TheEighteenthCenturyTheEighteenthCentury1HistoricalBackgroundAftertheGloriousRevolution,thepowerpassedfromthekinggraduallytotheparliamentandcabinetministers.BritishMonarchsinthe18thcenturyStuartDynastyMaryIIandWilliamIII(1688-1694,-1702)Anne(1702-1714)HanoverianDynastyGeorgeI(1714-1727)GeorgeII(1727-1760)GeorgeIII(1760-1820)HistoricalBackgroundAfterthe2HistoricalBackgroundPartypoliticsPartypoliticsbecamemoresignificantthroughoutthecentury,withWhigs(whosupportedlimitedmonarchy,andwhosesupporttendedtocomefromreligiousdissenters)andTories(whofavoredstrongmonarchyandthereligiousstatusquoembodiedintheChurchofEngland)competingforpower.HistoricalBackgroundPartypol3HistoricalBackgroundTheEnclosure-ActsofEnclosurewereputtingmorelandsintothehandsoffewerprivilegedlandownersandforcingthousandsofsmallfarmersandtenantsofftheirlandtobecomewageearnersindustrialtowns.TheIndustrialRevolutionItwasagradualprocessofchangefrom”cottageindustries”tofactorymanufacturingOverseasexpansion-BritainoccupiedavastexpansionofcoloniesinAsia,AfricaandNorthAmerica..

HistoricalBackgroundTheE4CulturalBackground1.EnlightenMovement--Aprogressiveintellectualmovement--EnlightenmentthinkerssuchasVoltaire,Montesquieu,Locke,Hobbes,andRousseaubelievedthatworldwasanobjectofstudyandthatpeoplecouldunderstandandcontroltheworldbymeansofreasonandempiricalresearch.CulturalBackground1.Enlighte5CulturalBackground--Thecelebrationofreason,thepowerbywhichmanunderstandstheuniverseandimproveshisowncondition--Theyclaimedthattheindividualwasthebasicunitofsocialanalysis,andthatthesocietyshouldemergeanddevelopastheresultofasocialcontractamongtheindividuals.CulturalBackground--Thecele6--Inreligion,itwasagainstsuperstition,intolerance,anddogmatism;inpolitics,itwasagainsttyranny;andinsociety,itwasagainstprejudice,ignorance,inequality,andanyobstaclestotherealizationofanindividual’sfullintellectualandphysicalwell-being.Atthesametime,theyadvocateduniversaleducation.Intheiropinion,humanbeingswerelimited,dualistic,imperfect,andyetcapableofrationalityandperfectionthrougheducation.--Inreligion,itwasagainst7Ideaofcontract--Rejectionof“divinepower”ofkings--Thegovernmentisofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople.Puritanvaluesofthemiddleclass--Self-restraint,self-relianceandhardwork;themeaningoflifewastowork,toeconomizeandtoaccumulatewelth.Ideaofcontract8Thegreatenlighteners:--AlexanderPope--JosephAddison--JonathanSwift--SamuelJohnsonThegreatenlighteners:92.CulturalProgress--Moreschoolsweresetupthroughoutthecountry--CopyrightActof1709--Theappearanceofsuchpopularpressaspamphletsandnewspapersandperiodicals--Theflourishofcoffeehousesandallkindsofsocialclubs2.CulturalProgress10III.LiteratureofthePeriod1.Neo-classicism--ItfounditsartisticmodelsintheclassicalliteratureoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterslikeHomer,Virgil,Horace,Ovid.--ApartialreactionagainstthefiresofpassionblazedinthelateRenaissance,especiallyintheMetaphysicalpoetry--Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satireordramatic,andeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.III.LiteratureofthePeriod111--Neo-classicalwritersare:JohnDryden,AlexanderPope,JonathanSwift,JosephAddison,RichardSteele,HenryFielding,SamuelJohnson,OliverGoldsmith,EdwardGibbon,etc.--Neo-classicalwritersare122.TheRealisticNovel--TheEnglishmiddle-classpeoplewerereadytocastawaythearistocraticromanceandtocreateanewandrealisticliteratureoftheirowntoexpresstheirideasandservetheirinterests.--Thewholelifeinitsordinaryaspectsofthemiddleclassbecausethemajorsourceofinterestinliterature.2.TheRealisticNovel13Majornovelists--DanielDefoe--SamuelRichardson--HenryFielding--LaurenceSterne--OliverGoldsmith--TobiasGeorgeSmollettMajornovelists--DanielDef143.GothicNovel--Devotedtotalesofhorrorandthedarkersupernaturalforces--DerivesitsnamefromsimilaritiestomedievalGothicarchitecture--GothicArchitecture3.GothicNovel15--GothicHorror:Athrillerdesignednotonlytoterrifyorfrightentheaudience,butalsotoconveyasenseofmoralfailureorspiritualdarkness.--TheGothicinEnglandbeginswithTheCastleofOtrantoin1760,byHoraceWalpole,whichemphasizedthesupernaturalmixedwiththegrotesqueinamedievalsetting.--AnneRadcliffeinMysteriousofUdolphoperfectdthesentimentalgothicinthe1790s.Frankenstein(1817)byMaryShelley

--GothicHorror:Athrillerde16GothicConventions--Useofadarksettingormoodyatmosphere,sensationalism,exoticsettingsinthepast,thesublime,atmosphereofdread--Aruinedorweirdlandscape--Claustrophobicsituations--Imposingarchitecturedwarfinghumans--Demonicormonstrousforms--Hintsoffantastic(bizarre),supernaturalincidentsorsuggestionsofsupernatural--Conventionalsexistdepictionsofwomenaspassivevictims,distressofthepureheroinebythegothicvillainGothicConventions17Characteristics--Ancient(esp.haunted)castles,andwholehostofconventionsassociatedwiththese(dungeons,secretpassageways,ghosts,graveyards.FlickeringlampsAndtorches,screamsAndmoans).Characteristics18--Thevillain-herosometimesagoodguygonebad(Mr.Falkland);sometimesabadguywhoposesasagoodguy;sometimesjustabadguythroughandthroughwhononethelesshassomeattractivequalities(virility,goodlooks,charisma).--Thedamselindistressavirtuousyoungwomanispursuedbythevillain(usuallyolder,oftenanaristocrat,notinfrequentlyCatholic),witharealorimpliedthreattohervirtue(murder,rape,otherevildeeds).--Thevillain-hero19---Highlysymboliconescholarcallsit“anindirectformofreference”and“amaskoftruthratherthanimitationofreality.”---Thinkofthegothicasstructuredlikeadreamwhichrevealstruthstousinsymbolicformat.---TheriseinthegothiccorrespondstothatofthemiddleclassinEnglandandtoitschallengetothenobilityforpoliticalandsocialcontrol.---Thegothiciscovertly“about”politicalissues,andthedefeatofthevillaindemonstratethemiddleclass’desiretothrowoffthepast.---Highlysymbolic20

--Theancestralcurse:seeChapter1ofCastleofOtranto;alsoHawthorneandFaulkner.--Graverobbing:apracticenotallthatuncommonin18thcenturywhencadavers(deadbody)werenotwidelyavailableformedicalstudy:seeFalloftheHouseofUsherandFrankenstein--Entrapmentandimprisonment:beingchainedtoawallortothefloorinadarkcell;themotifofclaustrophobia(幽閉恐怖).--Theunexplainedsupernatural:frequentlyreferredtobypsychoanalyticcriticsas“theuncanny(