考研外語沖刺試卷14

一、UseofEnglish

1、Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytotheeffects

ofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.It

shouldbe(1)alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave

(2)thecharacterofwaritselfbythe(3)ofnew

mechanicalandchemicaldevice.Oneweapondevelopedduring

WorldWarII(4)aspecialmention.The(5)ofrocket

propulsionswaswellknownearlier,anditspossibilitiesas

a(6)ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromthe

Earth,sgravitationalpullhadbeen(7)bytheRussianand

theAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimental

liquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.(8),agroupofGermanand

Romanianpioneerswasworking(9)thesamelinesandin

the1930s,itwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket(10)

ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachinga

heightofover100miles,theV-2rocket(11)thebeginning

oftheSpaceAge,andmembersofitsdesignteamwere(12)

inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthe

war.

Technologyhadatremendoussocial(13)intheperiod1900

1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower,(14),radically

changedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife,

(15)aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtual

revolution(16)livingthroughmassproductionof

householdgoodsand(17)

Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplane,thecinema,andradio

madetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore(18).The

developmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurther

transformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears(19)1945

theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmodern

technologycouldbe(20),althoughtheprocesshasnot

beenwithoutitsproblems.

A.notified

B.observed

C.commented

D.detected

2、(2)

A.transformed

B.imitated

C.innovated

D.simulated

3、(3)

A.introduction

B.innovation

C.elimination

D.alteration

4、(4)

A.requires

B.entitles

C.furnishes

D.deserves

5、⑸

A.principle

B.discipline

C.strategy

D.doctrine

6、(6)

A.methods

B.means

C.equipment

D.medium

7、(7)

A.takenover

43

B.handedover

C.cardedout

D.pointedout

8、(8)

A.Simultaneously

B.Advantageously

C.Spontaneously

D.Instantaneously

9、(9)

A.across

B.at

C.along

D.with

10、(10)

A.capable

B.able

C.possible

D.suitable

11、(11)

A.spoiled

B.informed

C.labeled

工4

D.marked

12、(12)

A.instrumental

B.mechanical

C.structural

D.integral

13、(13)

A.influence

B.connection

C.impact

D.conflict

14、(14)

A.ontheotherhand

B.asaresult

C.onthecontrary

D.forinstance

15、(15)

A.encouraging

B.urging

C.promoting

D.assisting

16、(16)

5

A.by

B.in

C.through

D.on

17、(17)

A.appliances

B.utilities

C.instruments

D.equipment

18、(18)

A.perceptive

B.accessible

C.complex

D.controversial

19、(19)

A.preceding

B.previous

C.subsequent

D.following

20、(20)

A.exploited

B.applied

6

C.adopted

D.processed

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Everybodyloathesit,buteverybodydoesitArecentpollshowed

that20%ofAmericanshatethepractice.Itseemssoarbitrary,

afterall.Whydoesabarmangetatip,butnotadoctorwho

saveslives?

InAmericaalone,tippingisnowa$16billion-a-yearindustry.

Consumersactingrationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhave

toforagivenservice.Tipsshouldnotexist.Sowhydothey?

Theconventionalwisdomisthattipsbothrewardtheefforts

ofgoodserviceandreduceuncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.

Thebettertheservice,thebiggerthetip.

Suchexplanationsnodoubtexplainthepurportedoriginof

tipping一inthe16thcentury,boxesinEnglishtavernscarried

thephrase“ToInsurePromptitude”(laterjust"TIP").But

accordingtonewresearchfromCornellUniversity,tippingno

longerservesanyusefulfunction.

Thepaperanalysesdatafrom2,327groupsdiningat20different

restaurants.Thecorrelationbetweenlargertipsandbetter

servicewasveryweak:onlyatinypartofthevariabilityin

thesizeofthetiphadanythingtodowiththequalityof

service.Customerswhoratedamealas"excellent“stilltipped

anywherebetween8%and17%ofthemealprice.

Tippingisbetterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.In

America,thecustomhasbecomeinstitutionalized:itis

regardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.InaNew

Yorkrestaurant,failingtotipatleast15%couldwellmean

abusefromthewaiter.Hairdresserscanexpecttoget15-20%,

themanwhodeliversyourgroceries$2.InEurope,tippingis

lesscommon;inmanyrestaurants,discretionarytippingis

beingreplacedbyastandardservicecharge.InmanyAsian

countries,tippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.

Howtoaccountforthesenationaldifferences?Looknofurther

thanpsychology.AccordingtoMichaelLynn,theCornellpaper's

co-author,countriesinwhichpeoplearemoreextrovert,

sociableorneurotictendtotipmore.Tippingrelievesanxiety

aboutbeingservedbystrangers.And,saysMr.Lynn,“InAmerica,

wherepeopleareoutgoingandexpressive,tippingisabout

socialapproval,ffyoutipbadly,peoplethinklessofyou.

Tippingwellisachancetoshowoff."Icelanders,bycontrast,

donotusuallytip—ameasureoftheirintroversion,nodoubt.

Whilesuchexplanationsmaybecrude,thehardtruthseemsto

bethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoesnotbenefitthecustomer.

Nor,inthecaseofrestaurants,doesitactuallystimulatethe

waiter,orhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassess

hisstaff.Servicepeopleshould"justbepaidadecentwage”

whichmayactuallymakeeconomicsense.

Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.

A.itisauniversalregularforthecustomerstopayatip

forgoodservice

B.thereexiststhetippingcustomineachcountry

C.insomecountries,tippinghasbecomeanindustry

D.moreandmorepeopleareinfavoroftipping

2、

Whatcanweknowabouttheoriginof'tip"?

A.ItoriginatedfromtheEnglishinnservice.

B.Theoriginalpurposeoftipwastoensurethatwaitercould

getmoremoney.

C.Thewaiterthreatenedthecustomerswithbadserviceifno

tipsweregiven.

D.ItoriginatedinasmallEnglishvillage.

3、

Wecangettheinformationfromthearticlethat

A.tippingisverypopularinEuropeancountries

B.inAsiancountriestippingneverexisted

C.tippingismorepopularinAmericathaninEurope

D.tippingispopularinAmericabecausetheAmericansare

muchricher

4、

PeoplewhodineinaNewYorkrestaurant.

A.arenotexpectedtogiveanytiptothewaiterorwaitress

B.hadbettertipmorethan15%soasnottobeshamed

C.maybelookeddownuponwhenofferingaconsiderabletip

D.arethoughtofasgenerousiftheytip15%

5、

Theauthorthinksthat

A.tippingcanbenefitgreatlyacountry'seconomicgrowth

B.tippingcanensurethequalityofserviceacustomer

receives

C.tippingcanimproveacountry'sculturalenvironment

D.tippingisnotconductivetertiaryindustry

6、Likestreetcomerprophetsproclaimingthattheendisnear,

scientistswhostudytheearth'satmospherehavebeenissuing

predictionsofimpendingdoomforthepastfewyearswithout

offeringanyconcreteproof.Sofareventheexpertshavehad

toadmitthatnosolidevidencehasemergedthatthisis

anythingbutanaturalphenomenon.Andtheuncertaintyhas

givenskeptics-especiallyGingrichianpoliticians一plentyof

ammunitiontoargueagainsttakingthedifficult,expensive

stepsrequiredtostaveoffalargelyhypotheticalcalamity.

Untilnow,adraftreportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternet

assertsthattheglobaltemperaturerisecannowbeblamed,at

leastinpart,onhumanactivity.Statementslikethishavebeen

madebeforebyindividualresearchers-whohavebeencriticized

forgoingtoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus.Butthis

reportcomesfromtheInternationalPanelonClimateChange

(IPCC),arespectedUNsponsoredbodymadeupofmorethan1,300

leadingclimateexpertsfrom40nations.Thisshiftin

scientificconsensusisbasednotsomuchonnewdataason

improvementsinthecomplexcomputermodelsthat

climatologistsusetotesttheirtheories.Unlikechemistsor

molecularbiologists,climateexpertshavenowaytodolab

experimentsontheirspecialty.Sotheysimulatethemon

supercomputersandlookatwhathappenswhenhumangenerated

gases-carbondioxidefromindustryandautoexhaust,methane

fromagriculture,chlorofluorocarbonsfromleaky

refrigeratorsandspraycans-arepumpedintothemodelsvirtual

atmospheres.

Untilrecently,thecomputermodelsweren，tworkingverywell.

Whenthescientiststriedtosimulatewhattheybelievehasbeen

happeningoverthepastcenturyorso,theresultsdidn'tmesh

withreality;themodelssaidtheworldshouldnowhewarmer

thanitactuallyis.Thereasonisthatthecomputermodelshad

beenoverlookinganimportantfactoraffectingglobal

temperatures:sulfurdioxidesthatareproducedalongwithC02

whenfossilfuelsareburnedincarsandpowerplants.Aerosols

actuallycooltheplanetbyblockingsunlightandmaskthe

effectsofglobalwarming.Oncethescientistsfactoredin

aerosols,theirmodelsbeganlookingmoreliketherealworld.

Theimprovedperformanceofthesimulationswasdemonstrated

in1991,whentheysuccessfullypredictedtemperaturechanges

intheaftermathofthemassiveMountPinatuboeruptioninthe

Philippines.Anumberofstudiessincehaveaddedtothe

scientistsconfidencethattheyfinallyknowwhattheyare

talkingabout-andcanpredictwhatmayhappenifgreenhouse

gasescontinuetobepumpedintotheatmosphereunchecked.

Gingrichianpoliticiansreluctanttoaddresstheproblem

because.

A.theythinkitisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon

B.theeffortsmayturntobetoodifficultandexpensive

C.theythinkthepredicteddisasterisonlyhypothetical

D.somescientistshavegonetoofarbeyondthescientific

consensus

7、

AdraftreportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternet.

A.confirmshumansarepartlyresponsibleforglobal

temperaturerise

B.criticizessomeindividualresearchersforgoingtoofar

fromscientifictruth

C.reportsarespectedUNsponsoredbody

D.arousestheinterestofmorethan1,500leadingclimate

experts

8、

Thenewfindingsaboutglobalclimatechangearebased

on.

A.newdata

B.thevirtualmodels

C.labexperiments

D.scientists，observation

Thecomputermodelsfailedtopicturerealitybecause.

A.theyonlysimulatewhathashappenedoverthepastcentury

B.theyarewronglyprogrammed

C.scientistsdidn，ttakeaerosolsintoconsideration

D.toomanychemicalsareproducedalongwithC02

10、

Thesimulatedcomputermodelsareprovedreliablewhen.

A.animportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatureis

includedinthesimulations

B.anincreasingnumberofscientistsshowconfidenceinthe

computermodels

C.theysuccessfullypredictedtemperaturechangesaftera

volcanoeruption

D.anumberofstudiesproducemorepositiveresults

11、Apatentisanexclusiverightgiventoaninventorfor

hisorherinvention.Inotherwords,apatentisamonopoly

rightgiventotheinventorfortheinvention.Apatentconfers

ontheinventortherighttopriceandtoselltheinvention

inanywayheorshedesires,intheUnitedStates,patentsare

grantedbythePatentOfficefor17years.Althougheconomists

generallycondemnmonopolyasaform,ofmarketorganization

sincemonopolyimposescostsontheeconomy,patentspresent

amoresubtlecaseformonopolytheory.Specifically,can

patentmonopoliesbejustified?

Ingeneral,economistscomplainaboutthecostsofmonopoly

becausetheybelievethatthesameindustrycouldbeorganized

competitively.Apatentmonopolygrantfor17yearspresents

adifferentproblem.Thatis,thepurposeofthepatentsystem

istoencourageinvention.Theissueisnotmonopolyversus

competitionbut,morefundamentally,inventionversusno

invention.Istheworldbetteroffwiththeinvention,even

thoughitismonopolizedfor17years?Inotherwords,whatare

thecostsandbenefitsofapatent?

Considerthesimplecaseofanewconsumerproductwitha

positivedemand,suchasacamerautilizinganewexposure

process.Thecostsofthepatentmonopolyaresimplythe

deadweightcostsofmonopolymeasuredbythelostconsumers'

surplusfromthe17-yearpatentmonopoly.Thiscostmustbe

assessedcarefullyinthecontextofaninvention,however.

Whatarethebenefitsofthepatentsystem?First,thereisthe

increaseinconsumerwell-beingbroughtaboutimmediatelyby

adesirableinvention.In17years,thepatentmonopolyends,

andasecondsourceofbenefitsarises:Thepriceofcameras

willfalltoacompetitivelevel,andconsumerswillreapthe

benefitsofthecameraatalowerprice.Insum,theoryof

monopolyhelpsustoassessthecostsandbenefitsofthepatent.

Onecanquibbleaboutpatentmonopolies,arguing,forexample,

thattheyaregrantedfortoolongatime.

Intheend,thepatentsystemcreatesgoodsandservicesand

technologiesthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.Inthisrespectit

isavaluableSystemfortheeconomy.Thepatentsystemalso

underscorestheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasasa

sourceofeconomicgrowthandprogress.

Thefirstparagraphmainly.

A.focusesonbusinessmonopoly

B.tellsusaboutthepatentsysteminAmerica

C.discussesaspecialform,ofmarketorganization

D.defineswhatapatentisanditsfunction

12、

Thesecondparagraphsuggestsstrongly.

A.thecontradictorynatureofthepatentsystem

B.theimportanceofthepatentsystem

C.thebenefitsofthepatentsystem

D.themonopolyofthepatentsystem

13、

Thecostsofthepatentmonopoly.

A.aremeasuredbyhowmuchtheconsumershavelostin17years

B.aremeasuredbywhattheconsumershavelostin17years

C.canbedeterminedbythelostconsumerssurplusfromthe

17yearpatentmonopoly

D.shouldbedeterminedinthecontextofaninvention

14、

Whatbenefitcanthepatentsystemofferwhenthepatent

expires?

A.Anincreaseinconsumerwell-being.

B.Areducedpriceforconsumers.

C.Higherproductivity.

D.Thepromotionofadesirableinvention.

15、

Thepatentsystemisvaluablefortheeconomyinthat.

A.itcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnot

existpreviously

B.itgivesanincentivetotheinventortopublicizehis

researchfindings

C.ithighlightstheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideas

D.itisasourceofeconomicgrowthandprogress

16、Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat,sometimessnarling

at,andapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals,

seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.

Butdoesthedogrecognizeitself,ordoesthereflectionsimply

signalapotentialcompanionorthreat?Thisquestionis

interestingforanumberofmasons.Apartfromcuriosityabout

thelevelofanimals，understanding,researchonserf

recognitioninanimalshasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessome

insightintotheevolutionarysignificanceofthisskillof

serf-recognitionandintothelevelandkindsofcognitive

competencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalso

indicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethe

developmentofself-recognition.Inaddition,workwith

animalsfosterstheuseoftechniquesthatarenotdependent

onverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitableforuse

withpreverbalchildren.

Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostal1othernonhumans

donotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesofcleverexperiments,

however,Galluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethis

capacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoa

full-lengthmirrorfortenconsecutivedays.Itwasobserved

thatoverthisperiodoftimethenumberofserf-directed

responsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingparts

ofthebodywhilewatchingtheresults,guidingfingersinthe

mirror,andpickingatteethwiththeaidofthemirror.

Describingonechimp,Gallupsaid,“Margeusedthemirrorto

playwithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolooked

atherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeet

fromthetopofthecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffcelery-

leavesuphernoseusingthemirrorforpurposesofvisually

guidingthestemsintoeachnostril.”

Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofserf-recognition.

Thechimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheir

eyebrowsandbehindtheirears,areasthechimpscouldnot

directlyobserve.Themirrorwastemporarilyremovedfromthe

cage,andbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptsintouchthese

areaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdo

recognizethemselves,orareself-aware,fortheirattemptsto

touchthemarksincreasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citing

furtherevidenceforthisargument,Gallupnotedthat

chimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnotdirect

behavior,tothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothe

mirror;thatis,theotherchimpanzeesappearedtohave

rememberedwhattheylookedlikeanddohaverespondedtothe

marksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheirappearance.

Themainideathispassagediscussesis.

A.whetherdogsrecognizethemselvesinmirrors

B.whetherthegroomingpracticesofchimpscanbealtered

C.whethernonhumanshaveaserf-concept

D.whatherchimpschangetheirbehavior,whenamirroris

present

17、

Theevidenceindicates...(Line1,Para.2)maybeinterpreted

tomeanthat.

A.nearlyallanimalshavesomeself-concept

B.nearlyallanimalshavenoserf-concept

C.nearlyallanimalshaveanawarenessoftheusesofmirrors

D.nearlyallanimalshaveafearofmirrors

18、

Theauthorofthepassageprobably.

A.prefersdogstochimps

B.hasdonemoreresearchwithchimpsthandogs

C.enjoyedtheexperienceinvolvedinworkingwithanimals

D.wantstoseemoreresearchonnon-humanawareness

19、

Theauthor'spurposeinthepassageis.

A.tocomparedogsbehavior,tochimps'behavior

B.todefendauidea

C.toexplorerecentresearchonnonhumanserf-awareness

D.toevaluateahypothesis

20、

Thepurposeoftheexperimentintroducedinthelastparagraph

is.

A.toprovethatthechimpsarenotself-recognitive

B.toprovethatthechimpshavetheabilitytoremembertheir

ownappearance

C.toprovethatthechimpshaverealizedthatthefiguresthey

seeinthemirrorarethemselves

D.toprovethatthechimpsarenon-human

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalist

ofexamplesorheadings.Choosethemostsuitableonefromthe

listA-Fforeachnumberedposition(41-45).Theremaybe

certainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.(10points)

A.Humanbehavior

B.Cultureattributes

C.PhysiologyofHomosapiens

D.ClassificationofHomosapiens

E.Humansociety

F.StructureofHomosapiens

Human,commonnamegiventoanyindividualofthespeciesHomo

sapiensand,byextension,totheentirespecies.Thetermis

alsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary

forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsiderallliving

peoplemembersofasinglespecies.

(41).

Homosapiensisidentified,forpurposesofclassification,as

ananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinalcordthatsuckles

itsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta;

thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremities,acollarbone,

andasinglepairofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathas

eyesatthefrontofthehead,stereoscopicvision,anda

proportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongstothefamily

Hominidae,thegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed

below.

(42).

ThedetailsofskeletalstructuredistinguishingHomosapiens

fromthenearestprimaterelatives-thegorilla,chimpanzee,

andorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationtoa

completelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.The

uniquelyS-shapedspinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravity

ofthehumanbodydirectlyovertheareaofsupportprovided

不______Q

q22

bythefeet,thusgivingstabilityandbalanceintheuptight

position.

Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthehandtobecomea

supremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand

grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthis

refinementistheelongatedhumanthumb,whichcanrotate

freelyandisfullyopposabletotheotherfingers.The

physiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily

establishedbyerectposture,whichpositionsthevocalcords

forcontrolledbreathing,andbytheskilleduseofthehands.

Thelatterdevelopmentoccursinassociationwiththe

enlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa

prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue.

(43).

ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximatelydoublethat

ofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly

2millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneoteny,which

istheprolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.

Thejuvenilestageofbrainandskulldevelopmentisprolonged

sothattheygrowforalongerperiodoftimeinrelationto

thetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unliketheearly-

humanadultskull,withitsslopingforeheadandprominentjaw,

themodemhumanskul1-withbiologicallyinsignificant

variations-retainsintomaturityaproportionatelylargesize,

inrelationtotherestofthebody,ahigh-roundeddome,

straight-planedface,andreducedjawsize,allclosely

resemblingthecharacteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenile

chimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensionsrequiredadaptationsfor

passagethroughthebirthcanal;consequently,thehumanfemale

pelviswidensatmaturity,andthehumaninfantisborn

prematurely.

(44).

Thephysiologicaladaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexible

thanotherprimatesallowedforthedevelopmentofawiderange

ofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityinbehavior.The

brain'sgreatsize,complexity,andslowmaturation,with

neuralconnectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12

yearsoflife,meantthatlearnedbehavior,couldlargely

modifystereotyped,instinctiveresponses.Newenvironmental

demandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow

geneticselection;thus

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26^PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Technologyistheapplicationofscientificmethodand

knowledgetoindustrytosatisfyourmaterialneedsandwants.

Thisresultsinnewprocessesandinnewproducts,suchas

washingmachine,recordplayers,motorears,electronic

compu