitalrelocationsthathaveoccurredinapproximatelythelastfewcenturies.AsiaJapanfromKyototoTokyo—1868TurkeyfromIstanbultoAnkara—1923IsraelfromTelAviv-JaffotoJerusalem—1950EuropePolandfromKrakowtoWarsaw—1596FinlandfromTurkutoHelsinki—1812ItalyfromTurintoFlorencetoSalernotoRome—1871TheAmericasTheUSfromNewYorktoWashington—1800JamaicafromPortRoyaltoSpanishTowntoKingston—1872OceaniaNewZealandfromAucklandtoWellington—18651．Whydidsomecountriesdecidetomovethecapital?A．Tofurtherexpandtheirland.B．Touncoverancienttreasure.C．Todevelopundevelopedareas.D．Todeclarewaronanothercountry.2．Whichcountrywastheearliesttomoveitscapital?A．Turkey. B．Poland.C．TheUnitedSate. D．NewZealand.3．WhatdoItalyandJamaicahaveincommon?A．Theymovedthecapitalsmorethanonce.B．Theircapitalsweredestroyedinthewar.C．Theymovedtheircapitalsinthesameyear.D．Theircapitalsmovedbecauseoftheeconomy.PassageBWhenachunkoficefellfromacollapsingglacier(冰川)ontheSwissAlps’MountEigerin2017,partofthelongdeepsounditproducedwastoolowforhumanearstohear.Butthecontinuousshakingheldakeytocalculatingtheiceavalanche’s(崩塌)criticalcharacteristics.Low-frequencysoundwavescalledinfrasoundthattravelgreatdistancesthroughtheatmospherearealreadyusedtomonitoractivevolcanoesfromafar.Nowsomeresearchersinthisfieldhaveswitchedfocusfromfiretoice.Usuallyglaciersmovefartooslowlytogenerateaninfrasoundsignal,whichresearcherspickupusingdetectorsthattrackslightchangesinairpressure.Butacollapse—asudden,rapidbreakingoficefromtheglacier’smainbody—isaninfrasoundproducerinlargeamounts.Glacialcollapsesdriveiceavalanches,whichposeanincreasingthreattopeopleinmountainousregionsasrisingtemperaturesweakenlargefieldsofice.Aglacier“canbecomeseparatefromthegroundduetomelting,causingbiggerbreak-offs,”saysUniversityofFlorencegeologistEmanueleMarchetti,leadauthorofthenewstudy.Asthethreatgrows,scientistsseeknewwaystomonitoranddetectsuchcollapses.Researchersoftenuseradartotrackiceavalanches,whichisaccuratebutexpensiveandcanmonitoronlyonespecificlocationandneighboringavalanchepaths.Infrasound,Marchettisays,ischeaperandcandetectbreak-offeventsaroundmuchbroaderregionsaswellasmultipleavalanchesacrossamountain.Itischallenging,however,toseparateasignalintoitscomponentssuchastrafficnoises,individualavalanchesandnearbyearthquakeswithoutadditionalmeasurements,saysETHZurichglaciologistMalgorzataChmiel.“ThemodelusedbyMarchettiisafirstcloseestimationforthis,”shesays.Isolatingtherelevantsignalhelpstheresearchersmonitoraniceavalanche’sspeed,pathandvolumefromafarusinginfrasound.Marchettiandhiscolleagueshavesetupcollaborationsaroundthecontinenttobetterunderstandsignalsthatcollapsingglaciersproduce.Theyarealsorefiningtheiranalysistofigureouteachiceavalanche’sphysicaldetails.4．Whatdoweknowabouticeavalanches?A．Iceavalanchescanbedetectedthroughinfrasound.B．Iceavalanchesarecausedbychangeinairpressure.C．Iceavalanchesmovetooslowlytoproduceaninfrasoundsignal.D．Iceavalanchesposeabiggerthreattopeoplethanvolcaniceruptions.5．Whichofthefollowingisanadvantageofinfrasound?A．Thecombinationwithotherrelevantsignals.B．Theabilityinpickingupsignalsinwiderareas.C．Theaccuracyinlocatingonlyonecertainavalanche.D．Thesensitivityintrackingslightairpressurechanges.6．Theunderlinedword“this”inParagraph3refersto________.A．distinguishingdifferentpartsofasignalB．a(chǎn)ddingmeasurementstoreceivesignalsC．detectingmultipleavalanchesacrossamountainD．calculatingthespeed,pathandvolumeoficeavalanches7．Whatmightbethebesttitleforthetext?A．FromFiretoIce B．Nature’sShockingC．GlacierWhispers D．SecretofIceAvalanchesPassageCTwotownsinBoulderCounty,Coloradoarestrugglingtorecoverafterterriblewildfiresdestroyednearly1,000buildings.TheMarshallfireandtheMiddleForkfirebeganonThursdaymorningasgrassfires.Strongwindsblowingatspeedsofupto175kphhelpedfeedtheflamesandspreadthemfurther.ThefiresspreadthroughtownslocatedbetweenthelargercitiesofBoulderandDenver.Over30,000peoplewereforcedtoleaveLouisville,Superior,andtwoothernearbytownsasthefiresweptthroughthearea.ByFridaymorning,thewildfireshadburnedroughly25squarekilometers.TheMiddleForkfirewasbroughtundercontrolonFriday,buttheMarshallfirewashardertostopNearly1,000buildingsweredestroyed,includinghundredsofhomes,ahotel,andashoppingcenter.Inspiteofthepowerofthewildfires,therehaveonlybeenafewinjuries.Sofar,nodeathshavebeenreported.

Authoritiesinitiallysuggestedthatthefiremayhavebeencausedbypowerlinesdownedbythewind.ButcompanyXcelEnergyreportedFridaythatnoneofitspowerlinesintheareawherethefirebeganhadbeendowned,throwingthatexplanationintoquestion.Surprisingly,snowbeganfallingonFridaynight,helpingtoputoutthefire.ButbySaturday,thesnowandfallingtemperatureshadbeguntocausenewproblems.Manyhomesintheareawereleftwithnoelectricityandnogasforheating.Withtemperaturesaround-14℃,waterpipesbeganfreezingandbreakinginmanyofthehomesthathadsurvivedtheflames.Manypeoplearelookingattheparttheclimatecrisisplayedinthisdisaster.WildfireseasonusedtorunfromMaytoNovember,butthat’snolongertrue.TemperaturesintheareahavebeenunusuallywarmsinceJuly.JenniferBalch，who’safirescientist，toldtheDenverPost,“Climatechangeisdefinitelyapartofthisstory,inthatfireseasonsare1onger.”8．Howmanytownswereaffectedbythefires?A．2. B．3. C．4. D．5.9．Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefires?A．Theywereputoutatthesametime.B．Ithasn’tbeenclearhowtheystarted.C．They’retheworstwildfiresinColorado.D．Noonewasinjuredorkilledinthefires.10．WhichofthefollowingdoesJenniferBalchagreewith?A．Thewildfireseasonisshorterthanbefore.B．BoulderCountyisinurgentneedofrain.C．Peoplearenotpreparedforextremeweather.D．Climatechangeistopartiallyblameforthefires.11．WhichcanbestdescribewhathappenedtoColoradorecently?A．Itneverrainsbutitpours. B．Saveforarainyday.C．Killtwobirdswithonestone. D．Preventionisbetterthancure.PassageDThecold,wetweatherofwinteroftenputsoutanywildfiresthatarestillburning,butnotinthefarNorthareas,suchasAlaska,Canada,andotherpartsofNorthAmerica.Someforestfiresjustdon’tdieintheseplaces.Thinkofthefiresas“zombies”(僵尸):Scientistsdo.Whensummersarewarmerthannormal,somefirescanhidethroughthewinter.Theyburndeadplantmatterandsoilsundersnow.InMay2021,scientistsreportedtheirworktoascientificjournal.Thescientistssawthatzombiefiresarerarebuttheycouldbecomemorecommonastheworldwarms,thestudywarns.“Someyears,newfireswerestartingveryclosetothepreviousyear’sfire,”explainsRebeccaScholten.ShestudiesEarthandenvironmentalsciencesatVrijeUniversityAmsterdamintheNetherlands.Thenewfiresmadescientistswonderhowoftenfiresmightsurvivethewinter.Thescientistsstartedbycombingthroughfirefighterreports.ThentheycomparedthesewithsatelliteimagesofAlaskaandnorthernCanada.Thescientistslookedforfiresthatbeganclosetofiresfromtheyearbefore.Theyalsofocusedonblazesstartingbeforethemiddleofsummer.Randomlightningorhumanactionssparkmostfiresinthearea,Scholtensays.Butthosefireshappenlaterintheyear.Zombiefiresaccountedforlessthan1percentofthetotalareaburnedbyfiresfrom2002to2018.Butitchangedfromyeartoyear.Take2008,forexample.AzombiefireburnedAlaskathatyear.Itcausedalmostone-thirdoffiredamagethatyear.Oneclearpatternemerged:Zombiefiresweremorelikelytohappenafterverywarmsummers.Hightemperaturesmayallowfirestoreachmoredeeplyintothesoil.Suchdeepburnsaremorelikelytosurvivetospring.Thezombiefirethreatcouldgrow.Theclimateiswarming.ForestsinthefarNorthalreadyarewarmingfaster.“We’reseeingmorehotsummersandmorelargefiresandintenseburning,”Scholtensays.Plus,zombiefirescouldcausemoreissues.Thefiresreleasehugeamountsofgreenhousegases.ThesetrapheatintheEarth’satmosphere.TheatmosphereisalayerofgasesthatsurroundtheEarth.Scholten’sresearchcouldhelpfiremanagement.Firefighterswouldknowtocheckforthemafterwarmsummers.12．Whatmayleadtozombiefiresaccordingtothepassage?A．wetweather B．hottersummersC．lowtemperatures D．coldwinters13．WhatcanwelearnaboutzombiefiresfromParagraph2?A．Whereflamesbrokeoutprovidedtheclue.B．Changingclimateplaysaroleinthezombiefirethreat.C．Zombiefiresarelesslikelytohappenafterverywarmsummers.D．Itisoflittleusecomparingfirefighterreportswithsatelliteimages.14．Whatconclusionwillbepossiblymadebasedonthelastparagraph?A．Itisimportanttounderstandzombiefires.B．Zombiefiresarelikelytobeundercontrolsoon.C．Firefighterscannotdomuchtostopthezombiefires.D．Westillhavemuchtolearnaboutthewarmingclimate.15．Whichofthefollowingcouldbethesuitabletitleofthepassage?A．“Zombie“wildfiresdogreatdamagetolandB．“Zombie”wildfiresreleasegreenhousegasesC．“Zombie“wildfiressparkedbyhumanactionsD．“Zombie”wildfiresreappearafterwinteringundergroundPassageEFindWaystoRespondtoaMajorDisasterWhennaturaldisasterslikehurricanesandearthquakeshappen,there’salwaysagreatneedforcoordinated(協(xié)調(diào)的)disasterreliefandrecovery.16VolunteerTotakeahands-onapproachtodisasterrecovery,volunteeryourtimeandtalents.Youcantraveltotheaffectedregionstoprovidesupport.17Itisrecommendedthatyouvolunteerthroughoneoftheprofessionalorganisationsforyoursafetyandyourskillscanbeputtobestuse.DonatemoneyDisastervictimsoftenhavelosttheirhomesorneedtorelocate.Inmanycases,yourmoneyisjustasvaluableasyourphysicalpresenceinhelpingwithreliefefforts.Manyorganisationsprovidetemporaryhousing,foodandotheritemsforvictims.18EvenorganisationsliketheRedCrosshavebeencriticisedforhowdonatedfundshavebeenallocated(分配).DonatebloodIfyoucan’ttravelanddon’tfeelcomfortablegivingmoney,aneedfordonatedbloodalwaysexisted.TheRedCrossandlocalmedicalorganisationsmanagebloodsuppliesthatareimportanttodisastervictims.CalltheRedCrosstoscheduleanappointment.1920Goodsarevaluableinstrickenareas.Buildingmaterialsanddonationsofbottledwaterorhouseholditemscanbeplacedontrucksandtakentothedisasterareas.Itisthebesttoallowtheprofessionalorganisationstocoordinatethesedonationeffortsandseethattheneededsuppliesreachalocationwheretheywillbebestusedforrecovery.A．Sendneededitems.B．Makepreparations.C．Orlookoutforablooddriveinyourarea.D．Alotofpeopleareskilfulatorganisinglocalresponse.E．Whetherdisasterhasoccurredathomeorabroad,youcanhelp.F．Beforegiving,though,makesureyoutrusttheorganisationreceivingyourmoney.G．Andyoucandoeverythingfromprovidingfirstaidtorebuildinghomesintheseareas.二、完形填空閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。Aterrifyingexampleofthesea’spowersaw125,000peoplediein12differentcountries.Thedestruction(破壞)wascausedwhenaverybig21senttsunamissmashingintoIndianOceancoastlines.CommunitiesinSriLanka,Indonesia,Thailand,India,MalaysiaandEastAfricahavebeen22bythehugewaves.Wholetownsweresimplysweptasidebythepowerofthewater.Cars,trainsandbuildingscouldnot23,letalonethepeoplewhostood24Theearthquake259.0ontheRichterscale(里氏震級(jí))andoccurred26thecoastofIndonesia.Itwas27asthefifthstrongestsince1900.Scientistssaidthequakewasas28asamillionoftheatomicbombsthatwere29ontoJapanduringWorldWarⅡ.Itmaybetheworstnaturaldisasterinrecenthistory30itisaffectingsomanyheavilypopulatedcoastalareas.Becausesuchwaves31happenintheIndianOcean,thereisnosysteminplaceto32coastalcommunitiestheyareabouttobehit.TsunamiisJapanesefor“harborwave”.Theyareusuallycausedbyasudden33orfallofpartoftheEarth’scrust(地殼)undertheocean.Tsunamisoftenhappeninoceansandtheyaremost34inthePacific.Tsunamiscanbeverylong—asmuchas100kilometers—andbeasfarasonehourapart.Theyareableto35entireoceanswithoutlosingmuchenergy.Oneofthemoststriking36abouttsunamisisthatanearthquakeononesideofthePacificOceancancausegiantwavesanddestructionontheotherside.Whentheoceanisdeep,tsunamiscantravelunnoticed37speedsofupto800kilometersperhour.Thewavemayonlybeafewmetershighintheocean.38whenitisneartheshoreandreachesshallow(淺)water,thewave39veryquicklyinheight.Witnesses(目擊者)insomeareasofIndonesiareportedseeingupto10-metrehighwavescrashintotheshore.Tsunamistravel40inalldirectionsfromthecenterofanearthquakeandattackcoastlines.Theycaneasilysuckpeopleouttosea,causefloodinganddestroyproperty.21．A．storm B．hurricane C．wave D．earthquake22．A．threatened B．shaken C．destroyed D．transformed23．A．remain B．survive C．exist D．a(chǎn)chieve24．A．intheway B．inaway C．ontheway D．bytheway25．A．equaled B．ranged C．measured D．evaluated26．A．on B．in C．off D．a(chǎn)t27．A．a(chǎn)dopted B．noticed C．marked D．recorded28．A．powerful B．big C．huge D．great29．A．found B．consumed C．a(chǎn)imed D．dropped30．A．if B．though C．when D．a(chǎn)s31．A．never B．frequently C．rarely D．ever32．A．convince B．warn C．protect D．remind33．A．exchange B．rise C．increase D．growth34．A．usual B．common C．ordinary D．general35．A．spread B．extend C．cross D．reach36．A．facts B．data C．stories D．a(chǎn)ccidents37．A．in B．on C．a(chǎn)t D．for38．A．And B．But C．Therefore D．Or39．A．goesdown B．comesabout C．runsout D．buildsup40．A．outward B．forward C．upward D．downward三、語法填空（用單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成短文）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Thelastfewyearshaveseenenvironmentaldisasters41agrandscale,andexpertsarepredictingfarworsetocome.JinLireportsonourEarth’schangeableweatherpatterns.Sowhyisnaturebeginningtoturnonus?Oneanswerisoverpopulation.Thepopulationoftheworld42(grow)atthedisturbingrateof10,000peopleanhour,nearly90millionayear,withmostofthegrowthinthe43(develop)world.Peopleinagriculturalareas,withoutanymeanstoearntheirliving,movetothecities,andthenconstructshabbyhomesfrom44materialstheycanfindonpoorclaysoil.Thesehomes,seldommadeofbricks,can45(easy)falldowninearthquakesorslipandslidedownhillinlandslides,especiallyinmountainousareas.Ontopofthataddsglobalwarming.Thishasmainlybeencausedbythehugeamountsofcarbondioxide46(produce)byfactoriesandvehicles,andthedestructionoftheworl