文體分類練(五)說明文之生態(tài)環(huán)保類(限時(shí):25分鐘)Passage1(2023河北邯鄲一模)BeeprotectionisabigissuethesedaysinAmerica,withpeopleplantingnativepollinatorgardens,settingupbeehouses,andtakingpartinscientificactivitiestomonitorlocalbeepopulations.Andthisisforgoodreason—inNorthAmerica,aquarterofnativebeespeciesareatriskofextinction.Beespollinate35percentofourglobalfoodsupplyandmanyofthewildplantsourecosystemsdependon.NoMowMay,amovementthatbeganintheUK,isnowrapidlyspreadingthroughouttheUS.Itspopularityliesinitsbeingsimple:JustgivebeesahelpduringthecrucialspringtimebyremovingachorefromyourlistandlettingyourlawngrowforthemonthofMay.Thislets“l(fā)awnflowers”suchasdandelionsgrowatatimewhenbeefoodisrare.Dandelions,despitebeingprettyanduseful,arenon-native.Thenwhydowepromoteamovementthatencouragestheirgrowth?Here’sthebasicanswer—don’tlet“perfect”betheenemyof“good”.Sure,it’dbegreattoturnyourentireneighborhoodintoabeekingdomofnativeplants,butthatcantakelotsoftimeandmoney.WhiledandelionshavebecometheposterchildforNoMowMay,otherplants—includingnativespecies—mayalsoappearinyourlawn.“Besidesdandelions,therearemanyotherplantsthataregoingtobethere,”saysDr.ClaudioGrattonattheUniversityofWisconsin-Madison.

InMassachusetts,scientistsfound63speciesofplantsinlawns,30percentofwhichwerenativetothestate.MostoftheAmericansprobablyloveddandelionsaschildrenbuthavetendedtohatethemasadultsbecauseofAmericanlawnculture,whichallowsnoflowers.“NoMowMayforcesustothinkaboutourrelationshipwithnature.Weshouldreflectonthewaywehavemadenaturesuitourneeds,andrealizeflowersplayreallyimportantroles,”saysDr.ClaudioGratton.1.WhatisthebackgroundtoNoMowMayintheUS?A.Nativebeespeciesareincreasing.B.Thereisatendencytoprotectbees.C.Beesmainlydependongardenplants.D.Morepeoplehavenotimetocutlawns.2.WhatdoweknowabouttheNoMowMay?A.Itneedsalmostnocost.B.FewAmericanssupportit.C.Itisaimedatgrowingdandelions.D.Itappealsforcarefulattentiontothelawns.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“posterchild”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Slightelement. B.Rareexception.C.Typicalexample. D.Difficultproblem.4.WhichofthefollowingagreeswithAmericanlawnculture?A.Abee-friendlylawn.B.Aregularlycutlawn.C.Alawngrowingnaturally.D.Alawnwithnativeflowers.Passage2(2023安徽安慶二模)Interactivesoftwarethat“reads”andanalysesfootprintsleftbyblackrhinos(犀牛)canbeusedtomonitorthemovementsoftheanimalsinthewild,givingconservationistsanewwaytokeepwatchontheendangeredspeciesandhelpkeepitsafefrompoachers(偷獵者),accordingtoaDukeUniversity-ledstudy.Thesoftware,calledtheFootprintIdentificationTechnique(FIT),usesadvancedtechnologytoanalyzemorethan100measurementsofarhino’sfootprint.Becauseeachrhino’sfootprintisasspecialasahumanfingerprint,theanalyzedimagescanbecollectedelectronicallyinaglobaldatabaseofpreviouslycollectedfootprintimagesformatching.“Ifyoufindamatch,youcanidentifytheindividualanimalwholeftthemarkand,byplottingthelocationsofalltheotherplaceswheremarkshavebeenseen,trackitsmovementswithoutdisturbingitorcomingintocloseenoughcontactwithit,”saidZoeJewell,aprofessoratDukeUniversity’sNicholasSchooloftheEnvironment,whoco-ledthestudyandisco-creatorofFIT.“It’sacost-effectiveapproachthatnotonlyprotectsthehealthoftherhinoandthehuman,butalsobringsacenturies-oldtrackingskillintothe21stCentury,”shesaid.JewellandhercolleaguesarenowworkingwithNamibia’sMinistryofEnvironment,ForestryandTourismtotrainwildlifeconservationists,landmanagersandlocalguideshowtouseFIT.Namibiaishometoanestimated2,000blackrhinos,orabout90%ofthespecies’totalpopulationworldwide.Thoughlegallyownedbythegovernment,theanimalsaredistributedgeographicallyonprivatelandsacrossthecountry.TheFITsoftwarecanalsodoasurveyoffootprintsthroughouttheprotectedareaandtakemeasurementsfromeachfootprinttoestimatethenumberofrhinosinthatarea.Thiscanbeusefulinformationforcalculationresourceneedstomonitortheanimalseffectively.Thiscreatesaninteractivelibrarythatanti-poachingpatrols(反偷獵巡邏)canusetosearchforanimalsatthehighestrisk,includingthosewhosefootprintshaven’tbeenshowingupinrecentyears.5.Whatisthepurposeofthesoftware?A.Topromotethedevelopmentoftechnology.B.Toprotectblackrhinosfrombeinghunted.C.Toanalyzethefootprintsofillegalpoachers.D.Tosaveendangeredspeciesacrosstheworld.6.What’stheadvantageofthesoftware?A.Itownsvariousfunctions.B.Itgoestothemarket.C.Itisperfectlypractical.D.Itismorethanpopular.7.WhatdoesZoeJewellsayabouttheapproach?A.Itbringsthebestadvantageforthelowestcost.B.Ithelpsincreasethepopulationofblackrhinos.C.Itraisespeople’sawarenessoftheenvironment.D.Itstrengthensthetiebetweenhumansandnature.8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefutureofrhinos?A.Optimistic. B.Hopeless.C.Worrying. D.Uncertain.Passage3(2023廣東廣州一模)Beavers(海貍),likehumans,changetheirsurroundingstofittheirneeds.Knownasnature’sengineers,theyteartreesdowntobuildhomestoliveinanddamtoraisewaterlevelsforprotectionfromenemies.Damsalsoslowwater’sflowwhileblockingsediment(沉積物)thatwouldotherwiseflowdownstream.Theresultingwetlandsoftenattractwildlifediversitywherenonehadexisted.Therearechallenges,though.Beaverdamssometimescauseflooding,andmostpeopleprefertreesaliveandupright.Communitiesfaceadelicatebalancingact,learningtocoexistwithbeavers.Lastwinter,manypeopleenjoyingWinstonPathbecamebeaverfansasonefurryfamilytransformedSwallowPondintoanoasisforbirds,frogs,turtlesanddeer.Yetsuchactivitycausedconcern.Asbeaversworked,theyraisedwaterlevelsaboutfivefeet.Theincreaseddepthallowsbeaverstosurviveunderwaterifthepondicesover.ButcountyofficialswereconcernedabouthowhigherwaterwouldaffectthesoilbanksupportingWinstonPath.Tofindagoodbalancebetweenprotectingthepathandthebeavers,thecountyintroduceda“beaverbaffle”—apondleveler.Beaversoftenrushtofillholesintheirdams.Bafflesstabilizewaterlevelsbycreatingahiddenexitforhighwatertoescapethroughthedam,unnoticedbythebeavers.

Peoplelovethebeaversbuttheyalsolovethematuretrees.Recently,CatherineJones,18,organizedatree-cagingevent—puttingwireclotharoundlargetreetrunkstodiscouragebeaversfrombitingthem.Italsoprotectspeoplefrominjuryduetorandomtreesfalling.“Wecoverthetreeswedon’twantthemtoeat,whileplantingperiodicallyotherstheylike,”saidJones.“WeneedtolearntogiveupalittleofourwantstosharetheEarth’sresources.”SwallowPond’s2023projectwouldrestoreproperwaterdepthandimprovewildlifehabitatwithoutcreatingproblemsforthepath.Thebalancingactcontinues.9.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Wherebeavers’favoritesurroundingsare.B.Whateffectsbeavershaveontheirhabitat.C.Whybeaversarecallednature’sengineers.D.Howbeavershelpattractwildlifediversity.10.Whydidthebeaverfamily’sactivitycauseconcern?A.SwallowPondwouldfloodoften.B.Sedimentwouldflowdownstream.C.Thepopularpathmightbedamaged.D.Beaversmighthavetoliveunderwater.11.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“beaverbaffle”inparagraph4referto?A.Ablocktokeepbeaversaway.B.Atooltofixholesinthedams.C.Adevicetomaintainwaterlevel.D.Amaterialtoprotectthesoilbank.12.WhichcanbethethemeofSwallowPond’s2023project?A.Biologicaldiversity.B.Harmoniouscoexistence.C.Preventionofnaturaldisasters.D.Preservationofwildlifehabitat.答案：文體分類練(五)說明文之生態(tài)環(huán)保類Passage1[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文?！癗oMowMay”運(yùn)動(dòng)起源于英國(guó),并在北美迅速擴(kuò)展開來。通過這項(xiàng)活動(dòng),人們可以為草坪留下自由生長(zhǎng)的花,以此讓蜜蜂授粉。這一活動(dòng)不僅有利于生態(tài)環(huán)境,而且可以讓人反思自己與自然的關(guān)系。1.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知,NoMowMay在美國(guó)的背景是有一種保護(hù)蜜蜂的趨勢(shì)。2.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段可推知,這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)幾乎不用任何費(fèi)用。3.C詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“otherplants—includingnativespecies—mayalsoappearinyourlawn”可知,蒲公英是“NoMowMay”運(yùn)動(dòng)擴(kuò)展后常見的花,而這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)也會(huì)讓草坪上長(zhǎng)出其他種類的花。即蒲公英是“NoMowMay”運(yùn)動(dòng)的典型例子。故可推斷,畫線部分意為“典型例子”。4.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Itspopularityliesinitsbeingsimple:JustgivebeesahelpduringthecrucialspringtimebyremovingachorefromyourlistandlettingyourlawngrowforthemonthofMay.”及最后一段中“MostoftheAmericansprobablyloveddandelionsaschildrenbuthavetendedtohatethemasadultsbecauseofAmericanlawnculture,whichallowsnoflowers.”可知,一塊定期修剪的草坪才是符合美國(guó)草坪文化的。Passage2[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一款新的軟件,這款名為FIT的軟件可以用來監(jiān)控野生動(dòng)物的活動(dòng),同時(shí)幫助保護(hù)主義者來監(jiān)視瀕危物種,并保護(hù)這些瀕危物種免受偷獵者的傷害。5.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Interactivesoftwarethat‘reads’andanalysesfootprintsleftbyblackrhinoscanbeusedtomonitorthemovementsoftheanimalsinthewild,givingconservationistsanewwaytokeepwatchontheendangeredspeciesandhelpkeepitsafefrompoachers,accordingtoaDukeUniversity-ledstudy.”可知,交互式軟件可以用來監(jiān)控野生動(dòng)物的活動(dòng),同時(shí)給保護(hù)主義者提供了一種新的方法來監(jiān)視瀕危物種,并幫助保護(hù)它們免受偷獵者的傷害。6.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thesoftware,calledtheFootprintIdentificationTechnique(FIT),usesadvancedtechnologytoanalyzemorethan100measurementsofarhino’sfootprint.Becauseeachrhino’sfootprintisasspecialasahumanfingerprint,theanalyzedimagescanbecollectedelectronicallyinaglobaldatabaseofpreviouslycollectedfootprintimagesformatching.”可知,這款軟件可以通過采集犀牛的足跡,然后會(huì)和先前收集的足跡圖像的全球數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行匹配。可推知,這款軟件是非常實(shí)用的。7.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“‘It’sacost-effectiveapproachthatnotonlyprotectsthehealthoftherhinoandthehuman,butalsobringsacenturies-oldtrackingskillintothe21stCentury,’shesaid.”可知,ZoeJewell認(rèn)為它以最低的成本帶來最大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。8.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段和最后一段可知,FIT軟件可以用來監(jiān)控野生動(dòng)物的活動(dòng),同時(shí)幫助保護(hù)主義者來監(jiān)視瀕危物種,并保護(hù)這些瀕危物種免受偷獵者的傷害。FIT可以對(duì)整個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)的足跡進(jìn)行調(diào)查,并對(duì)每個(gè)足跡進(jìn)行測(cè)量,以估計(jì)該區(qū)域的犀牛數(shù)量,因而未來犀牛的數(shù)量應(yīng)該是朝著人們期望的方向發(fā)展。Passage3[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了海貍的活動(dòng)對(duì)其棲息地產(chǎn)生的正向和負(fù)向的兩種影響,以及人們?yōu)槿伺c海貍和諧共存所做的努力。9.B主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Beavers,likehumans,changetheirsurroundingstofittheirneeds.Knownasnature’sengineers,theyteartreesdowntobuildhomestoliveinanddamtoraisewaterlevelsforprotectionfromenemies.Damsalsoslowwater’sflowwhileblockingsedimentthatwouldotherwiseflowdownstream.Theresultingwetlandsoftenattractwildlifediversitywherenonehadexisted.”可知,第一段主要講海貍對(duì)它們的棲息地有什么影響。10.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Butcountyofficialswereconcernedabouthowhigherwaterwouldaffectthesoil