職稱英語(yǔ)閱讀理解常見(jiàn)題型及解題

技巧

全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標(biāo)作了如下規(guī)定:

讀者應(yīng)能綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和閱讀技能來(lái)理解本專業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)

容的英語(yǔ)書面材料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個(gè)方面：

1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；

2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；

3.利用上下文猜測(cè)某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義；

4.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系；

5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論；

6.領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。

根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標(biāo)，我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類

型,并具體地探討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。

1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意

掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)主題思想的提問(wèn)

是閱讀理解測(cè)試的必考題。但提問(wèn)方式及用詞都有差異，這類題常見(jiàn)提

問(wèn)方式可歸納如下：

1.Themainideaofthispassageis

2.Thispassagetellsus

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemain

ideaofthepassage?

4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestsummarizesthe

author'smainpoint?

5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?

6.Thesubjectmatterofthisselectionis

7.Thepassagemainlydiscusses

8.Thispassageillustrates

9.Thisparagraphcenters/focuseson

10.Thispassagemainlydealswith

11.Thispassageischieflyconcernedwith

12.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis

13.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

14.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

15.Themajorpointdiscussedinthepassageis

解答這一類題目的基本方法如下：

A.找出主題句。首先要讀標(biāo)題，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題往往是主題句中的核心詞或

概括性的詞。抓住全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題

句一般位于文章或段落的開(kāi)始，然后圍繞主題展開(kāi)論述。因?yàn)樵S多作者

喜歡采用從一般到個(gè)別的論證或敘述方式，即演繹法(deduction)。這

是一種很常見(jiàn)的文章或段落的寫作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction),

即從個(gè)別到一般來(lái)論證或敘述，主題旬就會(huì)位于段末。除此之外,主題

句還有可能位于段落的中間。找到主題句后，就應(yīng)以它為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在解題

時(shí)，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)必然是正確的答案。

例1

Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelming

beat.Nosinglebeatischaracteristicofthemusictoday.Buteach

songhasaneasilyrecognizablerhythmAsyoulistentoason9,

yourfootusuallystartstopickupthebeat.BeforeIon9,your

entirebodyseemstobemovingwithit.Yourheadpoundswith

thebeat,andthereisnoroomforthought.Onlythesurgeofthe

musicisimportant.Initsownway,rockmusicisasdominantas

therockGibraltar.Itsmessageisanevergrowingemotionalone.

在這一段文章中"Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmost

overwhelmingbeat."為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在

第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的“rhythm”（節(jié)奏）跟“beat”（強(qiáng)

烈的節(jié)奏）意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請(qǐng)注意：

第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句,而不是說(shuō)段末是主題句。

例2

Thevegetableandfruitandflowermerchantsaresurroundedby

basketsofpurpleeggplants,greenpeppers,stringsoftiny

silveryonions,headsofbitterIndianspinach.andadozenIndian

vegetablesforwhichIdon'tevenknowtheEnglishnames.Ihad

forgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndia—itisonlyduring

thebriefintensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitin

Moscow.InRussia,aswinterapproachesallvegetablesexcept

forpotatoesandthepervasivecabbageinsoupseemto

disappearfromthemenus.

主題句在中間的第二句"Ihadforgottenabouttheprofusionof

fruitinIndia—itisonlyduringthebriefintensesummerthatyou

seemuchvarietyoffruitinMoscow."

例3

Peopleliveincitiestodaythinkthatmeatissomethingthat

comeswrappedincellophane.fromthesupermarketzpotatoes

comebythepoundinplasticorpaperbags,andfeathergrows

inhats.Thecitydwellers'viewsarequitedifferentfromtheviews

oftheirancestors,whoknewthat?meatishunteddowninthe

forest,potatoesareplantedandweeded,andonlybirdscan

produceleathers.Yet,whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornot,

theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheir

existenceastheirancestorswere.

主題句為最后一句

'Yet,whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornotz

theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheir

existenceastheirancestorswere."

以上為敘述的方便并考慮到篇幅的限制，只選單段短文為例。實(shí)際上閱

讀理解題中大部分是多段短文。但主題句一般出現(xiàn)在起始段。

B.概括和歸納出主題思想。實(shí)際上，在閱讀理解測(cè)試部分有的文章是

沒(méi)有主題句的。這是由于文章的體裁不同或是由于閱讀的短文是從篇幅

較長(zhǎng)的文章中節(jié)選的。這時(shí)就要靠讀者自己進(jìn)行概括或歸納隱含的主題

思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點(diǎn)開(kāi)始（大部分閱讀理解短文都

是由數(shù)段組成），最后將各段要點(diǎn)集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。

下面不妨考察幾個(gè)例子：

例4

Abusdrivermustanswerquestionswhileguidingabusthrough

heavytraffic.Alldaylong,thedriveranswersthesamequestions

withoutbecomingangry.Everyfewminutesabusdriverhasto

askpassengerstosteptotherearofthebus.Inspiteoftraffic

snarlsandthoughtlesspassengerswhocausedelays,abus

driverisexpectedtocoverhisorherrouteonschedule.

這一段的隱含主題句可概括為"Drivingabusishardwork."

例5

Agreen1-538formisusedbyinternationalstudentsinorderto

obtainpermissionfromtheImmigrationandNaturalization

ServicetotransferfromoneuniversitytoanotherintheUnited

States.Ifyouareplanningtotransfer,rememberthatyoumust

obtainthepermissionbeforeleavingtheuniversitywhereyou

arecurrentlystudying.Youmustcompletetheform1-538,have

itsignedbytheforeignstudentadvisor,andsubmitittothe

DistrictOfficeoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService

togetherwiththeform1-20fromthenewschoolandthesmall,

whiteform1-94thatwasaffixedtoyourpassportwhenyou

enteredthecountry.

Submittingthesigned1-538andotherdocumentsdoesnot

insurepermissiontotransfer.OnlyanofficialofImmigrationcan

decideeachcase.Studentswhohavenotcompletedonetermof

studyattheschoolthatissuedthemtheirfirst1-20arenot

advisedtofileforpermissiontotransferuntiltheyhave

completedoneterm.

這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為"Whatshouldaninternational

studentdO.ifheorshewantstotransferfromoneuniversityto

anotherintheUnitedStates."

2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)

為了準(zhǔn)確理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想,我們必須要找到與中心

思想有關(guān)的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。一個(gè)好的作者必然會(huì)引用事實(shí)、或分析原因、

或?qū)Ρ仁挛镩g的關(guān)系等以論證自己的論點(diǎn)。常用以提問(wèn)這類事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)

的問(wèn)題有兩種。一種是要求找出文章中的重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，這些常與

whO,when,where,which或why有關(guān)。另一種問(wèn)題是辨認(rèn)哪些細(xì)

節(jié)在文章中沒(méi)被提及。這些問(wèn)題常有except,not(mentioned/true),

least等。例如：

1.Whatcauses?2.Somepeopledosth.because3.Sb.

is...because.4.Whydoestheauthormention...?5.

Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureof...?6.

Whereinthepassagedoestheauthordescribe...??.Whichofthe

followingdoestheauthorwanttoillustrateindiscussing...?8.

Whattimedoesthewriterthinkis?9.Whatdoestheauthorpay

leastattentionto?10.Whichofthefollowingisnotaresultof

?11.Allofthefollowingmaybe...except.12.

Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?13.Whichofthe

followingstatementsistrue?14.Theauthorstatesallofthe

itemslistedexcept.

為了正確回答這一類題目，讀者往往要采用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧，

也就是綜合解題法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎(chǔ)上，首先

要仔細(xì)看懂問(wèn)題，明確問(wèn)的是什么，然后按照題意進(jìn)行尋讀，找到正確

答案的根據(jù)。

例1

Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.Ahundredyearsorso

agoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,

i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonlyoneoutoffiveisnot

employedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago

"beingemployed"meantworkingasafactorylaborerorasa

farmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-class

personwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdinga

professionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualand

technicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacterizedAmerican

societyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-class

employeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworking

population-growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,that

oldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosingin

numericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrial

production.

Yetyouwillfindlittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobean

employee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceon

howtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofinda

gooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritwillbethe

mechanist'stradeorbookkeeping.Everyoneofthesetrades

requiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresa

differentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.

Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessorin

governmentemployeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthan

thespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymore

peoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeing

anemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossessthe

skillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themore

yougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreaterthe

emphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthan

ontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.

1.Accordingtothepassage,withthedevelopmentofmodem

industry,.A.factorylaborerswillovertakeintellectualemployees

innumberB.thereareasmanymiddle-classemployeesas

factorylaborersC.employershaveattachedgreatimportanceto

factorylaborersD.theproportionoffactorylaborersinthetotal

employeepopulationhasdecreased

本題具體涉及對(duì)第一段的中心意思的理解,尤其是對(duì)這段最后一句中

losinginnumericalimportance的確切理解。這一段的大致意思是,

當(dāng)今的社會(huì)已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)雇員的社會(huì)。大約在100年前，5個(gè)美國(guó)人中

只有1個(gè)人是被雇傭?yàn)閯e人干活的。今天，5個(gè)人中只有I個(gè)人是為自

己干而不被雇傭的。50年前，被雇傭就意味著當(dāng)工廠或農(nóng)場(chǎng)的勞動(dòng)力。

而今天，越來(lái)越多的雇員是接受過(guò)正規(guī)教育的中產(chǎn)階層。他們承擔(dān)了需

要智力和技術(shù)的職業(yè)或管理工作。50年以來(lái)，美國(guó)社會(huì)的確有兩個(gè)特

點(diǎn)：中層和上層雇員成了工薪隊(duì)伍中人數(shù)快速增長(zhǎng)的一部分一一其速度

之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上相形見(jiàn)細(xì)，盡管

工業(yè)生產(chǎn)還在擴(kuò)大規(guī)模。所以選項(xiàng)D是正確答案。選項(xiàng)A意思與選項(xiàng)

D正好相反。同樣，選項(xiàng)B和選項(xiàng)C都不對(duì)。

2.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskill

is.A.lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagood

employeeB.asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublic

relationsC.moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelationsD.

asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersinthe

organization

本題考查讀者對(duì)文章第二段中關(guān)于專門知識(shí)和技能的重要性的論點(diǎn)的

理解。學(xué)生可以從最后一句找出正確答案。這一句指出，”人們失敗的

原因更多的是不具備當(dāng)雇員的要素，而不是缺乏本行業(yè)的專業(yè)技能”。

因此選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)的是公共關(guān)系的能力，是誤解，因

為文章說(shuō)的是單位內(nèi)部開(kāi)展工作的能力，如內(nèi)部合作的好(theability

toworkwithintheorganization),,選項(xiàng)C把意思顛倒了。選項(xiàng)D說(shuō)

兩者同等重要，當(dāng)然也不對(duì)。

例2Toprepareforcareerinengineeringastudentmustbegin

planninginhighschool.Mathematicsandscienceshouldform

thecorecurriculum.Forexample,inaschoolwheresixteen

credithoursarerequiredforhighschoolgraduationJourshould

beinmathematics,oneeachinchemistry,biology,and

physics.TheremainingcreditsshouldincludefourinEnglishand

atleastthreeinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.Theaverage

enteringfreshmaninengineeringshouldhaveachievedatleast

a2.5gradepointaverageona4.0scaleinhisorherhigh

schOOl.Althoughdeficienciescanbecorrectedduringthefirst

year,thestudentwhoneedsadditionalworkshouldexpecttO

spendfiveinsteadoffouryearscompletingadegree.

1.Whatistheaveragegradepointthatanenteringfreshmanin

engineeringshouldhaveachievedinhisorherhighschool?答案:

2.5.（看文章的第五句）

2.Whenshouldastudentbeginplanningforacareerin

engineering?答案:InhighschOOl.（看文章的第一句）

3.Innormalsituationszhowmanyyearsareneededforastudent

tocompleteadegree?答案：Four.（看文章最后一句）

4.Howmanycreditsarerequiredforahighschooldiploma?答

案：Sixteen.（看文章第三句）

5.HowmanycreditsneedastudenthaveinEnglish?答案:

Four.（看文章第四句）

3.根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義在閱讀理解測(cè)試中必然要考

查對(duì)詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測(cè)試考生閱讀能力的一種方法。在

完整的語(yǔ)篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的,

因此可以根據(jù)上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、構(gòu)詞法和詞匯等知識(shí)確定

它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項(xiàng)

中選擇符合上下文的解釋，而且往往還能推測(cè)某些生詞的大致意思。常

見(jiàn)的這類題型有:1.Thewordn..."inline...refersto.2.The

expressionM..."(lineparagraph...)isclosestinmeaningto3.In

line..,thewordn..."mostprobablymeans4.Inline..,the

word”couldbestbereplacedby5.ByM..."theauthor

means6.Thewordasusedbytheauthor,most

nearlymeans7.Inthispassage,thewordmeans8.

inthecontextofthepassagerefersto9.as

usedinthepassage,canbestbedefinedas

例1Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,

isthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,

family,friendsandcommunitymountmanypeopleconsider

sleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogram."Inoursociety,

you'reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours'

sleep.Ifyou'vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdrive

andambition."Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,

researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicaland

performancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumns

ofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.

"We'vefoundthatifyou'reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers/*

saysDr.David."Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilities

tomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate."1.Theword"subjects"in

line6refersto.A.theperformancetestsusedinthe

studyofsleepdeficitB.specialbranchesofknowledgethatare

beingstudiedC.peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeing

studiedD.thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit

本題考了一個(gè)熟悉的詞subject。它是一個(gè)多義詞，可以表示”題目

二“科目”等。但這些義項(xiàng)在這里都不合適。要確定它的意思，最關(guān)鍵

的是要準(zhǔn)確弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和關(guān)系。這句話前一部分說(shuō),

要確定睡眠不足引起的后果,研究人員讓subjects通過(guò)一系列的心理

和能力的測(cè)驗(yàn)，要求them將幾欄數(shù)字加起來(lái)或回憶幾分鐘前所聽(tīng)到過(guò)

的文章。所以，這里subjects是人，是”正在被研究的對(duì)象、選項(xiàng)C

是正確答案。

傷!]2Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertainty

abouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesin

jobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistanceto

technicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultof

automationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitis

expectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,

maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterest

oflaborliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumof

inconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,union

spokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreased

productionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomation

shouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,more

leisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.Toprotecttheinterests

oftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadopted

anumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionof

supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasized

thatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirect

financialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhavea

strongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausethe

leastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Some

unionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthat

permanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybased

onlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe

"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedon

increasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlaborwill

relymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafull

shareinthefruitsofautomation.!.Theideaofthe

"improvementfactor"（line7,paragraph2）implies

roughly.A.wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthof

serviceB.thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercosts

shouldbesharedbyworkersC.supplementaryunemployment

benefitplansshouldbepromotedD.thetransitionto

automationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumof

inconvenienceanddistresstoworkers本題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文理

解improvementfactor（增值因素）的含義。在文章的第二段第七行,

提出“增值因素”是要求隨著生產(chǎn)率的提高，工資也要相應(yīng)地提高；而生

產(chǎn)率的提高就是增加生產(chǎn)降低成本（第一段最后一句）。因而選項(xiàng)B是正

確答案。選項(xiàng),把解雇金協(xié)議即根據(jù)

A（dismissalpayagreements）,

服務(wù)期長(zhǎng)短給長(zhǎng)期解雇者一筆錢（第二段第四句），與“增值因素”的內(nèi)容

混淆起來(lái)，說(shuō)明有時(shí)文章和題目并不難，但粗心大意會(huì)使你答錯(cuò)題。選

項(xiàng)C是講另一種勞工利益保護(hù)措施的，即失業(yè)者補(bǔ)助金計(jì)劃；而選項(xiàng)D

是講工人們對(duì)自動(dòng)化帶來(lái)的種種影響所關(guān)切的問(wèn)題（第一段第六行）。

例3Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestin

theseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsidered

sometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctant

togotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawas

remote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelers

orotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittle

reasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutitzletalonetoaskwhatlay

beneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion"Whatisat

thebottomoftheoceans?"hadtobeansweredwithany

commercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraph

cablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershad

toknowthedepthprofileoftheroutetoestimatethelengthof

cablethathadtobemanufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUS

NavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,for

informationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeen

responsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings

weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticand

PacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopular

interestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecable

waslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanent

andreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenit

wastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinliving

growths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinion

thattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.

1."Defied"inthelastsentenceprobablymeans.A.

,doubted'B.'9aveproofto'C.'challenged'D.'agreedto'本題考

查的是根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)的能力。defied是defy的過(guò)去式,根

據(jù)最后一句可以推測(cè)它的詞義，但必須完全讀懂defied前后部分的意

思：前一部分是說(shuō)從海底撈出的電纜上覆蓋著各種各樣的生物，后一部

分是當(dāng)時(shí)的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為海底深處是沒(méi)有生命的。由此可見(jiàn)，前一部分

的“事實(shí)”(…,afactwhich…)是“批駁”后TP分的”觀點(diǎn)，所以,答案

是選項(xiàng)C「challenged”。這個(gè)詞的原意是晌……挑戰(zhàn)］因而有"對(duì)……

持異議二“反對(duì)”的意思，其賓語(yǔ)常常是針對(duì)某種意見(jiàn)、觀點(diǎn)或權(quán)威。

例4Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackby

mixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledge

andexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemany

disadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccount

thefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabad

effectonboththebrightandthenot—SO-brightchild.Afterallz

itCanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetop

gradeilBy"heldback"(linel)theauthormeans”「-＞「"A.

madetoremaininthesameclassB.forcedtostudyinthelower

classC.drawntotheirstudiesD.preventedfromadvancing本題

考的是對(duì)詞組holdback的理解。根據(jù)上下文，它的意思是”阻擋，阻

礙”，選項(xiàng)D是答案。當(dāng)然holdback還可以表示⑴“猶豫"，如：Ihave

noticedthatyoudonotholdbackinourdiscussion.(我發(fā)覺(jué)你在

討論時(shí)并不猶豫)；(2)”控制"，如：Thedamwasnotstrongenough

toholdbackthefloodwaters.(大壩不夠堅(jiān)固，擋不住洪水);(3)"

保留、不公布"，如：Ithinkhe'sholdingsomethingback;heknows

morethanheadmits.(我認(rèn)為他還隱瞞了一些事情，他知道的比他

承認(rèn)的多)。對(duì)照上下文，選項(xiàng)A、B、C都不能表達(dá)holdback的意義。

例5Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell—defined

precedentsandrolemodelsforachievingSuccess.Ithasbeen

otherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusiness

worldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof

"masculine"and"feminine"attributestheyshouldconveyby

theirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativesto

womenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Male

administratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyfor

managerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless"feminine"

grooming一shorterhair.moderateuseofmake-up,andplain

tailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,"An

attractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,

butshewon'tgetajob."l.Theword"precedents"inlineI

probablyrefersto.A.earlyactsformentofollowas

examplesB.particularplacesformentooccupyespecially

becauseoftheirimportanceC.thingsthatmenshouldagree

uponD.men'sbeliefthateverythingintheworldhasalready

beendecided

本題要求考生推測(cè)precedents的意思。這個(gè)題目比較難，需要構(gòu)

詞法的知識(shí)并通過(guò)上下文的幫助，才能答對(duì)。從第一、二句可以看出，

precedents在意義上與rolemodels是并列的。而且,它的前綴pre-

有“先”「前”的意思，實(shí)際上它是precede冼行、領(lǐng)先）加后綴-ent構(gòu)

成的，意思是”先例，慣例，所以只有選項(xiàng)A才是正確答案。

4?既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系閱讀理

解不能僅僅停留在句子水平上。有的讀者對(duì)一篇文章的一些個(gè)別句子好

像是理解的，但由于不能理解它們與上下文中其他句子的邏輯關(guān)系，因

而整篇文章講的是什么則不能準(zhǔn)確掌握。在閱讀理解測(cè)試中，考核這一

閱讀技能的題目是大量的，而且題干的形式和措詞沒(méi)有固定形式，但從

考核目標(biāo)和內(nèi)容來(lái)看，這一類題目往往要求讀者準(zhǔn)確理解一些有關(guān)聯(lián)的

句子之間的種種邏輯關(guān)系（例如概括和舉例說(shuō)明、前因后果、行為動(dòng)機(jī)、

比較、條件或讓步等）。例如：

1.Whichofthefollowingmaycause/leadto...accordingtothe

passage?2.Sb.isasked/advisedtodosth.Because.3.

Theaimof...is/was.4.Thebestsolutionfor...seemstobe

5.isspecificallymentionedinparagraph...asanexample

of.6.Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcern

shouldbe7.Accordingtothepassage/authorzpeople

differintheiropinionsabout.8....encouragestheuseofsth.so

that9.Accordingtothepassagethenewdeviceprovedto

be10.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthe

mainfeatureof...?

例lDoyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit's

painful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanew

explanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergy

cycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyou

maysaythatyou'renhot".That'strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyou

feelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisat

itspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.

Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehas

discoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliar

monologuesas:"Getup,John!You'llbelateforworkagain!"The

possibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathis

temperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamily

quarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhatthese

energycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamily

has.Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearnto

makeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.

Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayup

lateanyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabitually

stayinguplaterthanyouwantto.Ifyourenergyislowinthe

morningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,

risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon'tchangeyourcycle,but

you'llgetupsteamandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Getofftoa

slowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawn

andstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputting

yourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforclean

clothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,

doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmore

energyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.l.Ifaperson

findsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobablyA.heisalazy

personB.herefusestofollowhisownenergycycleC.heisnot

surewhenhisenergyislowD.heisathispeakintheafternoon

orevening本題在形式上是一個(gè)條件句，但實(shí)質(zhì)上是要讀者搞清楚人

們能否早起同什么有關(guān)。也就是說(shuō)本題要求找到文章的第一句(D。you

findgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?)和其他

有關(guān)句子的聯(lián)系。文章的第二句說(shuō)，”有人可能會(huì)把這說(shuō)成是懶散，但

Kleitman博士卻另有解釋?！币虼诉x項(xiàng)A顯然不對(duì)。再根據(jù)文章第二

段中John的自言自語(yǔ),以及緊接著的解釋：Johnisathis

temperature-and-energypeakintheevening.依止匕推理，不能早

起，則很可能和這個(gè)人的能量周期有關(guān)。因此選項(xiàng)D應(yīng)是正確答案。

2.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccording

tothepassage?A.Unawarenessofenergycycles.B.Familiar

monologues.C.Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle.D.

Attemptstocontroltheenergycyclesofotherfamilymembers.

本題的關(guān)鍵是看懂文章第二段的最后一句(即：“Muchfamily

quarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhatthese

energycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamily

has."）,同時(shí)聯(lián)系本段的第四旬和第五旬（即："Forsomepeoplethe

peakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesinthe

afternoonorevenin9.。的意思。該句的直接意思是”如果丈夫和妻

子能明白能量周期是怎么回事，以及家庭每個(gè)成員有什么樣的周期，很

多家庭爭(zhēng)吵就會(huì)停止?！币簿褪钦f(shuō)，家庭爭(zhēng)吵的發(fā)生是因?yàn)檎煞蚝推拮?/p>

不了解能量周期是怎么回事，更談不上了解每個(gè)家庭成員有什么樣的能

量周期了。因止匕A項(xiàng):Unawarenessofenergycycles（不知道能量周

期）應(yīng)是正確答案。

3.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthe

morning,heshould.A.changehisenergycycleB.

overcomehislazinessC.getupearlierthanusualD.gotobed

earlier本題要求讀者找出文章第三段中的最后兩句，并聯(lián)系本段開(kāi)頭

兩旬的意思，作出正確判斷。文章第三段開(kāi)頭說(shuō)「雖然你無(wú)法改變自

己的能量周期，但你可以使你的生活適合這一周期。Dr.Kleitman認(rèn)為

經(jīng)常性的行為（對(duì)你的能量周期）能起作用?！弊詈髢删溆终f(shuō)，”…rise

beforeyourusualhour...workbeaeratyourlowpoint."（"如果彳爾

在上午處于能量的低潮，但你有重要的工作要在上午做，那么你就要比

平時(shí)早起。這并不改變你的周期，但你可以在低潮時(shí)得到能量，工作得

更好。。因此選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。

4.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill

.A.helptokeepyourenergyfortheday'sworkB.helpyou

tocontrolyourtemperearlyinthedayC.enableyouto

concentrateonyourroutineworkD.keepyourenergycycle

undercontrolallday本題問(wèn)的是因果關(guān)系?；卮疬@一問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是

看懂文章最后一段的第二句和其他句子的聯(lián)系。首先要注意這一段的第

一句"Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy"z也就是說(shuō)早

上慢慢起床可以節(jié)省能量。緊接該句的三個(gè)句子都是慢慢起床的具體做

法。因此選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。

例2Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityis

ofsome7-8hours'sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours'

wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormally

coincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswith

howeasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.The

questionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,with

whichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingat

nightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhere

automationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.It

normallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapt

toareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduring

thedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecase

inindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmay

workfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.the

next,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeans

thatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehasto

changetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneither

workingnorsleepingveryefficiently.Theonlyrealsolution

appearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberof

permanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomestic

lifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin

1957.Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandother

disordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,but

noabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseon

permanentnightwork.Thislattersystemthenappearstobethe

bestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedone

torelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselecting

thosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesof

routine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisby

measuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormal

daytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursof

wakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonight

workthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenew

routineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadly

speaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyin

termsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureat

intervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessit

canbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversed

routine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,

ho