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2017年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試

英語（一）

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding

“yes!”1helpingyoufeelcloseand2topeopleyoucareabout,it

turnsoutthathugscanbringa3ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.

Believeitornot,awarmembracemightevenhelpyou4gettingsickthis

winter.

Inarecentstudy5over400healthyadults,researchersfromCarnegie

MellonUniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocial

supportandthereceiptofhugs6theparticipants’susceptibilityto

developingthecommoncoldafterbeing7tothevirus.Peoplewho

perceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocome8withacold,and

theresearchers9thatthestress-reducingeffectsofhugging10about

32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11amongthosewhogotacold,theones

whofeltgreatersocialsupportandreceivedmorefrequenthugshadless

severe12.

“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe13riskfor

coldsthat’susually14withstress,”notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorof

psychologyatCarnegie.Hugging“isamarkerofintimacyandhelps15the

feelingthatothersaretheretohelp16difficulty.”

Someexperts17thestress-reducing,health-relatedbenefitsofhugging

tothereleaseofoxytocin,oftencalled“thebondinghormone”18it

promotesattachmentinrelationships,includingthatbetweenmothersandtheir

newbornbabies.Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain,

andsomeofitisreleasedintothebloodstream.Butsomeofit19inthebrain,

whereit20mood,behaviorandphysiology.

1

1．[A]Unlike[B]Besides[C]Despite[D]Throughout

2．[A]connected[B]restricted[C]equal[D]inferior

3．[A]choice[B]view[C]lesson[D]host

4．[A]recall[B]forget[C]avoid[D]keep

5．[A]collecting[B]involving[C]guiding[D]affecting

6．[A]of[B]in[C]at[D]on

7．[A]devoted[B]exposed[C]lost[D]attracted

8．[A]across[B]along[C]down[D]out

9．[A]calculated[B]denied[C]doubted[D]imagined

10．[A]served[B]required[C]restored[D]explained

11．[A]Even[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Thus

12．[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]tests[D]errors

13．[A]minimized[B]highlighted[C]controlled[D]increased

14．[A]equipped[B]associated[C]presented[D]compared

15．[A]assess[B]moderate[C]generate[D]record

16．[A]inthefaceof[B]intheformof[C]inthewayof[D]inthenameof

17．[A]transfer[B]commit[C]attribute[D]return

18．[A]because[B]unless[C]though[D]until

19．[A]emerges[B]vanishes[C]remains[D]decreases

20．[A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]influences

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

2

Text1

Firsttwohours,nowthreehours–thisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesare

recommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajorU.S.

airportswithincreasinglymassivesecuritylines.

Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturn

forincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhave

downedovertheMediterraneanSea,providesanothertragicreminderofwhy.But

demandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturn

underminespublicsupportfortheprocess.Anditshould:Wastedtimeisadragon

Americans’economicandprivatelives,nottomentioninfuriating.

Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundinasecret

checkthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweapons–bothfakeand

real–pastairportsecuritynearlyeverytimetheytried.Enhancedsecurity

measuressincethen,combinedwithariseinairlinetravelduetotheimproving

economyandlowoilprices,haveresultedinlongwaitsatmajorairportssuchas

Chicago’sO’HareInternational.Itisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairline

securityhasbecome–butthelinesareobvious.

Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreasein

airlinetravel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partofthe

issueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactor

maybethatmorepeoplearetryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-

baggagefees,thoughtheairlinesstronglydisputethis.

ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotrequireremodelingairports

orrushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckis

supposedtobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassa

backgroundcheckareeligibletouseexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSA

tofocusontravelerswhoarehigherrisk,savingtimeforeveryoneinvolved.The

TSAwantstoenroll25millionpeopleinPreCheck.

Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothat,andonebigreasonisstickershock:

Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.

Sincethebeginning,thispricetaghasbeenPreCheck’sfatalflaw.Upcoming

reformsmightbringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.ButCongressshould

lookintodoingsodirectly,byhelpingtofinancePreCheckenrollmentortocut

costsinotherways.

TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklanes

whilemostofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimeto

maketheprogramwork.

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21.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto

[A]explainAmerican’stoleranceofcurrentsecuritychecks.

[B]stresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworldwide.

[C]highlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorU.S.airports.

[D]emphasizetheimportanceofprivacyprotection.

22.Whichofthefollowingcontributestolongwaitsatmajorairports?

[A]Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbags.

[B]ThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSA.

[C]Anincreaseinthenumberoftravelers.

[D]Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks.

23.Theword“expedited”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]quieter.

[B]cheaper.

[C]wider.

[D]faster.

24.OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis

[A]adramaticreductionofitsscale.

[B]itswrongly-directedimplementation.

[C]thegovernment’sreluctancetobackit.

[D]anunreasonablepriceforenrollment.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]LessScreeningforMoreSafety

[B]PreCheck–aBelatedSolution

[C]GettingStuckinSecurityLines

[D]UnderusedPreCheckLanes

4

Text2

“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,”wroteQueenLiliuokalani,

Hawaii’slastreigningmonarch,in1897.Starwatcherswereamongthemost

esteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyin

Hawaiitoday.ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeter

Telescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity’s

viewofthecosmos.

AtissueistheTMT’splannedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcano

worshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiianIslandsto

theheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld’smostpowerful

telescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea’speakrisesabovethebulkof

ourplanet’sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtain

imagesofunsurpassedclarity.

OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.Asmallbutvocal

groupofHawaiiansandenvironmentalistshavelongviewedtheirpresenceas

disrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwas

onceasovereignnation.

Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheir

eagernesstobuildbiggertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceisnottheonlyway

ofunderstandingtheworld.Theydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionof

MaunaKea’sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheisland’sinhabitants.Hawaiian

cultureisnotarelicofthepast;itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.

Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnof

civilization.Thesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirst

broughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii’sshoresinspiresastronomerstodayto

exploretheheavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortoban

futuredevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculture

bothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromand

wherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asif

answeringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.

Theastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseof

MaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope’svisibility

aroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.To

limitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendof

theirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.Thereisnoreasonwhy

everyonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageand

tostudythestars.

5

26.QueenLiliuokalani’sremarkinParagraph1indicates

[A]herconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy.

[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety.

[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes.

[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers’featsinhertime.

27.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto

[A]itsgeographicalfeatures.

[B]itsprotectivesurroundings.

[C]itsreligiousimplications.

[D]itsexistinginfrastructure.

28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause

[A]itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife.

[B]itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory.

[C]theirculturewillloseachanceofrevival.

[D]theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea.

29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday’sastronomy

[A]isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians.

[B]helpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld.

[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture.

[D]willeventuallysoftenHawaiians’hostility.

30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof

[A]severecriticism.

[B]passiveacceptance.

[C]slighthesitancy.

[D]fullapproval.

6

Text3

RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry’sGDPmeasures“everything

exceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.”WithBritainvotingtoleavethe

EuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimely

momenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.

ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforover

halfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdo

notmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK’sGDPhas

beentheenvyoftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhigh

growthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17million

peoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheir

country’seconomicprospects?

Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthinto

well-beingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,

theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthis

translatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.Ratherthanjust

focusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivil

societyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentof

howcountriesareperforming.

Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberof

consistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2008

globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,major

economieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisn’tthecasewithallcountries.Some

relativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasures

includingcivilsociety,incomeequalityandtheenvironment.

Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolonger

regardedasthesolemeasureofacountry’ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.

So,whatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemost

commonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,it

isnolongerenough.Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmental

qualityoreducationoutcomes–allthingsthatcontributetoaperson’ssenseof

well-being.

ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldlead

toadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandfor

growth.Butpolicymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingrather

thansimplyworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomand

mayevenseeprogress.

7

31.RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe

[A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP.

[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness.

[C]misinterpretedtheroleofGDP.

[D]hadalowopinionofGDP.

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that

[A]theUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern.

[B]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedintheUK.

[C]theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy.

[D]policymakersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoGDP.

33.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy?

[A]Itissponsoredby163countries.

[B]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.

[C]Itscriteriaarequestionable.

[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.

34.Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat

[A]theUKispreparingforaneconomicboom.

[B]highGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline.

[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP.

[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKLesson

[B]GDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth

[C]RobertF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP

[D]Brexit,theUK’sGatewaytoWell-being

8

Text4

Inarareunanimousruling,theUSSupremeCourthasoverturnedthe

corruptionconvictionofaformerVirginiagovernor,RobertMcDonnell.Butitdid

sowhileholdingitsnoseattheethicsofhisconduct,whichincludedaccepting

giftssuchasaRolexwatchandaFerrariautomobilefromacompanyseeking

accesstogovernment.

Thehighcourt’sdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnell’strialfailedtotell

ajurythatitmustlookonlyathis“officialacts,”ortheformergovernor’sdecisions

on“specific”and“unsettled”issuesrelatedtohisduties.

Merelyhelpingagift-givergainaccesstootherofficials,unlessdonewith

clearintenttopressurethoseofficials,isnotcorruption,thejusticesfound.

Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopeningdoorsis

“distasteful”and“nasty.”Butunderanti-briberylaws,proofmustbemadeof

concretebenefits,suchasapprovalofacontractorregulation.Simplyarranginga

meeting,makingaphonecall,orhostinganeventisnotan“officialact”.

Thecourt’srulingislegallysoundindefiningakindoffavoritismthatisnot

criminal.Electedleadersmustbeallowedtohelpsupportersdealwith

bureaucraticproblemswithoutfearofprosecutionforbribery.“Thebasiccompact

underlyingrepresentativegovernment,”wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsforthe

court,“assumesthatpublicofficialswillhearfromtheirconstituentsandacton

theirconcerns.”

Buttherulingreinforcestheneedforcitizensandtheirelectedrepresentatives,

notthecourts,toensureequalityofaccesstogovernment.Officialsmustnotbe

allowedtoplayfavoritesinprovidinginformationorinarrangingmeetings

simplybecauseanindividualorgroupprovidesacampaigndonationorapersonal

gift.Thistypeofintegrityrequireswell-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparency,

suchasrecordsofofficialmeetings,rulesonlobbying,andinformationabout

eachelectedleader’ssourceofwealth.

Favoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcorruption.Butitis

notalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandards,ordifferent

typesofaccessforaveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnectionscanbe

bought,abasicpremiseofdemocraticsociety–thatallareequalintreatmentby

government–isundermined.Goodgovernancerestsonanunderstandingofthe

inherentworthofeachindividual.

Thecourt’srulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionand

officialfavoritism.

9

36.Theunderlinedsentence(Para.1)mostprobablyshowsthatthecourt

[A]avoideddefiningtheextentofMcDonnell’sduties.

[B]madenocompromiseinconvictingMcDonnell.

[C]wascontemptuousofMcDonnell’sconduct.

[D]refusedtocommentonMcDonnell’sethics.

37.AccordingtoParagraph4,anofficialactisdeemedcorruptiveonlyifitinvolves

[A]leakingsecretsintentionally.

[B]sizablegainsintheformofgifts.

[C]concretereturnsforgift-givers.

[D]breakingcontractsofficially.

38.Thecourt’srulingisbasedontheassumptionthatpublicofficialsare

[A]justifiedinaddressingtheneedsoftheirconstituents.

[B]qualifiedtodealindependentlywithbureaucraticissues.

[C]allowedtofocusontheconcernsoftheirsupporters.

[D]exemptfromconvictiononthechargeoffavoritism.

39.Well-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparencyareneededto

[A]awakentheconscienceofofficials.

[B]guaranteefairplayinofficialaccess.

[C]allowforcertainkindsoflobbying.

[D]inspirehopesinaveragepeople.

40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecourt’srulingis

[A]sarcastic.

[B]tolerant.

[C]skeptical.

[D]supportive.

10

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,you

arerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfrom

thelistA—Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsBandDhave

beencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Thefirstpublishedsketch,“ADinneratPoplarWalk”broughttearsto

Dickens’seyeswhenhediscovereditinthepagesofTheMonthlyMagazine.

Fromthenonhissketches,whichappearedunderthepenname“Boz”inThe

EveningChronicle,earnedhimamodestreputation.

[B]TherunawaysuccessofThePickwickPapers,asitisgenerallyknowntoday,

securedDickens’sfame.TherewerePickwickcoatsandPickwickcigars,and

theplump,spectacledhero,SamuelPickwick,becameanationalfigure.

[C]SoonafterSketchesbyBozappeared,apublishingfirmapproachedDickensto

writeastoryinmonthlyinstallments,asabackdropforaseriesofwoodcuts

bythethen-famousartistRobertSeymour,whohadoriginatedtheideaforthe

story.Withcharacteristicconfidence,Dickenssuccessfullyinsistedthat

Seymour’spicturesillustratehisownstoryinstead.Afterthefirstinstallment,

DickenswrotetotheartistandaskedhimtocorrectadrawingDickensfelt

wasnotfaithfulenoughtohisprose.Seymourmadethechange,wentintohis

backyard,andexpressedhisdispleasurebycommittingsuicide.Dickensand

hispublisherssimplypressedonwithanewartist.Thecomicnovel,The

PosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub,appearedseriallyin1836and1837

andwasfirstpublishedinbookformin1837.

[D]CharlesDickensisprobablythebest-knownand,tomanypeople,thegreatest

Englishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Amoralist,satirist,andsocialreformer,

Dickenscraftedcomplexplotsandstrikingcharactersthatcapturethepanorama

ofEnglishsociety.

[E]Soonafterhisfather’sreleasefromprison,Dickensgotabetterjobaserrand

boyinlawoffices.Hetaughthimselfshorthandtogetanevenbetterjoblateras

acourtstenographerandasareporterinParliament.Atthesametime,Dickens,

whohadareporter’seyefortranscribingthelifearoundhim,especiallyanything

comicorodd,submittedshortsketchestoobscuremagazines.

11

[F]DickenswasborninPortsmouth,onEngland’ssoutherncoast.Hisfatherwas

aclerkintheBritishNavypayoffice–arespectableposition,butwithlittle

socialstatus.Hispaternalgrandparents,astewardandahousekeeper,

possessedevenlessstatus,havingbeenservants,andDickenslaterconcealed

theirbackground.Dickens’smothersupposedlycamefromamorerespectable

family.YettwoyearsbeforeDickens’sbirth,hismother’sfatherwascaught

stealingandfledtoEurope,nevertoreturn.Thefamily’sincreasingpoverty

forcedDickensoutofschoolatage12toworkinWarren’sBlackingWarehouse,

ashoe-polishfactory,wheretheotherworkingboysmockedhimas“theyoung

gentleman.”Hisfatherwasthenimprisonedfordebt.Thehumiliationsofhis

father’simprisonmentandhislaborintheblackingfactoryformedDickens’s

greatestwoundandbecamehisdeepestsecret.Hecouldnotconfidethemeven

tohiswife,althoughtheyprovidetheunacknowledgedfoundationofhisfiction.

[G]AfterPickwick,Dickensplungedintoableakerworld.InOliverTwist,he

tracesanorphan’sprogressfromtheworkhousetothecriminalslumsof

London.NicholasNickleby,hisnextnovel,combinesthedarknessofOliver

TwistwiththesunlightofPickwick.Thepopularityofthesenovels

consolidatedDickens’asanationallyandinternationallycelebratedmanofletters.

D→41.→42.→43.→44.→B→45.

12

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

ThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworld’sprimarylanguagefor

internationalcommunicationhasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.

(46)ButevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurthertherearesigns

thattheglobalpredominanceofthelanguagemayfadewithintheforeseeablefuture.

Complexinternational,economic,technologicalandculturalchangescouldstart

todiminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarket,and

UKinterestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreadthofEnglishusagewould

consequentlyfacenewpressures.Thoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthe

studypresentedbyDavidGraddol.(47)Hisanalysisshouldthereforeendanyself-

contentednessamongthosewhomaybelievethattheglobalpositionofEnglishisso

stablethattheyounggenerationsoftheUnitedKingdomdonotneedadditional

languagecapabilities.

DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfaceableak

economicfutureasqualifiedmultilingualyoungstersfromothercountriesareproving

tohaveacompetitiveadvantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompanies

andorganisations.Alongsidethat,(48)manycountriesareintroducingEnglishinto

theprimary-schoolcurriculumbutBritishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonot

appeartobegaininggreaterencouragementtoachievefluencyinotherlanguages.

Iflefttothemselves,suchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthofthe

Englishlanguageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducational

resourcesinlanguages,suchasSpanish,ArabicorMandaringrowsand

internationalbusinessprocessoutsourcinginotherlanguagessu