JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”Background——WhatisCholera?霍亂是由霍亂弧菌（O1群或O139群）引起的疾病，通過食用被霍亂弧菌污染的食物或水源感染。該疾病發(fā)病急、傳播快，其主要表現(xiàn)為腹瀉、排“米泔樣”便、嘔吐，屬于國際檢疫傳染病。每年約有290萬新發(fā)感染患者和9.5萬死亡患者，幾乎所有死亡都發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國家，其中60％的新發(fā)病例和68％的死亡病例發(fā)生在非洲。在中國，霍亂流行季節(jié)為夏秋季，主要流行地區(qū)是沿海一帶，如上海、廣東、浙江、江蘇等省份，成人發(fā)病為主，男性多于女性?；魜y病程可分為泄吐期、脫水期和恢復(fù)期，主要癥狀包括腹瀉、嘔吐、眼窩凹陷、皮膚干燥，重病患者可出現(xiàn)意識障礙、休克甚至死亡?；魜y主要通過患者及帶菌者的糞便、排泄物污染水源或食物后傳播。它的潛伏期通常為1～3天，但可短至數(shù)小時或長達(dá)5～6天?！俣劝倏芐eeavideoaboutcholera[了解傳播過程]Prereading---PredictionAccordingtothetitleandpictures,thestoryisgoingtotellusinformationabout...Thetextismainlyabout____________and__________hedefeated“kingcholera”.JohnSnowhowWordsReview快速誦背，掃清障礙Para1cholera霍亂feared害怕的severe嚴(yán)重的，惡劣的diarrhoea腹瀉dehydration

脫水outbreakn.爆發(fā)frustratedadj.沮喪的,懊惱的attendv.隨同,照料givebirth生產(chǎn)onceandforall最終地、徹底地Para2contradictory

對立的infectionn.感染germ細(xì)菌subscribeto贊同proof證據(jù)consequentlyadv.因此，結(jié)果investigatev.調(diào)查particular特別的，特定的bedeterminedtodo下定決心做某事Para3markv.做記號，做標(biāo)記exact確切的multiple多種的waterpump水泵especiallyadv.尤其household家庭pub酒吧，酒館suspectv.懷疑betoblame該受責(zé)備awayfrom遠(yuǎn)離deliver發(fā)表；運(yùn)送asaresultof由于WordsReview快速誦背，掃清障礙Para4linkn.聯(lián)系case實(shí)例，案例rawadj.生的，未煮過的belikelytodo很可能做某事purewater純凈水boiledwater開水Para5tirelessadj.不知疲倦的substantial大量的decreasev.減少preventv.阻止statistics統(tǒng)計數(shù)字transformv.使轉(zhuǎn)化considerv.考慮，認(rèn)為epidemiology流行病學(xué)announcev.宣布accordinglyadv.相應(yīng)地;因此remove移除interventionn.干預(yù)，介入track蹤跡，足跡Whilereading---structureReadthepassageforthefirsttime,matchthemainideaofeachparagraph.Para.1Para.2Para.4Para.5JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.Snow'scontributions.Para.3Whilereading---detailsReadeachparagraphandanswersomequestions.JOHNSNOWDEFEATS"KINGCHOLERA"Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydrationandevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Para1霍亂曾經(jīng)是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英國醫(yī)生約翰·斯諾向人們展示了如何戰(zhàn)勝霍亂。這種疾病會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的腹瀉、脫水甚至死亡。19世紀(jì)初，霍亂在歐洲爆發(fā)，數(shù)百萬人死于這種疾病。過去常常做某事直到...為止同位語賓語從句甚至、即使n.爆發(fā)數(shù)百萬的diefrom死于+外因（指環(huán)境、事故等）dieof死于+內(nèi)因（疾病、衰老等自身的原因）表示死的原因，die后通常接介詞of/from,其區(qū)別大致為：(1)若死因存在于人體之內(nèi)，主要指疾病、衰老等自身原因，一般用of。如：dieofillness(hearttrouble,cancer,afever)(2)若死因是由環(huán)境造成的，主要指事故等外部原因，一般用from。如：diefromanearthquake(atrafficaccident,alightning)(3)若死因是環(huán)境影響到體內(nèi)，即兩方面共有的原因，則可用of,from均可。如：dieof/from

adrink(awound,overwork,starvation

andcold,etc)死于飲酒

(受傷，勞累過度，饑餓，饑寒等)

但是在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，兩者混用的情況較多。Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.

由于當(dāng)時無人知道如何預(yù)防或治療霍亂，年輕的約翰?斯諾醫(yī)生很沮喪。后來，他成了一位名醫(yī)，甚至照料分娩的維多利亞女王。然而，他始終沒有放棄徹底根除霍亂的愿望。沮喪的；懊惱的疑問詞+不定式及時；逐漸地分娩；生孩子徹底地不定式做定語DetailedReading(Para1)1.Whichsymptom（癥狀）isn’tmentionedinthefirstparagraph?diarrhoeafeverdehydration

death2.WhywasJohnSnowfrustrated

asayoungdoctor?A.Becausecholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeared.B.Becausecholeracauseddeath.C.Becausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.D.Becausehelosthisdesiretodestroycholera.DetailedReading(Para1)3.Whatdoes“King”meaninthetitle?Thenameofcholera.Thecausesofcholera.Choleraspreadfast.Choleraisadeadlydiseaseanddifficulttocure.Para2

Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.

關(guān)于霍亂的蔓延方式，當(dāng)時的醫(yī)生大體上有兩種截然不同的看法。一種看法是空氣污染引發(fā)，另一種看法是食物或飲用水中的細(xì)菌感染導(dǎo)致霍亂。斯諾贊同第二種看法。這一看法是正確的，但他仍需要證據(jù)。一般來說=generallyspeaking賓語從句表語從句表語從句訂閱；訂購；贊同Whatarethetwodifferentopinionsaboutthespreadofcholera?

Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthat

intwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.

因此，1854年倫敦暴發(fā)霍亂時，斯諾便開始調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)霍亂疫情在兩條街道上尤為嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。他決心查明原因。因此=asaresult=hence=therefore賓語從句Helovessciencefictioninparticular.

他特別喜愛科幻小說尤其；特別是adj.特別的結(jié)果狀語從句so...that...如此..以至于..,so后面接形容詞和副詞，that后面接從句eg:TheboxissoheavythatIcouldn’tcarryit.下定決心做某事Para3Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16.37.38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.

斯諾首先在地圖上標(biāo)出所有死者住所的確切位置。寬街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16號、37號、38號及40號住宅)。但是有些住戶(如寬街20號和21號以及劍橋街8號和9號)卻無人死亡。定語從句v.標(biāo)記，做記號多種的Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspected

thatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.

這些幸存者在劍橋街7號的酒吧工作。酒吧為他們提供免費(fèi)啤酒，因此沒有喝水泵抽上來的水。斯諾懷疑水泵就是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。此外，在倫敦的另一個區(qū)域，一名婦女和她的女兒離開寬街后死于霍亂。賓語從句離開應(yīng)受責(zé)備

Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.

該婦女似乎非常喜歡從水泵抽上來的水，每天都讓人從那里打水運(yùn)到家里來。有了這個證據(jù)，約翰·斯諾就能夠宣布水泵抽上來的水?dāng)y帶霍亂病菌。于是，他讓人拆掉了水泵的把手，這樣水泵就用不成了。這一干預(yù)舉措遏制了疾病的蔓延。似乎，主語從句形式主語havesthdone讓某事被做

賓語從句havesthdone讓某事被做

Para4ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.

事情的真相是寬街水泵抽上來的水被廢棄物污染了。此外，斯諾之后還證明了另外幾起霍亂病例與倫敦多家飲用水公司有關(guān)。有些公司出售的水取自被未處理的廢棄物污染的泰晤士河。與飲用純浄水或開水的人相比，飲用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍亂。有些公司出售的水取自被未處理的廢棄物污染的泰晤士河。與飲用純浄水或開水的人相比，飲用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍亂。表語從句顯示A和B之間的鏈接定語從句未被處理的定語從句定語從句Para5ThroughSnow'stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.

通過斯諾的不懈努力，自來水公司開始銷售干凈的水，世界各地的霍亂威脅大大減少。然而，霍亂仍然是一個問題。每年，全世界有數(shù)百萬人感染霍亂，許多人死于霍亂。大量的不懈努力Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.

幸運(yùn)的是，由于約翰·斯諾的工作，我們現(xiàn)在知道如何預(yù)防霍亂。此外，斯諾運(yùn)用地圖和統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，改變了科學(xué)家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯諾被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代流行病學(xué)之父。beconsidered(as/tobe)被認(rèn)為是...定語從句Thebestpreparationfortomorrowisdoingyourbesttoday.對明天最好的準(zhǔn)備就是今天做到最好。Post-reading---IntroduceJohnSnowandcholeraIntheearly19thcentury,cholerawas

oneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld.Millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.JohnSnow,

who

attendedto

QueenVictoria,becamefrustrated

becausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Hesubscribedto

thetheorythatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.In1854,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondon,hediscoveredthatcholerawassevere.

However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholera

onceandforallandwasdeterminedto

findoutthemethods.1