延慶區(qū)20212022學年第二學期質(zhì)量監(jiān)測試卷高三英語本試卷共11頁，共100分?？荚嚂r長90分鐘?？忌鷦毡貙⒋鸢复鹪诖痤}紙上，在試卷上作答無效。第一部分：知識運用（共兩節(jié)，30分）第一節(jié)完形填空（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。JoelBoyersandhiswife,MelodyAmong,wereheadinghomefromtheNashvilleairportaftershejustearnedherhelicopter’s(直升飛機)pilotlicensewhenhereceiveda____1____fromastrangerinPennsylvania.Thepersontoldhimthatmanypeopleweretrappedin____2____,60milesfromNashville.Boyers,41,lookedwesttowardWaverlyandsawthestormclouds.“Noonewillfly…”Buteven____3____hefinishedthesentence,Boyersknewtheywouldgobackup.Soon,theywereintheair,____4____forwhattheywereabouttoexperienceinWaverly.AsBoyersflewthehelicopter,Amongsearchedforpeoplestuckatoproofs,bridges,anywhereBoyerscouldlandhishelicopterandgetthemonboard.Suddenlyshe____5____agirlgraspingatreewhichwasbarelyoutofthewater.Onehandholdingatreebranch,theotherheldadogshe’drescuedearlier,shewaspletelywetand____6____.SincetherewasnoplaceforBoyerstoland,he____7____thehelicopteruntilitwasjustabovethewater.Withtherescuerope,Amonghelpedtheteenanddogaboard.Boyers____8____liftedoff.Avoidingthetreeandpowerlines,he____9____offtheteenandthedogonasafestreet,thenbackintheair.Theirmissionended90minutesafteritbegan,whenprofessionalrescuehelicoptersshowedup.Thoughtheexperiencewas______10______,Boyersdidmakethisadmission,“Itwasalmostalittlefun.”1.A.plaint B.letter C.program D.call2.A.fog B.snow C.flood D.fire3.A.before B.when C.until D.since4.A.provided B.unprepared C.looked D.hoped5A.picked B.pushed C.guided D.spotted6.A.exhausted B.bored C.puzzled D.embarrassed7.A.placed B.lowered C.took D.loaded8.A.slightly B.hardly C.quietly D.carefully9.A.took B.got C.dropped D.laid10.A.frightening B.exciting C.fascinating D.boring第二節(jié)語法填空（共10小題：每小題1.5分，共15分）A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Oneday,Inoticedabirdflyinandoutoftheletterbox.LookingcloselyinsideIsawthatshe____11____(build)anest.Afewweekslatershehadlaideggsandsat____12____（patient）onthem.Itriedopeningtheletterbox,____13____madethebirdangry.SoIgaveherpermissionandapeacefulstay.Inthefollowingweeks,threechickshatched.Aboutfourweekslaterher____14____(baby)leftthenestandIwasabletoreclaimmypropertyandcleanouttheletterbox.B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。AmazoninvitedsomecustomerstopreviewthenewgrocerystoreformatdevelopedinCalifornia.TheAmazonFreshstoreinWoodlandHills____15____(design)toreachabroaderpartofshoppersthanthepricierWholeFoodsMarketchain,____16____(signal)itsintentiontobeeasignificantplayerinthehugegrocerybusiness.ItalsomarksanewstagewhenAmazonpeteswithlargergrocerychains,Walmart,whichexpandedfeaturesandservicestomakeshopping____17____(convenience).C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。TaoXingzhiproposed“unityofteaching,learningandreflectiveacting.”AsaChineseeducator,hewascalledthe“teacherofteachers”.____18____(bear)inAnhuiprovincein1891,TaostudiedatColumbiaUniversity,US,in1914.Therehestudiededucationalphilosophy____19____theguidanceofJohnDewey,aneducationalreformer.____20____hereturnedtoChina,hebeganhisowncareer.ForTao,educationisanactiveprocessinreallifeexperienceratherthanoneoftellingandbeingtold.第二部分：閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。AVolunteerabroadwiththeUNAreyoureadytobeeaninternationalUNVolunteer?Youcancontributeyourtime,skillsandknowledgethroughvolunteeringwiththeUN.Thisisanopportunitytocreateapositiveimpactandbeasignificantforceforachievingpeaceanddevelopment.Makeadifferencetothelivesofmany!WhyvolunteerwiththeUN?InternationalUNVolunteerspromotepeaceanddevelopmentinmunitiesaroundtheglobe,whileupholdingtheidealsandambitionsoftheUnitedNations.?InternationalUNVolunteersefrom160countries,representingmanyculturesandbackgrounds.Theybringawidevarietyofviewpointsandapproaches.?YourinternationalUNVolunteerassignmentwillmakealastingimpact.Itcancreatearippleeffectthatextendsfarbeyondtheimmediateresultsofyourefforts.?AsaninternationalUNVolunteer,youwilllearnaboutdifferentcultures,expandyournetworks,studyforeignlanguagesandgainmatchlessprofessionalandlifeexperiences.Requirements?TheminimumrequirementstoserveasaninternationalUNVolunteerare:25yearsoldandolder(noupperagelimit);universitydegreeorhighertechnicaldiploma;?Atleasttwoyearsofrelevantworkexperienceinaprofessionalbackground;goodworkingknowledgeofEnglish,SpanishorFrench;?mitmenttothevaluesandprinciplesofvolunteerism;abilitytoworkinamulticulturalenvironment;willingnesstoworkwithpeopleandlocalorganizations;?Abilitytoadjustindifficultlivingconditionsandsometimesremotelocations;stronginterpersonalandorganizationalskills.ConditionsofService?InternationalUNVolunteerassignmentsgenerallyrunforsixto12months,withthepossibilityofextendingforonetotwoyears.?Shorttermassignmentsarealsorequestedbyourpartnersfromtimetotime.InternationalUNVolunteersareentitledtocertainallowances.?Allowancesareinnowaytobeunderstoodasapensation,rewardorsalaryinexchangeforthevolunteerwork.?Thepurposeofallowancesforvolunteersistoenablethemtosustainasecurestandardoflivingintheirdutystations.21.AsaninternationalUNVolunteer,youcan________.A.promotepeaceanddevelopmentofUN B.affectUNimmediatelyC.obtainprofessionalexperiences D.teachforeignlanguages22.Accordingtothepassage,applicantsarerequiredto________.A.beatmost25yearsold B.haveinternationalworkexperienceC.holdauniversitydegreeintechnology D.adapttodifficultlivingenvironment23Whatcanhelpvolunteerstomaintainasecurestandardofliving?A.Assignments. B.Allowances. C.mitment. D.Knowledge.BTheBookLadyItwasJenniferWilliams'smotherwhogotherhookedonbooks.Alibrarian,shereadtoherthreechildreneveryday.“Notuntilwewenttokindergarten,”Williamstoldvadogwood,alocalnewssite.“Untilwewenttocollege.”WhenWilliams,now54,becameanelementaryschoolteacherandtutorinDanville,Virginia,shewantedherstudentstofallinlovewithreadingjustasshehad.Butearlyon,sherealizedthatsomekidshadlimitedaccesstobooks.“It’sveryobvioustoteachersofyoungchildrenwhichkidsarereadtoversuskidswhoarenot,”shesaid.“It’sobviousattheendofthefirstdayofschool.”ToWilliams,thesolutionwassimple:Givekidsbooks.In2017,aspartofaciviceventcalledEngageDanville,shegaveaway900usedchildren’sbooksoverthreedays.Mostpeoplewouldbesatisfiedwiththat.“Iwaslike‘Anybodycoulddothat,’”shesaid.“Iwantedtodosomethingthat’sgoingtostretchmyfaith,myworkethic,myeverything.”Soshesetanewgoalforherself:Giveawayonemillionbooks.Itsoundslikeanunreachablenumber,butasWilliamspostedonFacebook:“Don’tplaininthebleachersifyouaren’twillingtoworkhardoutonthefield.”Soshegottowork,firstbyropinginfriendstodonatebooksormoneytobuybooks.Beforelong,asnewsofWilliams’sprojectspread,strangersstartedleavingpilesofbooksonherfrontporch.Asquicklyasthebooksein,Williamsgivesthemtolocalschools—freeofcharge—andalsosuppliesbookstolittlefreelibrariesaroundthecityof41,000justovertheNorthCarolinaborder.Shealsohostsabookclubforprisonersinthelocalprison.Inthefouryearsshe'sbeendoingallthis,theBookLady,asWilliamshasetobeknown,hasgivenawaymorethan78,000books—only922,000moretoreachhergoal!Andshe’snotslowingdown.It’stooimportantforkidswithfewoptions.“Readingcantakeyouanywhere,”shetoldCNN.“Youcantravelintimeandspace.Ifyoucanread,youcanlearnalmostanything.”24.WhatmadeWillianinterestedinreading?A.Herchildren’shobby. B.Hermother’sinfluence.C.Astranger’sencouragement. D.Ateacher'simpact.25.WhydidWilliamoriginallycontributesomanybooks?A.Tosatisfymostpeople. B.Tocelebratethecivicevent.C.Tohelpstudentslovereading. D.Tostretchherfaithandworkethic.26.HowdidWilliamcollectbooksforhergoal?A.Byaskingherfriendstobuybooks. B.Byattainingbooksfromtheprison.C.Bygettingdonationfromfreelibraries. D.Byreceivingdonatedbooksfromstrangers.27.Accordingtothepassage,whatwordscanbestdescribeWilliam?A.helpfulandambitious. B.respectableandinnocent.C.hardworkingandadventurous. D.determinedandhumorous.CScientistshavechangedaspider’swebintoaudio(音頻).Theprocessinvolvingimagingandanalysingathreedimensionalspiderweb.Ledtoacuriouspieceofmusicplayedona‘harplikeinstrument’inseveralliveperformances.Theinvestigator,MarkusBuehler,hasextendedtheresearchbeyondthescientificworld:Webscouldbeanewsourceformusicalinspirationthatisdifferentfromtheusualhumanexperience.Tocreatethemusic,theresearchersfirstproduceda3Ddigitalmodelofthespider’swebbytaking2Dcrosssectionimagesandusingputeralgorithms(算法).Theythenchangedthenonaudibledataintosomethingaudible—aprocessknownassonification.Thisinvolvedassigningdistinctnotestoeachofthesilkstrands(纖維絲)ofthespider’swebbasedontheirlength.Theinnovativeapproachallowedtheresearcherstoeupwith“novelinterpretations”ofthespider’sweb,offeringanewperspectiveofunderstandingthenaturalworld.Theresearchersalsosetupavirtualrealityenvironment,biningthevisualandaudiorepresentationsoftheweb:“Byhearingandseeingitatthesametime,youcanreallystarttounderstandtheenvironmentthespiderlivesin,”saysBeuhler.Anditisn’tallaboutmusic.Theresearchersarekeentoshowthatanindepthunderstandingofnaturalconstructionssuchasspiderwebs,hasgreatpotentialforaidingourowntechnologicalconstructions.Justoneexampleisthemethodnamed“spidermimicking”,inwhichplexmicrostructuresare3Dprinted,usingthespiderwebasinspiration.Beuhlerexpressedhishopesthenewresearchintosonificationwillleadtofurtherworkincrossspeciesmunication:Ifweexposethespiderstocertainpatternsofrhythmsorvibrations(振動),canweaffectwhattheydo,andcanwebegintomunicatewiththem?Thosearereallyexcitingideas.Futureresearchcouldpotentiallyexplorewaysofmunicatingwithspiders“intheirownlanguage”,orinfluencetheirbehaviourwiththehelpofmachinealgorithms.Apreviousstudyin2018byresearchersincludingBuehler,foundthatmostresearchesonspiderwebstodatehavefocusedontheorbweb(aspecificformofwebwhichis2Dandroundinshape),whilethemajorityofwebscreatedbyspidersarenotorbwebs.Thisanalysisofa3Dwebstructurepushestheresearchastepfurther.Spiderwebsareactuallyverydiverseandalsohaveanumberofdesirableproperties.Asthepaper’sabstractstates,spiderwebshaveauniquestrength,toughness,elasticityandhardness,makingthemaparticularlyappealingnaturalformationtostudy.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sonification”probablymean?A.theprocessofmakingsomethingaudible.B.thebehavioroftakingnotesofthespiderwebs.C.thealgorithmsofanalyzingthreedimensionalspiderwebs.D.theprocedureofchanging2Dimagesinto3Ddigitalmodels.29.Thepassagesuggeststhat________.A.ApieceofmusicplayedontheinstrumentresultedinstudyonspiderwebsB.ResearchershavealreadyworkedoutwaystomunicatewithspidersC.ThisspiderwebmusichintsatpotentialforcrossspeciesmunicationD.Thespiderwebs’uniqueformationattractsscientiststostudymusic30.WhatisthemainideaofParagragh5?A.Analysisofspiders’behavior.B.Significanceof3Dwebstructure.C.Previousresearchesonorbwebs.D.Furtherresearchesoncrossspeciesmunication.DColinChapman,thefounderofLotusCars,wasoneofmotorracing’smostinfluentialengineers.Between1962and1978LotuswonsevenFormulaOneconstructorschampionships.Hesummeduphisphilosophyas“simplify,thenaddlightness”.Itappearstobeanunmoninsight.ApaperpublishedinNaturesuggeststhathumansstrugglewithsubtractive(減法)thinking.Whenaskedtoimprovesomething,theytendtosuggestaddingnewthingsratherthanremovingwhatisalreadythere,evenwhenadditionsleadtosubpar(低于標準的)results.Theresearchwasmotivatedbyeverydayobservationratherthanpsychologicaltheory,saysGabrielleAdams,thepaper’sfirstauthor,whocitesfolkwisdomsuchas‘lessismore’and‘keepitsimple’.Perhapstheneedforsuchreminderswasevidenceofablindspotinpeople’sthinking?AlongwithcolleaguesattheUniversityofVirginia,Dr.Adamsconductedaseriesofobservationalstudies.Inone,whenparticipantswereaskedtoalteranessaytheyhadwritten,16%cutwordswhile80%addedthem.Othersgavesimilarresults.Of827suggestionsreceivedbythenewbossofanAmericanuniversityforhowtheinstitutioncouldbeimproved,581involvedaddingnewthingsandjust70suggestedremovingsomething.Havingestablishedthatadditiondoesindeedseemtobemorepopularthansubtraction,thenextstepwastoworkoutwhy.Onepossibilitywasthatpeoplewereconsideringsubtractiveoptions,butdeliberatelychoosingnottopursuethem.Anotherwasthattheywerenoteventhinkingoftheminthefirstplace.Let’senteranewsetofexperiments.Oneexperimentaskedparticipantstoredesignalopsided(不平衡的)Legostructuresothatitcouldsupportahousebrick.Participantscouldearnadollarforfixingtheproblem,buteachpieceofLegotheyaddedcuthatrewardbytencents.Eventhen,only41%workedoutthatsimplifyingthestructurebyremovingasingleblock,ratherthanstrengtheningitbyaddingmore,whichwasthewaytomaximisethepayout.Anotherexample,askingpeopletomakeagolfcourseworseratherthanbetterdidnotchangetheirpreferenceforadditions,whichsuggestedthatmanyweresimplynotthinkingofthepossibility,atleastatfirst.Whatallthisamountsto,saysBenjaminConverse,anotherofthestudy’sauthors,isevidenceforanewentryinthelistof“cognitivebiases”thatskew(歪曲)howhumansthink.Insteadofthinkingaproblemthroughandingupwithanidealsolution,theytendtousecognitiveshortcutsthatarefastandmostly“goodenough”.Suchresearchhasinspiredanentirefielddedicatedtoworkingoutwhensuchshortcutsleadpeopleastray.Dr.Adamsandhercolleagues,meanwhile,arekeentoinvestigatetheirresultinmoredetail.Onequestioniswhetherthepreferenceforadditionisinbornorlearned.31.ThepurposeofmentioningthestoryofColinChapmanis________.A.toattractreaders’interest B.tohighlighttheexperienceC.topresentbackgroundinformation D.tointroducethetopicofthepassage32.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peoplepreferadditionstosubtractionsinmostsituations.B.Peopletendtouseshortcutsandeupwithidealsolutions.C.Strengtheningthestructureisthewaytomaximizethepayout.D.Thephilosophy—“l(fā)essismore”iswellreceived.33.WhatareDr.Adamsandhiscolleagueslikelytostudynext?A.Thebenefitsofsubtractions.B.Thewaysofchanginghowpeoplethink.C.Thedetailsofthepreferenceforaddition.D.Theinfluenceofcognitivebiasesonpeople’sthinking.34.Whatdoestheauthorpropose?A.Awaythatpeopleautomaticallythink. B.Afactthatpeopleroutinelyforget.CAviewthatshortcutsaregoodenough. D.Apointthatadditionisbetter.第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Dailylifehasitssatisfactions,suchastheperfectreplytoafriend’stextmessage,thefirstafterworkdrink,ortheunexpectedgift.____35____Thatmomentwhenthemessof21stcenturyexistencedisappearsintothenonjudgmentalembraceofasoftbed.Somehowwehavepushedthispleasuretothebackofthequeue.AthirdofAmericanadultsreportsleepinglessthantheremendedsevenhours.Manyofusfeelunderrested.Forsome,theproblemismodernlife:emails,todolistsandscreens.____36____Nowthere’sincreasingevidencethatalackofsleepisassociatedwithhigherriskofdepression,cancer,andotherproblems.ResearchpublishedintheEuropeanHeartJournalreportsthatheartdiseasewasloweramongpeoplewhowenttosleepbetween10p.m.and11p.m.,nomatterhowlongtheyslept.____37____Butaftertheappearanceandriseofsleepingaids,issleepthenextpartofhumanexperiencethatwillbeeincreasinglytracked,countedandpared?WesighatLinkedInuserswhoclaimtowakeupatSamandlearnMandarinwhilemeditating.Butwhenpeopleovermittosleepingwell,itcanbecounterproductive.____38____InhisbookOveringInsomniaandSleepProblems,OxfordprofessorColinEspiewritesabout‘orthosomnia’,wherepeoplearesofocusedwithsleepingwellthattheybeetooanxioustodoso.Themarketingofsleepingaidsaddstothis.Espiesaysweeachhaveasleeppatternthatwefigureoutthroughtrialanderror.Genetically,somehumansarelarksandsomeareowls;thelarksmayjusthavebettercardiovascularhealth.Foranowltotrytofighttheirnaturalschedule,andsleepearlier,wouldn’tnecessarilyhelp.Basicsleepingadviceisnotablyconsistent,includingkeepingaregularpattern,cuttingbackonalcoholandcaffeineandtakingawayallbedroomdistractions.Insteadofjustloadingsleepadviceonindividuals,wecouldintegrateaspectsofitintopublichealth.____39____Employerscouldbesensitivetothedifferentneedsoftheirworkers.Agoodnight’ssleepisaprofoundpleasure.Asfaraspossible,itshouldalsoremainasimpleone.A.Suchresearchisallwellandgood.B.Theriskisthatweignoretheproblem.C.Thentherearethosewhocan’tsleepwhentheytry.D.Forotherpeople,it’sthedemandsofworkorfamily.E.Butdoesanyofthesereallyparetothejoyofgoingtosleep?F.Schoolscouldstartlatertocoincidewithchildren’sbodyrhythms.G.Stressingourselvesoutaboutalackofsleepcanworsentheproblem.第三部分：書面表達（共兩節(jié)，32分）第一節(jié)閱讀表達（共4小題：第40、41小題各2分，第42小題3分，第43小題5分，共12分）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問題。請在答題紙指定區(qū)域作答。Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetterorworse.What’ssadisthatevenifit’sthelatter,weoftenfollowacertainpathanywaybecauseweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Psychologistscallthisphenomenonfunctionalfixedness.Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworks—andasenseofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxoftacks(大頭釘)andsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallsothatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewallorlightingittofixitwithmeltedwax(石蠟).Thetacksaretooshort,andthecandledoesn’tfastentothewall.Sohowcanyo