Unit1NatureinthebalanceGrammarandusageEco-Minimalism&EllipsisMinimalism

inlanguage：EllipsisTherefore,sincebrevityisthesoulofwit,andtediousnessthelimbsandoutwardflourishes,Iwillbebrief.簡潔的語言是智慧的靈魂,冗長的語言則是膚淺的藻飾。Ellipsishappenswhenweleaveout(inotherwords,whenwedon’tuse)itemswhichwewouldnormallyexpecttouseinasentenceifwefollowedthegrammaticalrules.Weoftenleaveoutwordstoavoidrepetitionorinothercaseswhenmeaningcanbeunderstoodwithoutunnecessarilyrepetitivewordsinasentence.Indeedellipsisisverycommon,especiallyininformalconversationandinwriting.為了使語言簡潔化、并且為了避免重復(fù)，省略句中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)成分，這種語法現(xiàn)象稱為省略（Ellipsis)。Minimalism

inEnglish：Ellipsis(省略)No,Ididn’t().2.Youcanwatchitonlineifyouwantto().3.Ifeltworriedwhen()watchingthedocumentary.4.Somecallfortheapplicationofmoderntechnology,andothers()achangeoflifestyle.5.()Gotanyideas?6.()Soundsgreat!watchthedocumentaryaboutenvironmentalprotectiononTVyesterdaywatchitIwascallforHaveyouIt/That1.省略主語:祈使句中的主語通常被省略;其他省略主語的情況多限于少數(shù)習(xí)慣用法。①(You)Comein,please.②(I)Seeyoutomorrow.2.省略主語或謂語的一部分：固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)中省略主謂結(jié)構(gòu)①(It)Soundsagoodidea.②(Wouldyoulike)Somethingtodrink?3.省略賓語：-DoyouknowMissHu?-Idon’tknow(her).*省略作賓語的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí),只保留to,但如果助動(dòng)詞be或have,則須后加上be或have。①-Areyouateacher?-No,butIwanttobe(ateacher).③-Hehasn’tfinishedthetask.-Well,heoughttohave(finishedit).4.省略表語：Hisbrotherisn’tlazy.Norishissister(lazy).5.同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)句子成分：①-Areyoufeelingbetternow?-(I’mfeeling)Better(now).②-Whendidyoureadthenovel?-(Ireadit)Longago.③Let’smeetattheschoolgateasthesameas(wemet)yesterday.Exploretherules：EllipsisinsimplesentencesIamthesoil.Iaminthehills,andinthevalleys,thefarms,theorchards.Withoutmehumanscouldnotexist.Butyoutreatmelikedirt.DoyourealizethatIamjustathinskinonthisplanet?AndthatI'mactuallyalive.Fulloforganismsthatgrowyourfood.ButIambroken,aching,overused,sick.Becauseofyou.YouhavewitheredmeawaytolessthanhalfofwhatIusedtobejustover100yearsago.Areyoupayingattention?Iamturningtodust.Somaybeyoucouldtreatmewithalittlemorerespect.Isupposeyoustillwanttoeat,right?在由and或but連接的并列句中，常省略重復(fù)的部分。1.省略共同的主或賓：Tompickedupabookonthefloorand(Tom)handedittohisteacher.2.若主語不同，而謂語部分的系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞相同，則省略后面相同的部分：JackmusthavebeenplayingfootballandMary(musthavebeen)doingherhomework.3.若主謂相同，省略后面的主謂成分：Hisadvicemademehappy,but(hisadvicemade)Jimangry.4.若主語不同，但主要?jiǎng)釉~及后續(xù)部分相同，則省略主要?jiǎng)釉~及后續(xù)部分：Hehasaknowledgeoffirstaidbuthisfrienddoesn’t(haveaknowledgeoffirstaid).Exploretherules：EllipsisincompoundsentencesIamaflower.Yes,I'mbeautiful.I'vehearditbeforeanditnevergrowsold.I'mworshipedformylooks,myscent,mylooks.Buthere'sthething.Lifestartswithme.YouseeIfeedpeople.Everyfruitcomesfromme,everypotato,Me,everykernelofcorn,Meandeverygrainofrice.Me.Me,me,me,Iknow.Butit'strue.AndsometimesIfeedtheirsouls.Iamtheirwordswhentheyhavenone.Isay“Iloveyou,”withoutasound,and"I'msorry,”withoutavoice.Iinspirethegreatestofthem.Painters,poets,patternmakers.I'vebeenamusetothemall.Butinmyexperience,peopleunderestimatethepowerofaprettylittleflowerbecausetheirlifedoesstartwithmeandcouldendwithoutme.主句中的省略1)主句的省略多見于句首，多用于口語。(It’sa)Pityyoucouldn’tcome.2)在對話中答句省去整個(gè)主句只用從句。-ShallIgotoplay?-Ifyoulike(youcangotoplay).2.定語從句中的省略(1)在限制性定語從句中，作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞whom,who,which,that可省略：Theexactyear(which/that)AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.(2)修飾way的關(guān)系詞that/inwhich可以省略：Theway(inwhich/that)hespeakstousisreallyannoying.Exploretherules：EllipsisincomplexsentencesIamwater.TohumansIamsimplyjustthere.I'msomethingtheyjusttakeforgranted.Butthereisonlysomuchofme.Andmoreandmoreofthemeverysingleday.Istartasraininthemountainsflowtotheriversandstreams.Andendupintheocean.Thenthecyclebeginsagain.Anditwilltakeme10,000yearstogetbacktothestateIaminnow.Buttohumans?I'mjustwater.Justthere.Wherewillhumansfindmewhenbillionsmoreofthemaround?Wherewilltheyfindthemselves?Willtheywagewarsoverme?Liketheydoovereverythingelse.That'salwaysanoption.Butit'snottheonlyoption.3.賓語從句中的省略1)由which,when,where,how和why引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可全部或部分省去，只保留引導(dǎo)詞：Passmeoneofthebooks.Idon’tcarewhich(youpassme).2)在Ithink,Ibelieve,Ihope等答句中，用so與not表示肯定或否定時(shí)，省去賓語從句。-Doyouthinkitwillrain?-Ihope(thatitwill)not(rain).3)賓語從句中常省略that,但多個(gè)賓語從句并列時(shí),通常只省略第一個(gè)that：Hesaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.4.狀語從句中的省略1)狀語從句出現(xiàn)在句末時(shí)，一般都可以作句尾省略：Theexactyear(which/that)AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.2)比較/條件從句可以完全省去，只剩下主句：Theway(inwhich/that)hespeakstousisreallyannoying.3)狀語從句主語如與主句的主語相同時(shí)（或從句的主語為it時(shí)），且從句里動(dòng)詞是be的某種形式時(shí)，這時(shí)可省略從句的主語和be動(dòng)詞：①When(youare)crossingtheroad,you’dbetterlookatbothsides.②Unless(Iam)invitedIwillnotgo.4）虛擬條件句中有had,were,should常省略if，并將had,were,should提前：WereIyou(IfIwereyou),Iwouldn’tdoso!Exploretherules：Ellipsisincomplexsentences

Iamwater.TohumansIamsimplyjustthere.I'msomethingtheyjusttakeforgranted.Butthereisonlysomuchofme.Andmoreandmoreofthemeverysingleday.Istartasraininthemountainsflowtotheriversandstreams.Andendupintheocean.Thenthecyclebeginsagain.Anditwilltakeme10,000yearstogetbacktothestateIaminnow.Buttohumans?I'mjustwater.Justthere.Wherewillhumansfindmewhenbillionsmoreofthemaround?Wherewilltheyfindthemselves?Willtheywagewarsoverme?Liketheydoovereverythingelse.That'salwaysanoption.Butit'snottheonlyoption.1.并列的不定式可省去后面的to;但表示對比關(guān)系的to不可省:*Itoldhimtositdownand(to)waitforamoment.*Butshedidn'tknowwhethertogoonortostop.2.感官動(dòng)詞see,hear等和使役動(dòng)詞make,let,have等后面加省略to的不定式；但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)to不能省:*Isawtheboy(to)fallfromthetree.-Theboywasseentofallfromthetree.*Thebossmadeus(to)work12hoursaday.-Weweremadetowork12...3.主語從句或修飾主語的定語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，作表語的不定式可省略to，也可保留to:ThemostimportantthingIshoulddois(to)giveyousomeadviceonhowtolearnaforeignlanguage.4.不定式做介詞but，except等的賓語，且前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的各種形式時(shí)，須省略不定式符號(hào)to：Theydidnothingbut(to)watchTVlastnight.Exploretherules：EllipsisinToinfinitiveIamice.Imoveslowly.Ikeeptheworldcool.Well,

Iusedto.Buthumanskeepwarmingthisplanet.Itriedtowarnyou.Isendpiecesofmethunderingintotheocean.Youdonothing.Iraisesealevels.Youdonothing.Ithastakenyoudecadestonotice.PerhapsI'mnotsoslowafterall.Applytherules：EllipsisinNMETHowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.(2019全國II,閱讀理解D)

But(it’s)notjust(turningto)anykids.We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.(2018全國II,閱讀理解D)or,worse,(peoplewhoare)strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.

Hasitbeenawhilesinceyourlastvisittoapubliclibrary?Ifso,youmaybesurprisedtolearnthatlibrarieshavechangedforthebetter.(2020天津,閱讀理解A)If(itis)so,youmaybesurprisedtolearnthatlibrarieshavechangedforthebetter.

Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.(2020全國I,閱讀理解D)Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhen(itis)exposedtodaylight.Applytherules：EllipsisinNMET

Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteractionwithitswaiter;theother,_________(speak)onlywhennecessary.(2018全國II,閱讀理解D)theother,tospeak(speak)onlywhennecessary.

Mostofitisstoredawayor_____

(use)

forresearch.(2020新高考I卷,語法填空)

Mostofitisstoredawayor(mostofitis)

used(use)forresearch.

“IfiguredwhoeverlostthedogwasprobablyjustasclosetoitasIam_____mydogs,”saysEhlers.(2019全國II,完形填空)

justasclosetoitasIamto

mydogs,”saysEhlers.

China’sapproachtoprotectingitsenvironmentwhile________(feed)itscitizens“offersusefullessonsforagricultureandfoodpolicymakersworldwide”.(2018全國II,語法填空)

China’sapproach...whilefeeding(feed)itscitizens...Summary：EllipsisinpracticeIcannotwatchthedocumentarythisweekend,thoughIwouldliketo.Cowsliveonland,andfishinthewater.TheAmazonrainforestissmallernowthan50yearsago.Hehadplannedtoborrowabookonenvironmentalprotection,buthedidn’t.Whentakingphotosofwildlife,weshouldmakeeveryefforttoensurethatwekeepawayfromtheanimals.Summary：EllipsisinpracticeJackissharingwithhisclassmateshisexperienceoftakingpartinaforestclean-upactivity.Useellipsiswherenecessary.Putbracketsaroundtheword(s)thatcanbeleftout.Lastweekend,Itookpartinaforestclean-upactivity.ItwasorganizedbyGreenHope,anorganizationdevotedtoprotectingforests.AtfirstIdidn’twantto(takepartinthe