劍101-2

Itisimportantforchildrentolearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongatanearlyage.Punishmentisnecessarytohelpthemlearnthisdistinction.

Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?

Whatsortofpunishmentshouldparentsandteachersbeallowedtousetoteachgoodbehaviortochildren?

Oneimportantstageinachild’sgrowthiscertainlythedevelopmentofaconscience,whichislinkedtotheabilitytotellrightfromwrong.Thisskillcomeswithtimeandgoodparenting,andmyfirmconvictionisthatpunishmentdoesnothavemuchofaroletoplayinthis.ThereforeIhavetodisagreealmostentirelywiththegivenstatement.

Tosomeextentthequestiondependsontheageofthechild.Topunishaveryyoungchildisbothwrongandfoolish,asaninfantwillnotunderstandwhatishappeningorwhyheorsheisbeingpunished.Oncetheageofreasonisreachedhowever,achildcanberewardedforgoodbehavioranddiscouragedfrombad.Thiskindbutfirmapproachwillachievemorethanharshpunishments,whichmightentailmanynegativeconsequencesunintendedbytheparents.

Tohelpachildlearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,teachersandparentsshouldfirstlyprovidegoodrolemodellingintheirownbehavior.Afterthat,ifsanctionsareneeded,thepunishmentshouldnotbeofaphysicalnature,asthatmerelysendsthemessagethatitisacceptableforlargerpeopletohitsmallerones-anoutcomewhichmaywellresultinthechildstartingtobullyothers.Norshouldthepunishmentbeinanywaycruel.

Rather,teachersandparentscanuseavarietyofmethodstodisciplinetheiryoungcharges,suchasdetention,withdrawalofprivileges,andtime-out.Makingthepunishmentfitthecrimeisausefulnotion.Whichwouldseechildrenbeingmadetopickuprubbishtheyhavedropped,cleanupgraffititheyhavedrawn,orapologisetosomeonetheyhavehurt.Inthesewaysresponsibilityisdevelopedinthechild,whichleadstomuchbetterfuturebehaviorthandoespunishment.

劍102-1

ThetablesbelowgiveinformationaboutsalesofFairtrade-labelledcoffeeandbananasin1999and2004infiveEuropeancountries.

Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.

劍104-1

Thediagramsbelowshowthelifecycleofaspeciesoflargefishcalledthesalmon.

Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.

Salmonbeginlifeaseggsonapebblyriverbed,hiddenamongreedsintheslow-movingupperreachesofariver.Afterfivetosixmonthstheeggshatchinto“fry”.Forapproximatelythenextfouryears,thesebabysalmonwillliveinthelower,faster-flowingwatersoftheirriver.Duringthistimetheymeasurebetweenthreeandeightcentimetresinlength.

Bythetimesalmonreachtwelvetofifteencentimetres,theyaretermed‘smolt’,andatthistimetheymigratefurtherdownriverintotheopensea.Afterfiveyearsatseathesalmonwillhavegrowntoadultsize,whichisbetweenseventyandseventy-sixcentimetres.Theythenbeginswimmingbacktotheirbirthplace,wheretheywilllaytheireggs,andthecyclestartsanew.

Insummary,thesalmonpassesthroughthreedistinctphysicalstagesasitgrowstomaturity.Eachofthesestagestakesplacein