SpecialtyEnglishforBiologicalMaster-degreestudentsCouldtherecordsforCET4andCET6standforthemasterofEnglishformostpeople???IDONOTthinkthatgoodrecordsforCET4andCET6cannecessarilyindicateyourEnglishcommand.SpecialtyEnglishforBiologicalMaster-degreestudents2023年哈佛大學(xué)申請(qǐng)人數(shù)27462人，錄取率為7.1%.2023年有超過(guò)500名SAT閱讀總分值和1300名SAT數(shù)學(xué)總分值申請(qǐng)者被拒之門(mén)外。耶魯8.3%，哥倫比亞8.7%，斯坦福9.5%，普林斯頓9.5%，麻城理工10%，布朗大學(xué)和達(dá)特茅斯13%，賓夕法尼亞16.4%，喬治城大學(xué)18％，康奈爾20％，全部創(chuàng)歷史新低。

SAT：ScholasticAptitudetest,atestofastudent’sverbalandmathematicalsills,usedforadmissiontoAmericancolleges.為什么中國(guó)學(xué)生托福成績(jī)高分不再？過(guò)去中國(guó)學(xué)生考托福是高分的代名詞，550不在話下，600多分大有人在。導(dǎo)致美國(guó)許多大學(xué)質(zhì)疑中國(guó)學(xué)生托福成績(jī)的真實(shí)性，往往不給他們發(fā)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。一方面托福網(wǎng)上報(bào)名一位難求，另一方面自從采用新的考試方法中國(guó)學(xué)生成績(jī)明顯下降，高分者越來(lái)越少。2023年世界考生雅思平均成績(jī)?yōu)?.5,而中國(guó)考生雅思平均成績(jī)只有5.59，在世界考試人數(shù)最多的20個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)中倒數(shù)第三位，僅高于阿聯(lián)酋和越南。WHY?只因?yàn)榭荚嚰恿诵┞?tīng)說(shuō)的內(nèi)容！英語(yǔ)口譯考試應(yīng)試者之重超出一般人的想象近年中高級(jí)英語(yǔ)口譯的考試通過(guò)率為多少？通過(guò)口譯考試拿到所謂“證書(shū)〞的人中，從事口譯工作的人少之又少？Why？？？不是他們不想做而是做不了？WHY？？？中看不中用使然也！專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯不懂或看懂而說(shuō)不出……atom,atomicmagicmagicianItalyItalianCanadaCanadian,reference,referreferee

tryyourbesttoreadthefollowingfamiliarwordsexhibit,exhibition,export,exportationexplain，explanationnature，maturespeedometer，photometer，photographypseudonym,synonym,antonymdecide,decision,extend,extensionexist,exit,execute,execution,executiveAretheresomeshortcutforlearning?WhatistheheightofFujimountaininJapan?Is“studentoverseas〞thesameas“overseasstudent〞?immigrant=emigrant?Ifnot,whatisthedifferencefromeachother?shortcuts=diligence+skillsshortcuts≠diligenceandhardworkOne15yearsoldchildwasmatriculatedasonefreshmanofCambridgeUniversityJuly,2023…..(theyoungeststudentinhistoryof337yearsforthisworld-widefamousuniversityfundedin773)ThomasEdison….WhatisSpecialtyEnglish?

SpecialtyEnglishismaterialsrelatedtoyourspeciality(specialty)writteninEnglish.Anyway,itbelongstothecategoryofEnglish,andsharescommoncorewithdailyEnglish,itfollowstherulesandpatternsofgeneralEnglish,butithasitsownrhetoricandgrammaticaltraits.WhyshouldwestudyspecialtyEnglish?

Asonestudentmajoringinlifesciences,youshouldknowsomedealofspecialtyvocabularyYouhavetoreadagreatdealofarticleswritteninEnglishforyourstudyandresearchAndyouhavetowritesomescientificpaperinEnglish,atleast,theabstractforyourdissertationaccordingtorhetoricandgrammaticalstyleorpatternofscientificandacademicpublicationsDOYOUKNOWTHEM?economiceconomicalstudentoverseasoverseasstudentarcticantarcticinvitroinvivoprincipleprincipalmigrateimmigrateemigratemoleculemolecularagreedisagreeadvantagedisadvantageadjustadjacent當(dāng)你方便的時(shí)候來(lái)看看我〔convenient〕。他不是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生〔excellent〕。12389(feet),theheightofFujiinJapanbotany,phytotomy,taxonomy,taxology,analogy,anatomyDOyouknowwhy?Weexpress“厘米〞as“cm〞,“毫米〞as“mm〞,“毫克〞as“mg〞and“毫升〞as“ml〞?WeexpressthecapacityofMP3/MP4orharddiscofyourcomputeras…Mor…Geven…T?WeuseRNAtostandfor“核糖核酸〞“脫氧核糖核酸〞?…SpecialtyEnglishforBiologicalMaster-degreestudentsDoyouknowwhatistheEnglishnamefor“口蹄疫〞？DoyouknowtherelevantEnglishfor“液泡膜〞，〞溶酶體〞，〞液泡〞,維管束〔鞘〕，“單子葉植物〞，“雙子葉植物〞etc.respectively?Couldyoureadthewords“cation,anion,eucaryotic,immature,consenescence,etc.〞,correctly?If“Yes〞toallquestions,youdonotneedtostayinclassroomforthiscourse.If“No〞toallorsome,youhadbetterstayformorelearning.常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯metabolismmetabolicmetabolitemetabolism

/me`tEb5liz5m/metabolic/~met5`b6lik/metabolite/mi`tEb5l2t/常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯catabolismcataboliccatabolite(by-product)catabolism/k5`tEb5liz5m/catabolic/~kEt5`b6lik/catabolite/k5`tEb5l2t/常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯anabolismanabolicanaboliteaerobeaerobicanaerobeanaerobicanode(anion)cathode(cation)常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯analysisanalyticalanalyzeanalystanalysis/5`nElisis/analytical/~En5`litik5l/analyze/`En5l2z/analyst/`En5list/常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯catalyticcatalystcatalysiscatalytic/~kEt5`litik/catalyst/`kEt5list/catalysis/k5`tElisis/常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯prokaryoteprokaryoticeukaryoteeukaryoticprokaryote/pro`kEriot/prokaryotic/pro~kEri`6tik/eukaryote/&`kEriot/eukaryotic/&~kEri`6tik/常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯moleculemolecularmolecule/`m6lik7l/,/`molik7l/molecular/mo`lek&l5/常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯organorganicinorganicorganismorganelleorgan/`^g5n/,organic/^`gEnik/inorganic/~in^`gEnik/organism/`^g5niz5m/organelle/~^g5`nel/常讀錯(cuò)的常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯mechanismmechanicsmechanicmechanicianmechanism/`mek5niz5m/mechanics/mi`kEniks/mechanic/mi`kEnik/mechanician/~mek5`ni85n/SpecialtyEnglishforBiologicalMaster-degreestudentsGradingPolicy:

Gradeswillbedeterminedfromthefollowingaspects,andonacurvebasedonthehighestandstudenthavereceived.30%Activityinclass50%Finalexams20%attendanceHowtobeasuccessfulaleaneroranadvisor授之以漁地教：totellstudentshowtobeanexpertonfishing,orhowtobeapisciculturist(養(yǎng)魚(yú)家),andtoknowhowto

fish,ratherthantogivethemexistingfishdirectly,i.e.tellthemthewaysandthetechniquesforstudy……notsimplyletthemrememberalltheteachertoldthem….勤奮&靈活地學(xué)：tomakethebestuseofthemethodsthatyoulearnedfromteachersandtotrytofindthenewtechniquesforyourselfandthelatterismoreimportanttoyou,asyoufindthemthroughyourstudy,yousummarizethemoutfromagreatdealoflearning…theyaremostsuitabletoyou.Whatarethepersonalitycharacteristicssuccessfullanguagelearnerspossess,andwhatkindsofstrategiesandmethodsandtechniquestheyuse?

UnitOneHowtobeasuccessfulEnglishlearnerPersonalityCharacteristicsTheyaretolerantofambiguity:theycantolerateacertainamountoffrustrationanduncertaintyTheyareextroverted:Theyarewillingtoexpresstheirownideasopenly(outgoing)andtakerisksinlife.StrategiesandTechniquesTheyhaveinsightintotheirownlanguagelearningstylesandpreferences:theycanadapttovariousmethodsandmaterialsandknowhowtomakesenseofthelinguisticinformation.Theytakeanactiveapproachtothelearningtask:theyhavetheirowngoalsandwaystousethesecondlanguage,theydon’trelytooheavilyontheteachers,inotherwords,theyareindependentlearners.StrategiesandTechniquesTheyarewillingtotakerisksandarenotafraidofmakingmistakes:theyhaveapositiveandacceptingviewofnewlanguageandnativespeakers,andmakeuseofanyopportunitytocommunicatewithnativespeakers.Theyaregoodguessers:theyconstantlysearchforcluestothemeaningandusethesecluestomakereasonableguesses.StrategiesandTechniquesTheyareawareofformaswellascontent:theyconstantlylookforpatternsinlanguageandtrytofigureoutrulesforformingthelanguage.Theyactivelytrytodevelopthesecondlanguageintoaseparatereferencesystem:theythinkofthesecondlanguageasseparatefromtheirfirstlanguage,andtrytothinkthesecondlanguageassoonaspossibleratherthantranslatingfromonelanguagetoanother.TraitsofEnglishstudiesSkillfulAlottoberememberedEasytoforgetLongdurationMethodsusedtolearnEnglishDirectmotherlanguageNatural“pinyin〞〔apple，ant〕BalanceofleftandrighthemisphereOverlapandrecycleMultimedia,multi-accessesSelf-creationofenvironment，etc.ThemethodsIlikebest無(wú)壓力學(xué)習(xí)法〔asakindofjoy,notaburden〕靈活記憶法〔flexiblememory〕Chain&netmemoryAssociationmemoryWord-buildingmemorySpecialmethodforspecialwordsMemorybyphoneticsMemorybywordsourceChain&netmemory

synonym,antonym,andderivativerightleftrightwrongcorrectincorrectAssociationmemoryarcticantarcticprincipalprincipleInvitroinvivooutofquestionoutofthequestionInfrontofinthefrontof12389(feet):heightofFujimountainWord-buildingmemoryIndependence(of)Independent(of)depend(upon)dependent(on)dependence(on)Agreementagreedisagreedisagreementcompetecompetitioncompetitorcompetencecompetentcompetitiveincompetenceincompetentuncompetitiveaffixesfornegatorymeaningin-:correctincorrectformalinformalcapableincapableaccurateinaccurateil-:usedforwordswithstartingletter“l(fā)〞:legalillegallogicalillogicalim-:usedforwordswithbeginningletter“p〞,“b〞and“m〞mobileimmobileimmobilizationimmobilizedenzymepossibleimpossiblepracticalimpracticalbalanceimbalanceir-:usedforwordswithstartingletter“r’regularirregular,responsibleirresponsibleaffixesfornegativemeaningun-:un+adj:unable,unnecessary,untrue,unaware,uncertain,uncommon,unfairunpleasant,unfavorable,unfortunate,uncomfortable,unhappy,unjust,unfriendly,ungrateful,unimportant,uninteresting,unkindunlucky,unreasonable,unselfish,unconscious,unusual,unwelcomeunwilling,unworthy,unequal*mostofadjectivesendingwith“-able〞areturnedintonegatoryformthiswayun+pastparticiple:

usedformostpastparticipleUFO:unidentifiedflyingobjectuncustomed,undoubted,uneducated,unexpected,unknown,unseenunsettled,unemployedun+verb:unfold,unload,uncover,undress,unlockaffixesfornegativemeaningdis-:dis+verb:discontinue,dislike,disagree,discharge,disown,disinfect,disabledis+adjective:dishonest,disabledis+noun:disability,*disableunableunableenable,*inabilitydisabilityaffixesfornegativemeaningnon-:non+noun:non-sense,nonexistencenon+adjective:non-academicSpecialmethodforspecialwordsExamples:

verb+mentnoun:argueargument(notarguement)judgejudgement=judgment

ad.+thnoun:longlength

strongstrength

widewidth

MemorybyphoneticsmoleculemolecularbiologybiologicalbiologistorganexhibitexhibitionorganelleinhibitinhibitionorganismextraordinaryorganicexaggerateinorganicdisadvantageMemorybyphoneticsexplainexplanationexhibitexhibitionatomatomicacademyacademicnaturenaturalnationnationalmaturematurityclassclassicalMemorybywordsourcepaternalpatermaternalmaterfraternalfraterDerivatives:Morphemes=affix+root(stem):Insect,impressinclude,exclude,concludeantonym,synonym,pseudonymMultimedia,multi-accesses

tomakeuseofvideo&audio

materials

Self-creationofenvironmenttothinkabouteverythingyoumeet,youhear,youmiss,inEnglish,notfirstinChineseandtheninEnglish地鐵，超車(chē)道，收費(fèi)口，硬路基〔肩〕洗發(fā)水,分線盒,磁懸浮……英語(yǔ)性別表達(dá)的差異陽(yáng)性陰性陽(yáng)性陰性陽(yáng)性陰性godgoddessshepherdshepherdessbullcowemperorempresswidowerwidowhorsemarekingqueenladlasscockhenprinceprincessheroheroinewaiterwaitressnephewniecemastermistressbridegroombrideheirheiresslionlionessmastermistresstigertigress何謂“有理想的教育〞？

當(dāng)前普遍存在的過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人作用和自我意識(shí)做法和急功近利的心態(tài)致使高潔素養(yǎng)淪喪、君子風(fēng)度蛻化、慎獨(dú)精神蒸發(fā)。在如此風(fēng)氣下，學(xué)生們內(nèi)在的上進(jìn)、跋涉、奮斗和甘于奉獻(xiàn)、甘于寂寞等“士〞的風(fēng)采和士志于道的責(zé)任逐漸退縮，以至于遇到一點(diǎn)風(fēng)風(fēng)吹草動(dòng)，內(nèi)心就計(jì)較利害，難以自持，沒(méi)了集體觀念及團(tuán)結(jié)合作精神。當(dāng)今教育，有多少人重視學(xué)生的幸福養(yǎng)成、遠(yuǎn)景開(kāi)展、效勞于社會(huì)的良好心態(tài)和獨(dú)立風(fēng)骨的培養(yǎng)呢？“有理想的教育〞就是不僅給學(xué)生提供分?jǐn)?shù)、知識(shí)，更要提供責(zé)任、奉獻(xiàn)和效勞于社會(huì)公共福利的品質(zhì)和才能；教育不僅要頒發(fā)“畢業(yè)證書(shū)〞，還要給孩子提供內(nèi)心快樂(lè)、敢于擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)蓉?zé)任指數(shù)。教育必須注重對(duì)“有理想的教育〞的挖掘，“淡化物欲崇拜〞，注重人格熏陶；淡化鋌而走險(xiǎn)，回歸樸素寧?kù)o；淡化不擇手段，回歸厚德載物。用崇高的人生理想和獻(xiàn)身社會(huì)的崇高責(zé)任武裝教育，激活熱情，為學(xué)生和教育構(gòu)建可持續(xù)開(kāi)展的樂(lè)園。SomedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish吃藥：開(kāi)處方：聽(tīng)勸告：量體溫：喝湯：開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山：當(dāng)你方便(convenient)的時(shí)候來(lái)看我：Somesimilarexpressions做生意：dobusiness做決定：makeadecision采取措施：takemeasure/takestep開(kāi)帳戶(hù)：openanaccount無(wú)巧不成書(shū)：Nocoincidences,nostories.Wherethereiswill,thereisaway

sometipsforEnglishstudyAdjectivesendingwith–able,-ibleandublehavepassivemeaning:Sensible,visible,edible,legible,credible,feasible,readable,portable(computer),exportable(protein),(China)mobile,soluble,etc.Whenverbsendingwith“d〞,or“de〞turnintonouns,thenounsalwaysendwith“–sion〞:decidedecision;collidecollisionIncludeinclusion;explodeexplosionexcludeexclusion;extendextensionSummary1,Makesuretoremembervocabularyaccordingtothephonetics(syllables),i.e.notonlyalphabetcomposition,butalsopronunciation.2,MakebestuseofmoderntechniquesandadvantagesoftraditionalChineseeducation.

讀書(shū)有三到余嘗謂：讀書(shū)有三到，謂心到、眼到、口道。心不在，那么眼不能看仔細(xì)，心眼既不專(zhuān)一，卻只能漫浪誦讀，決不能記，記亦不能久也。三到之中，心到最急。心既到矣，眼口豈有不到乎？要做那么做后生家每臨事，輒曰：“吾不會(huì)做〞。此大謬也。凡事做那么會(huì)，不做那么安能會(huì)耶？又，做事，輒曰：“且待明日〞。此亦大謬也。凡要做那么做，假設(shè)一味因循，大誤終身。Howtousethemethodsyoujustlearnt停車(chē)坐愛(ài)楓林晚，霜葉紅于二月花。Howtounderstandtheword“坐〞above?Doyouknowthedifferencebetweentheword“l(fā)earned〞andtheword“l(fā)earnt’?SometipsforEnglishStudywritewrotewritten,writingdrivedrovedrivendrivingrideroderiddenridingriseroserisenrisingen+nounvt:endanger,encourage,encage,enjoyen+adj.vt:enable,enlarge,enrichnoun.+envt:threaten,strengthen,lengthenadj.+envt:harden,blacken,widen,whiten,softennoun+enadj.:golden,woodenen+v強(qiáng)化作用：enforce，encloseSometipsforEnglishStudypanic,panicked,panicked,panicking,panicstraffic,trafficked,trafficked,trafficking,trafficspicnic,picnicked,picnicked,picnicking,picnicsSomerulesonstressinwordsStressthefirstwordinthecompoundmorethanthesecondword.

Examples:airport,laptop,classroom,deadline,software,greenhouse,blackboard,newspaper*greenhousetwowordshavetheirownseparatestresses.Stressoftenfallsonthefirstnon(ormainsyllableofthefirstnoun)ofcompoundnoun

Examples:vacuumcleaner,computerlab,airconditioner,trafficjam,airpollutionSomerulesonstressinwordsCompoundverbs(two-wordverb)stresstheparticle,orsecondelement,morestrongly.

Examples:getout,lookout,putoff,brushupStressthesecondpartofthecompoundadverb.

Examples:overseas,downtown,northeast,outside,upstairsStressbaseorthesecondelement(verb)ofcompoundverbs.

Examples:outrun,overlook,oversee,understand,outgrow,overlook,withdrew,predictunderstand,overeat,interact

Somerulesonstressinwords18,80?15,50?14,40?13,30?

Stressthe-teensyllable

eightyeighteen;

fifty

fifteen

fortyfourteen;

thirty

thirteenSomerulesonstressinwordsnounverbnounverbconductconductpresentpresentdigestdigestrebelrebelexportexportconvictconvictincreaseincreaseinsultinsultproduceproduceobjectobjectrefuserefusesuspectsuspectescortescortprotestprotestextractextractrecallrecallrecordrecordStressthefirstsyllableinnounsandthesecondsyllableinverbs.Somerulesonstressinwords

stress

thefirstsyllableinadjectivesandthesecondsyllableinverbs.

adjectiveverbabsentabsentabstractabstractperfectperfectclosecloselivelive名詞轉(zhuǎn)化動(dòng)詞詞尾由清輔音變濁輔音adviceadvisepracticepractise〔USA，兩者相同〕devicedeviseadviceadvise通過(guò)改變?cè)~尾發(fā)的拼法改變?cè)~性

beliefbelievegriefgrievehalfhalvereliefrelieve名詞轉(zhuǎn)變動(dòng)詞時(shí)元音也發(fā)生變化

bathbatheproofprovebloodbleedspeechspeakfoodfeedtaletellgoldgild

SomerulesonstressinwordsGeneralguidelineforsuffixandwordstresswhichwillhelpyoupronouncenewwordsmoreaccurately,especiallylongacademic,scientific,andtechnicaltermsfromLatinandGreek.Stressthesyllableimmediatelybeforethefollowingsuffixes:,,,a.–ic(s)b.–ical(ly)c.-itysynthetictheoreticalabilityscientifictechnologicalfacilityorganiceconomicalfatalityelectricelectricalelectricitypolymericpracticalmobilitysymmetricbiologicalviabilityeconomicstragical/comedicsimilarity

traffic,verticalreality

topicmajority/minority

tropic

osmotic，dramatic，systemic，systematical

*drama:tragedy,comedySomerulesonstressinwordsd.-ifye.-ogyf.-tion,-sion

solidifybiologyexplanationpersonifypsychologyinclusionamplifyecologydecision

simplifyphysiologyexhibitionhumidifypharmacologyexplosiong.-graphy(-grapher)h.-ious,-eousi.-ianchromatographymysterioustechnician,academicianphotographysuspiciousphysician,magiciangeographycourageousmathematician,EgyptianbiographycontinuousCanadian,Italian,Babylonianspontaneoussimultaneous

Somerulesonstressinwordsj.-ialk.-scent,-scenceeditorialadolescence/adolescenttutorialsenescence/senescentcrucialfluorescence/fluorescentbacterial-ularm.-meter/-metremolecularphotometeraltometer/altimeterregularbarometerspeedometerspecularthermometerhydrometervascularhygrometerparameterparticularmicrometer/micrometresingularmuscularcellularlenticular〔皮孔的，lenticulartraspiration〕cuticular(角質(zhì)的，cuticulartranspiration)

Somerulesonstressinwordsn.-lysiso.-rioranalysisinteriorhydrolysisexteriordialysisinferiorelectrolysissuperiorcytolysisposteriorglycolysisanteriorphotolysisplasmolysisamylolysisSomerulesonstressinwordsStressthesyllablewitheachofthefollowingsuffixes:-ee,-eer,-ese,-esque,-iqueand–ette,-self(-selves)

Examples:referee,employee,traineevolunteer,engineer,diskette,Japanese,Chinese,picturesque,technique,myself,themselves,herself

referrefereereference

SomerulesonstressinwordsStressthesecondsyllablebeforetheaffix-ateApproximately1,000Englishverbsendsinthe–atesuffix.Theyarecommoninscientific,academic,andbusinesscontexts.Evenifan–ed(estimated)or–ing(estimating)isadded,thesecondsyllablebeforetheaffixshouldbestressed.Thestressshiftstoanothersyllableonlywhen–ionisadded(estimation).

SomerulesonstressinwordsestimateestimatedestimatingestimatorestimationindicateindicatedindicatingindicatorindicationCoordinatecoordinatedcoordinatingcoordinatorcoordinationSometimes,-atewordsareadjectives,nouns,andadverbs,aswellasverbs.Inadjectives,nouns,andadverbwith-ate,thestresspattern

isthesame,but-atesoundslikethewordit.Examples：anaccuratedescription(adj.);Sheisagraduate.(noun)

immediately(adverb.)Noun(-ate=it)Verb(-ate=ate)Hereisaduplicateoftheletter.Ineedtoduplicatetheletter.Heisgoingtogiveusanestimate.Heisgoingtoestimatethecost.Simulate/imitate/mockStimulateintimateSimultaneouslySpontaneouslyReviewofstressinwordsOlympics,OlympicGames,Pacific,thePacific,theAtlantic,specific,futuristiclinguistic,specificMolecular,particular,regular,vascular,singular,speculareditorialediteditionreferee,trainee,employee/~empl3`I,imp`l3i/Reviewofstressinwordsmaterial,microbial,bacterial,imperialimpurity,mobility,electricity,capacity,similarity,reality,proximity,opportunityspeciality,ambiguity,specificityaccurate,communicate,refrigeratorgraduatesolidify,personifyacademy,academic,academician

ReviewofstressinwordsVERB:isolate,regenerate,cultivate,educate,inoculate,regulate,associate,aviate,calculate,celebrate,circulate,concentrate,confiscate(沒(méi)收),congratulate,consolidate,co-ordinate,cultivate,decorate,dedicate,degenerate,delegate,demonstrate,dominate,duplicate,emancipate(釋放，解放),estimate,elevate,exterminate〔消除〕,fascinate,formulate,indicate,illuminate,illustrate,imitate,indicate,instigate(煽動(dòng)),integrate,investigate,irritate,legislate,meditate(考慮，冥想),necessitate,negotiate,punctuate〔加標(biāo)點(diǎn)〕,radiate,reciprocate〔報(bào)答，互換〕,refrigerate,segregate,stimulate,subordinate〔服從〕,suffocate〔窒息〕,terminate,nominate,nucleateappreciate,participate,separate,operate,navigate,communicate,stipulate〔規(guī)定，保證〕,abdicate〔放棄，退位〕,precipitate,agitate,alternate,anticipate,ventilate,fluctuate,generate,accelerate,affiliate,dissociate,facilitate,modulate,accumulate,incorporate,eliminate,activate,propagate,predominate,initiate,replicate,methylate,elucidate,elongate,desecrate〔褻瀆，侮辱〕,desegregate,desiccate,matriculate〔被錄取入學(xué)〕,degenerate，differentiate,dedifferentiateinvigilate(看護(hù)，監(jiān)考).sequestrate(sequester),intimate,particulate,humiliate，desiderate(渴望),elaborate……ADJECTIVE:accurate,immediate,adequate,appropriate,approximate,associate,delicate,desolate,desperate,separate,illiterate,nucleate,ultimate,considerate,nucleate,intimate，(例外multiplicate)NOUN:vertebrate/invertebrate,graduate,delegate,duplicate,estimate,substrate,glutamate,acetate,fumarate,conjugate,consulate,derivate，subordinate,matriculate〔例外carbohydrate？〕UnitTwo

ThetraitsofscientificEnglish

ThesourceandassortingofvocabularyinscientificEnglishThestyleofscientificEnglishMorphemesusedforBiologicalEnglishThesourceandassortingofvocabularyofscientificEnglish

ScientificEnglishsharesomecommoncorewithotherstylesofEnglish.ThevocabularyinscientificEnglishcanbeassortedintothreegroups:PureScientificwords(lowestprobabilityofreoccurrence):photosynthesis,cytogenesis,phytotomySub-scientificwords(middleprobabilityofreoccurrence):frost-freeperiod,full-fruitperiod,full-ripestageFunctioningwords(highestprobabilityofreoccurrence):high,make,increase,decreaseTheverbal,grammaticalandrhetoricpropertiesofscientificEnglishSpecificScientificNames(用詞專(zhuān)一，多用術(shù)語(yǔ))FormalWordsofLatinOrigin(用詞莊重，源于拉丁)Precisewordswithoutdifferentmeaning〔用詞準(zhǔn)確，防止歧義〕Scientificwordsofdifferentstructures〔科技詞匯，多方構(gòu)詞〕MorePhrasesinsteadofClauses(多用短語(yǔ)，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單)ObjectiveStatementsinPassiveVoice〔被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，客觀論證〕Theverbal,grammaticalandrhetoricpropertiesofscientificEnglishFormalinStyleandlain

inRhetoric(修辭簡(jiǎn)樸，文風(fēng)端正)StatementsofSubjunctiveandImperativeMood(虛擬婉轉(zhuǎn)，祈使說(shuō)明)Beginning-weightStructure(頭重腳輕，割裂平衡)SpecificscientificNamesDailyEnglish:Thusagreatchangehappenstothefrogduringitsdevelopment;i.e.itisananimalwhichbeginslifeinwaterbutfinishesitontheland.ScientificEnglish:Thusthefrogundergoesametamorphosisduringitsdevelopment;i.e.itisanamphibian.FormalWordsofLatinoriginDailyEnglish:Atgreatheightsabovetheearth,theairsurroundingtheearthisthinner.ScientificEnglish:Athighaltitude(altitudo),theatmosphere(atmosphaera)israrefied(rarefacio).PrecisewordswithoutdifferentmeaningDailyEnglish:Iftheparentplantisdestroyed,theyoungoneshaveabetterchanceofstayingalive.ScientificEnglish:Iftheparentisdestroyed,theoffspringhaveabetterchanceofsurvival.Scientificwordsofdifferentstructures普通詞匯轉(zhuǎn)入科技詞匯：normal(數(shù)學(xué)中“法線〞，化學(xué)中“當(dāng)量〞)縮略詞：科技文獻(xiàn)大量使用縮略詞，常用縮略法有：1.開(kāi)首字母縮合法：r.p.m=revolutionperminute,PCR=polymerasechainreaction,SOD=superoxidedismutase，CVD=cardio-vasculardisease2.開(kāi)首字母連寫(xiě)法：radar=radiodetectingandranging3.半縮略詞：A-bomb=atom-bomb,u-boat=underwater-boat4.切割縮略詞，切掉詞的一局部，mol.=molecular,mole,wt=weight,N=normal5.外來(lái)縮略詞，來(lái)自拉丁語(yǔ)的縮略詞在科技文獻(xiàn)中頻繁出現(xiàn)：ibid=ibidem,etal.=idest,e.g.=exampligratia,vs.=versus.Scientificwordsofdifferentstructures詞綴構(gòu)詞借助詞綴構(gòu)成科技詞：agrochemical,biosynthesis,biosociology,biotechnology,bioinformatics,biostatistics元音字母連成詞：photometer,speedometer,thermometer,barometer,altometre(altimeter),electromagnet,medicoathletic借舊詞造新詞：telecast，telebanking組合詞，幾個(gè)詞在一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)科技詞，hand-operatedmachineMorePhrasesinsteadofClausesDailyEnglish:Sincepeopleareincreasingthescaleandscopeoft