話題28科技發(fā)展與科學(xué)家精神

Ⅰ.閱讀理解

JoseHernandezmadehisdreamofbecominganastronautarealityandhedidso

despiteunbelievabledifficulties.

“IwasworkinginafieldnearStockton，andIheardonmyradiothatFranklinChang

－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps，”saidJose，whowasaseniorin

highschoolatthetime.“Iwasalreadyinterestedinscienceandengineering，”Jose

remembered.“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”

Asoneoffourchildreninamigrant(移民)farmingfamilyfromMexico，Jose—who

didn’tlearnEnglishuntilhewas12yearsold—spentmuchofhischildhoodtraveling

withhisfamilyfromMexicotosouthernCaliforniaeachMarch，thenworking

northwardtotheStocktonareabyNovember，pickingstrawberriesandcucumbersat

farmsalongtheroute.TheywouldthenreturntoMexicoforChristmasandstartthe

cyclealloveragaininthespring.“Somekidsmightthinkitwouldbefuntotravel

likethat，”Joselaughed.“Butwehadtowork.”

Aftergraduatingfromhighschool，JosewasadmittedintotheUniversityofthe

Pacific.In1987，heacceptedafull－timejobwithLawrenceNationalLaboratory.In

2001，JosejoinedtheJohnsonSpaceCentre，wherehecameface－to－facewith

FranklinChang－Diaz.

“Weactuallyhadcommonexperiences—asimilarupbringing，thesamelanguage

issues.Thatbuiltupmyconfidence.Anybarriersthatexisted，hehadalreadyovercome

them，”Josesmiled.“Nowit’smyturn！”

“NASArejectedmenotonce，nottwice，notthreetimesbut11times.Itwasn’tuntil

the12thtimethatIgotselected，”hesaid.Josewasselectedaspartofthe19thclassof

astronautsin2004.Hecircledtheglobe217timesbutremainsadowntoEarthguy.

JoseHernandezreceivedthe2016NationalHispanicHeroAwardandhecontinueshis

longhistoryinthefieldofengineeringandspace.

1.WhatmadeJosedeterminedtobeanastronaut?

A.TheinfluenceofAstronautCorps.

B.ThesuccessofFranklinChang－Diaz.

C.Hisinterestinscienceandengineering.

D.Theexperienceofworkinginthefield.

2.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoseasachild?

A.Hedidmuchfarmwork.

B.Hetraveledalotforfun.

C.HehatedlearningEnglish.

D.Heobeyedhisfamilyineverything.

3.HowdidJosefeelwhenhemetFranklinChang－Diazpersonally?

A.Inspired.B.Valued.

C.Relaxed.D.Puzzled.

4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ClimboverBarriers

B.ReachfortheStars

C.WorktheHardWay

D.LearnfromYourPast

Peoplewhoregularlysleepforsixhoursorlesseachnightinmiddleagearemore

likelytodevelopdementia(癡呆)thanthosewhoroutinelymanagesevenhours，

accordingtoamajorstudyintothedisease.

Researchersfounda30%greaterriskofdementiainthosewhoduringtheir50s，60s

and70sconsistentlyhadashortnight’ssleep，regardlessofotherriskfactorssuchas

heartconditionandpoormentalhealth.

Sabia，anauthorofthestudyattheUniversityofParisandhercolleaguesanalyzed

surveydatafromUniversityCollegeLondon’sWhitehallstudy，whichlaunchedin

1985andfollowedthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan10，000British

volunteers.TheFrenchteamfocusedonnearly8，000participantswhoself－reported

theirsleeppatterns.

During25yearsoffollow－up，521participantsdevelopeddementia，withmost

diagnosedintheirlate70s.WritinginNatureCommunications，thescientistsdescribed

howthosewhoroutinelygotsixhoursofsleeporlesseachnightintheir50sand60s

were30%morelikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhotypicallymanagedseven

hours.

Thestudydoesnotprovethatsleepingtoolittlecausesdementia，sincesleeplossitself

maybeoneoftheearliestsymptomsofthedisease.Butsomescientistsbelievethe

resultsstrengthenevidencethatcontinuouspoorsleepmayatleastcontributetothe

disease.

Thefirstpathologicalchangesthatleadtodementiaoccuronetotwodecadesbefore

thediseasebecomesobvious，asstickyproteinscalledamyloidbuildupinthe

brain.Whenthe1985Whitehallstudyfirstassessedthesleepofvolunteerswholater

developeddementia，thisprocesshadprobablynotstarted.Thismeantthatiftheywere

sleepingtoolittle，itwasunlikelytohavebeencausedbydementia－relatedbrain

changes.

“Itstrengthenstheevidencethatpoorsleepinmiddleagecouldcauseorworsen

dementiainlaterlife，”saidDr.LizCoulthard，aconsultantseniorlecturerindementia

neurology.“Itmakessensetotakemeasurestoimprovesleepsuchasgoingoutside

duringdaylighthourstohelpmaintainthenaturalrhythmsthatpromotegoodsleep，

avoidingtoomuchalcoholorcaffeine，particularlybeforebed，andfindingabedtime

routinethatworksforyou.”

5.Whatriskfactorfordementiadoesthepassagefocuson?

A.Sleeploss.B.Age.

C.Poormentalhealth.D.Heartcondition.

6.HowdidFrenchscientistsgettheresearchfindings?

A.Bymakingacomparison.

B.Bymonitoringsleeppatterns.

C.ByinterviewingBritishvolunteers.

D.Byanalyzingprevioussurveydata.

7.Inwhattonedothescientiststalkabouttheresearch?

A.Casual.B.Doubtful.

C.Negative.D.Cautious.

8.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?

A.Togiveexamples.

B.Tocollectproofs.

C.Tooffersuggestions.

D.Topresentarguments.

Mostpeopledon’tthinkmuchaboutthefoodscrapstheythrowaway；however，

researchersinTokyohavedevelopedanewmethodtoreducefoodwastebyrecycling

discardedfruitandvegetablescrapsintorobustconstructionmaterials.

Worldwideindustrialandhouseholdfoodwasteamountstohundredsofbillionsof

poundsperyear，alargeproportionofwhichcomprisesedible(可食用的)scraps，like

fruitandvegetablepeels.Thisunsustainablepracticeisbothcostlyand

environmentallyunfriendly，soresearchershavebeensearchingfornewwaysto

recycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.

“Ourgoalwastouseseaweedandcommonfoodscrapstoconstructmaterialsthat

wereatleastasstrongasconcrete，”explainsYuyaSakai，theseniorauthorofthe

study.“Butsincewewereusingediblefoodwaste，wewerealsointerestedin

determiningwhethertherecyclingprocessimpactedtheflavoroftheoriginal

materials.”

Theresearchersborroweda“heatpressing”conceptthatistypicallyusedtomake

constructionmaterialsfromwoodpowder，excepttheyusedvacuum－dried，

pulverized(粉狀的)foodscraps，suchasseaweed，cabbageleaves，andorange，onion，

pumpkin，andbananapeelsastheconstructionpowders.Theprocessingtechnique

involvedmixingthefoodpowderwithwaterandseasonings，andthenpressingthe

mixtureintoamoldathightemperature.Theresearcherstestedthebendingstrengthof

theresultingmaterialsandmonitoredtheirtaste，smellandappearance.

“Withtheexceptionofthespecimenobtainedfrompumpkin，allofthematerials

exceededourbendingstrengthtarget，”saysKotaMachida，asenior

collaborator.“WealsofoundthatChinesecabbageleaves，whichproducedamaterial

overthreetimesstrongerthanconcrete，couldbemixedwiththeweakerpumpkin－

basedmaterialtoprovideeffectivereinforcement.”

Thenew，robustmaterialskepttheirediblenature，andtheadditionofsaltorsugar

improvedtheirtastewithoutreducingtheirstrength.Furthermore，thedurableproducts

resistedrot，fungi(菌類)，andinsects，andexperiencednoappreciablechangesin

appearanceortasteafterexposuretoairforfourmonths.

Giventhatfoodwasteisaglobalfinancialburdenandenvironmentalconcern，itis

crucialtodevelopmethodsforrecyclingfoodscraps.Usingthesesubstancestoprepare

materialsthatarestrongerenoughforconstructionprojects，butalsomaintaintheir

ediblenatureandtaste，opensthedoortoawiderangeofcreativeapplications.

9.Whydotheresearcherssearchfornewwaystorecycleorganicmaterials?

A.Becausetheconstructionofrobustmaterialneedsmuchfoodwaste.

B.Becausefoodwasteisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly.

C.Becausetheywanttomakeafortunebyrecyclingthefoodwaste.

D.Becausetheamountoffoodwasteistoolargetostoreatthemoment.

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“comprises”meaninthesecondparagraph?

A.Contains.B.Processes.

C.Presses.D.Originates.

11.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?

A.Allthematerialsobtainedfromfoodwastesurpassresearchers’strengthtarget.

B.ThematerialproducedfromChinesecabbageleavesistwotimesstrongerthan

concrete.

C.Thereisalotofroomforcreativeuseofthistechnology.

D.Thenewmaterialsarestrongenoughforconstructionprojects，butfailtomaintain

theiroriginaltaste.

12.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?

A.Atouristbrochure.B.Arecipebook.

C.Abiographybook.D.Asciencemagazine.

Ⅱ.七選五

(2024·濰坊高三測試)

ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.Ihad

alwaysdescribeditasaonce－in－a－lifetimeexperience,butassoonasIstepped

footonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.

__1__About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(遠(yuǎn)征)hadbeentoAntarcticaat

leastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationitis.

ThatallyoursenseswillbestimulatedisthebestwayIcandescribethetimeonthe

whitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.Theicywater

movingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearningofheart

－touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.__2__

Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.__3__Youget

frontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow：nature.Itisasmuchbeautifulas

cruel.Forexample,whenyouseeabrownskua(賊鷗)attackingapenguinchick,your

heartaches.Thenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatissmallin

Marchwouldhav