Unit5RevealingnatureUsinglanguagePastperfectBYMICHELLE①Lookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.1.Insentence(a),whichactionhappenedfirst,“suspected”or“evolvedfromacommonancestor”?

2.Insentence(b),whichactionhappenedfirst,“refusedtobelieve”or“evolvedfromlowerformsoflife”?3.Whatdoesthestructurehaddoneindicate?Itindicatestheactionhappenedbeforeacertainpastaction.Nowlookformoresentenceswiththepastperfecttenseinthereadingpassage,andsummariseitsuseinyourownwords.1.Itwasayoungmanwhohadleftmedicalschoolwithoutcompletinghisdegree.2....hehadrecentlyreceivedaletterfromhisfatherpredictingthathewouldbe“adisgracetoyourselfandallyourfamily.3.AfterDarwinhadspentsometimeinSouthAmerica,hisroomontheshipwascrowedwithsamplesoftheplantsandanimalshehadcollected.4.Atthattime,peoplebelievedthatallspecieshadappearedonEarthatthesametime,andhadnotchangedsince.5.Itseemedtheirbeakshadevolvedaccordingtowhatfoodwasavailableonthatparticularisland.6.Overtime,ithadslowlyevolvedintomanynewspecies.Grammar:PastPerfectFormsThepastperfectisformedusinghad+pastparticiple.Questionsareindicatedbyinvertingthesubjectandhad.Negativesaremadewithhadnot.Statement:YouhadstudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork.Question:HadyoustudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork?Negative:YouhadnotstudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork.肯定句主語(yǔ)＋had＋過(guò)去分詞＋其他否定句主語(yǔ)＋had＋not＋過(guò)去分詞＋其他一般疑問(wèn)句Had＋主語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞＋其他？特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)詞＋had＋主語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞＋其他？SummaryGrammar:PastPerfectUses表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)刻常用by,before,until等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示，也可以通過(guò)一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或上下文來(lái)表示。Bynineo'clocklastnight,wehadfinishedmostofthework.

Shehadlearntabout500Englishwordsbeforeshewenttomiddleschool.Grammar:PastPerfectUses表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到那時(shí)，并可能繼續(xù)下去，常同由for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor30minuteswhenabusfinallycame.Shesaidshehadmadegreatprogresssinceshecamehere.Grammar:PastPerfectUses在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果主從復(fù)合句敘述的是過(guò)去的事，則先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。Shereturnedthebookthatshehadborrowed.Thetwins,whohadfinishedtheirhomework,wereallowedtoplaybadmintonontheplayground.Grammar:PastPerfectUses過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語(yǔ)從句(或間接引語(yǔ))中，這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(過(guò)去時(shí))之前。IthoughtthatIhadseenhimbefore.Iwassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplanhadbeencarriedoutinthepasttwoyears.Grammar:PastPerfectUses在含有時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，若主從句動(dòng)作的發(fā)生有先后順序，動(dòng)作在前的要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。Ihadfinishedcookingdinnerbeforeyoucameback.IfoundthelecturehardtofollowbecauseithadstartedwhenIarrived.Grammar:PastPerfectUseswant,hope,mean,plan,intend等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖，意為“本來(lái)……”。Ihadhopedtobebacklastnight,butIdidn'tcatchthetrain.Wehadintendedtocomeandseeyou.Grammar:PastPerfectUses過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于某些固定句型：在“hardly...when/nosooner...than/scarcely...when”句型中，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。Ihadnosoonerreachedhomethanit

begantorain.

＝NosoonerhadIreachedhomethanitbegantorain.

Itwas＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句(從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí))。

Itwasatleastthreemonths

sinceIhadleftBeijing.

Grammar:PastPerfectUses過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于某些固定句型：Itwasthefirst/second/...time＋(that)從句(從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí))。ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadchattedonlineinEnglish.

bythetime＋表示過(guò)去的從句＋主句(過(guò)去完成時(shí))。

BythetimeIgottothestation,thetrainhadalreadygone.

bytheendof＋表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間＋句子(過(guò)去完成時(shí))。

Bytheendoflasttermwehadlearned

10units.

Grammar:PastPerfectUses過(guò)去完成時(shí)用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，在wish,asif/asthough,if,ifonly,wouldrathersb.haddonesth.結(jié)構(gòu)或從句中，常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。Ifhehadcaughttheearlybusthismorning,hewouldnothavebeenlateforclass.Iwouldrathershehadn'tdonethat.Grammar:DifferencefromtheSimplePastPerfect過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間。Theyhadarrivedatthestationbytenyesterday.

Theyarrivedatthestationattenyesterday.

在沒(méi)有明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷：先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。Shewasveryhappyandherwholefamilywerepleasedwithher,too.Shehadjustwonfirstprizeinthecompositioncompetition.

②Completetheparagraphswiththeinformationfromthegivensentences.beganhadledtodevelopedchosetohadmade③Completetheonlineencyclopaediaentrywiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.arrivedhadlivedeatenhadintroducedcompeteddeclinedCompetedeclineeatLiveintroducearrive④Workinpairs.Actoutarole-playusingtheinformationinActivity3.OneofyouwillplaythekeeperofLonesomeGeorge,andtheotherwillplaythereporteraskingaboutGeorge.Usethepastperfecttensewhereappropriate.⑤Listentothepodcastandchoosethestatementsthataremade.Biodiversity1Biodiversityisimportant.2Bacteriaarealwaysharmfultohumans.3Somespeciesofbacteriaareusedinfoodproduction.4Manyspeciesofbacteriarecycledeadorganicmatter.5Ourimmunesystemsareabletofightoffallgerms.⑥Listenagainandcompletethefactsheet.madeupofcellsbricksthatareusedtobuildhousesthirtytrillionthirty-ninetrillionhelpwithdigestionbreakdown⑦

Completetheboxeswiththeexpressionsfromthepodcast.Doyouknowabout......?Haveyouheardof......?Bytheway......Actually......Infact,......Speakingofwhich,…CheckingbackgroundknowledgeAddinginformation⑧

Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.Whatspeciesarementionedandwhatisspecialaboutthem?Whatotherunusuallifeformsdoyouknowof?Twospeciesarementioned:thebluewhaleandthewaterbear.ThebluewhaleisthelargestanimalspeciesonEa