類型3|科普知識(對應(yīng)學生用書第62頁)考查要點方法技巧1.科學現(xiàn)象、概念、定義、類別等。2．事物的性質(zhì)、特點、原理、用途等。3．事物或現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因、過程、演變。4．相似事物間的異同。1.理清說明順序：時間、空間、邏輯順序。2．把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)：并列式、承接式、遞進式、總分式。3．認清說明方法：下定義、舉事例、作比較、打比方等。(2017·江蘇高考卷)Beforebirth，babiescantellthevoices.Theystranger.Butdsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitestoembryoniclearning(胎教)，birdscouldrule_the_roost．AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk：OrnithologicalAdvances，somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化)．New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfercolleagues.Femaleeggs.WhenniversityinSouthAustralia，andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched，thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme！”call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds，theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren，anotherspeciessongbird.Firstsongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinhatching.Thennotes.Adafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Aputeranalysisblindlyparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks，rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred-moms.Andcalls.Innsalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs，themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition，theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom'svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurologicalparents.Anengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent，doyouinvestinqualitychildren，ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed？”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”58．TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“________”．A．betheworst B．bethebestC．bejustasbad D．bejustasgood59．WhatareKleindorfer'sfindingsbasedon?A．Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.B．TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.C．ThedatacollectedfromQueensland'slocals.D．Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.60．Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich________．A．canreceivequalitysignals B．a(chǎn)reinneedoftrainingC．fittheenvironmentbetter D．maketheloudestcall【語篇解讀】本文是一篇科普類的說明文。文章講述了澳大利亞的一位生物學家通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胎教并非人類獨有，一些鳥兒在這方面做得甚至更出色。長難句解讀：Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs，themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.分析：more...more...，themore...“越……就越……”，固定句式。翻譯：鳥媽媽對著雞蛋叫得越是頻繁，小鳥乞討的聲音就越像(鳥媽媽的叫聲)。58．B[考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)句中的轉(zhuǎn)折詞But與下文提到的鳥類在胎教方面做得很出色可知選擇B。]59．A[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二、三、四段的內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段中的“thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers”，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer的發(fā)現(xiàn)是基于鳥媽媽與幼鳥發(fā)出的叫聲的相似性的，因此本題答案為A。]60．C[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.”可知，與鳥媽媽的叫聲最相似的幼鳥可以得到最多的食物，這也能說明它符合進化論的理論：適者生存，故本題答案為C。]A(2017·鎮(zhèn)江高三一模)Spatialnavigation(空間導(dǎo)航)reliesonbrainregionsthataremonlyaffectedbytheearlystagesofAlzheimer'sdisease.Beforesevereandobviousmemoryproblemssetinandpeoplearediagnosedwithdementia(癡呆)，theymightreportproblemswithfindingtheirwayaroundandfrequentlygetlostinfamiliarneighborhoods.Inthatearlystage，however，itisdifficulttoknowwhethertheirdamagednavigationalskillsareactuallyduetothediseaseorsimplyapartofnormalaging—becausewecurrentlydon'thaveafirmgrasponwhat“normal”is.Intheirrecentstudy，Spiersandhiscolleaguesaimedtochangethatbyestablishingamonbaselineforadults'navigationalskills，whichnaturallydeclinewithage.Forthat，theresearchersneededlargenumbersofpeople—hencetheideaforcrowdsourcingtheexperimentviaagamingAPPthatmeasuresspatialnavigationability.Navigatinginsideagamemaynotbeexactlythesameasfindingone'swayinarealworldsituation.Butpeoplearelikelytousethesamecognitivemechanisms(認知機制)inbothsituations.“Ifyouaregoodatnavigating，you'lldowellinthegame.Andifyouarebadatfindingyourwayoutthere，you'llalsostruggleinthevideogame，”Spierssays，addingthattheirteamstillplanstoparethegameperformancewithreallifeperformanceinthenearfuture.SinceitslaunchinMay，some2.5millionhealthypeoplehaveplayedSeaHeroQuest，makingitoneofthemostimpressivescientificexperimentstodatejustbythesheernumberofparticipants.“Tomyknowledge，neverbeforehasspatialnavigationbeenquantifiedonsuchalargescale，”saysKatherinePossin，anassistantprofessorofneuropsychologyattheUniversityofCalifornia，SanFrancisco，whowasnotinvolvedwiththeresearch.SofaroneofthemainfindingsingoutofSeaHeroQuestisasimplelineardeclinewithage：Fromtheage19onward，spatialnavigationsteadilyworsensfromyeartoyear.The19yearoldswereabletoremembertheirstartingpointandaccuratelyhititbyshootingaflare(信號彈)backtothatposition74percentofthetime.Thoseaged75succeededonly46percentofthetime.Anotherfindingisthatmenappeartoperformbetterthanwomenonthesespecifictasks.Althoughthisfindingseemstofitwiththelongheldassumptionthatmenarebetternavigators，ratheritmayreflectthatmaleshavemoreexperiencewithgames.Theresearcherstriedtoaccountforthispossibility，yetstillfoundagenderdifferenceinperformance.Spiersnotes，however，thatthegamesboysandgirlsplayinearlychildhood—whichcouldinfluencebraindevelopmentandspatialskills—aremuchhardertoaccountfor.“Thequestioniswhy.Andwedon'thaveanansweryet，”Spierssays.“Wearereallyskimmingthesurface.There'ssomuchdatafromeveryonewho'splayedthegame.Wehavetwoyearsofanalysisaheadofus.”【語篇解讀】本文是科普說明文。一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人們的空間導(dǎo)航能力會隨著年齡的增長而降低，且這種能力也受性別差異的影響。1．Whatisthemainpurposeinexperimentingviagaming?A．TopareAlzheimer'sdiseaseandnormalaging.B．Toprovideabaselinemeasureofnavigationability.C．Tofigureoutthewayofdealingwithdementia.D．Tofindouthowtofirmlygraspwhat“normal”is.B[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Intheirrecentstudy，Spiersandhiscolleaguesaimedtochangethatbyestablishingamonbaselineforadults'navigationalskills，whichnaturallydeclinewithage”可知，Spiers和他的同事們通過游戲做試驗旨在提供導(dǎo)航能力的基線衡量標準。故選B項。]2．Accordingtothethirdparagraph，whatSpierssaysindicatesthat________．A．thelevelsofperformanceinbothsituationsaretightlycorrelatedB．thepopularityofthegamemakesitselfamoreimpressiveexperimentC．theplantoparethegameandreallifehasbeencarefullymadeD．thescaleofthegameissolargethatitisdifficulttoquantifyA[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“Ifyouaregoodatnavigating，you'lldowellinthegame.Andifyouarebadatfindingyourwayoutthere，you'llalsostruggleinthevideogame”可知，如果擅長導(dǎo)航，你就會在游戲中做得好；如果你不善于找到出路，你就會在電子游戲中掙扎。由此可推斷，Spiers所說的話表明，這兩種情形的表現(xiàn)水平是緊密相關(guān)的。故選A項。]3．Whatcanweinferfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Menwereassumedtobebettergameplayerslongbefore.B．Spatialnavigationbetterssteadilyfromtheage19onward.C．Thereasonfordatabeinganalysedishardtoaccountfor.D．Thefindingsrevealvariationsbasedonageandgender.D[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后兩段的內(nèi)容，尤其是第五段第一句中的“SofaroneofthemainfindingsingoutofSeaHeroQuestisasimplelineardeclinewithage”和第六段前三句“Anotherfinding...Theresearcherstriedtoaccountforthispossibility，yetstillfoundagenderdifferenceinperformance”可知，該項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)表明人們的空間導(dǎo)航能力會基于年齡和性別的不同而發(fā)生變化。故選D項。]B【導(dǎo)學號：】(2017·常州高三一模)Decadesago，scientistshadamuchmorefixedconceptionofthebrain.Theybelievedthathowitdevelopswhenyou'reakidmoreorlessdeterminesyourbrainstructurefortherestofyourlife.Butnowweknowthat'snottrue.Alandmarkstudyin2000lookedatgreymatterinLondontaxidrivers.Thedrivershadmoregreymattervolumeinthehippocampus，alittleseahorse-shapedpartofthebrainthatdealswithmemory.Herewasrealevidenceofneuroplasticity，theabilityofthebraintochangeandformnewneural(神經(jīng)的)connections.In2010，Swedishscientiststestedagroupofyounger(21-30)andolder(65-80)adultsforsixmonths，and“didnotdetectanysignificantage-relateddifferencesinneuroplasticityofwhite-mattermicrostructure”．Translation：olderbrainscanchangetoo.Sowhathappenstothebrainofanadultwholearnslanguages?AgroupofadultstudentslearningChineseweretestedoveranine-monthperiodin2012，duringwhichtheyshowed“improvedwhite-matterquality”．Whitematteriswhatconnectsneuralcells，sothebetterconnected，thebetteryoucanacplishacognitive(認知的)task.Stillwantmore?Oh，alrightthen.Languagelearningbuildsupyour“cognitivereserve”，whichmakesyoumoreresistanttobraindamage.Ifyou'rebilingual(雙語的)，congratulations!Youmayhavejustdelayedthebeginningofdementia(癡呆)byseveralyears.Ifyou'reupsetaboutnotbeingquiteasquickasyouusedtobe，oryourmemory，there'sasilverlining.You'vegotsomethinggoingforyouthatnoteenagerhas.You'velearnedhowtolearn.Youknowthestrategiesthatworkforyouandwhatnottowasteyourtimeon.Youhavebetter“metacognitiveskills”．Anothernameforthisis“self-directedlearning”．Afewyearsago，scientiststriedtotestthis.Theygotgroupsofolderpeopleandyoungerpeopleandshowedthemwordswithpointsvaluesattached，rangingfromlowtohigh.Thentheyallowedthesubjectstoreviewwhatevertheywanted.Theynoticedthattheoldersubjectsspentmoretimeonthevaluablewordsbuttheirrecallwasjustasgoodastheyoungersubjects.Thescientistslaterdiscoveredthatthey'dsneakily(偷偷地)reviewedthehigh-valuewordsjustbeforethetest.So，thereyouhaveit：There'sabsolutelynoreasonwhyyoucan'tlearnalanguageuptoaripeoldage.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文，探討了大腦的神經(jīng)可塑性與年齡之間的關(guān)系，從而得出年齡并不是放棄語言學習的借口這個結(jié)論。4．Whatisthemainthemeofthispassage?A．Humanbrainstructurecandevelopatanyage.B．Aripeoldageisnoexcuseforquittinglanguagelearning.C．Thereislittledifferenceinthebrainabilitybetweentheyoungandtheold.D．Olderpeopleactuallyperformbetterinlanguagelearningthanyoungerones.B[考查主旨大意。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句“In2010，Swedishscientiststestedagroupofyounger(21-30)andolder(65-80)adultsforsixmonths，and‘didnotdetectanysignificantage-relateddifferencesinneuroplasticityofwhite-mattermicrostructure’．”及文章第七段第四句“Theynoticedthattheoldersubjectsspentmoretimeonthevaluablewordsbuttheirrecallwasjustasgoodastheyounge