PAGEPAGE7重要國際組織與社會公益機構(gòu)一、主題語基拓展練(一)主題詞匯盤查(已會詞匯，在□內(nèi)打“√”；欠熟練詞匯，多翻閱識記)①fountain □ ②museum □③palace □ ④castle □⑤situated □ ⑥gallery □⑦temple □ ⑧statue □⑨exhibition □ ⑩admit □?charge □ ?performance □?hold □ ?book □?accessible □ ?carnival □?arrangement □ ?relaxation □?construction □ ?cover □(二)主題詞匯訓練Ⅰ.寫出下列各句中加黑詞的漢語意思1．Thecastlewasoriginallysurroundedbysomewalls,allofwhichremain. 城堡2．SeveralwomenkneltdownbeforethestatueofBuddhaandprayed. 塑像3．Heboughtthispaintinginagallerynearthemuseum. 美術(shù)館4．Theaudiencewasfascinatedbytheirsuperbperformance. 表演5．Ican'twaittothetimeofthebesidecarnivalcomingstotown. 狂歡節(jié)6．Thepalacecontainsmanyarttreasure. 宮殿7．AquicksearchontheInternetwillbringupdozensofonlinecompaniesthatallowyoutoregisteryourhomeforfree—butyouwillbechargedifyourhomegetspicked. 收費8．Thebeautifulparkissituatedonthewestofthelake. 位于Ⅱ.單句語法填空1．Themajorityofgalleriesandallspecialexhibitions(exhibit)arefullyaccessible.2．Mike，doyouknowthatmysisterAmywasadmitted(admit)toBeijingUniversitylastyear?3．Wealltookpartintheceremonyheld(hold)inourschool.4．Trainticketscanbebooked(book)onlineaminimumof35minutesandamaximumof60daysbeforedeparture.5．Itwasonceonlyaccessible(access)bythattopopening,butthereisnoweasyaccessthroughasidepathforvisitors.6．I'mgladtohearyouwillspendtheSpringFestivalwithmyfamily!NowI'mgoingtotellyouourarrangements(arrange)．7．ManyhighschoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesgettraininginconstruction(construct)skillsbybuildingrealhouses.8．Yoga，aspracticedintheWest,isthemostwidelyknownandpopularofthesystemsforachievingthenecessarystateofrelaxation(relax)．二、主題語篇押題練Ⅰ.閱讀理解AFindingamountaingoatrestingonacliff(懸崖)mightthrillmanyofthemillionsoftouristswhovisitWyoming'sGrandTetonNationalParkeveryyear,butparkofficialssayitmightbetimeforthebeardedanimalstogo.Theproblem,accordingtothepark,isthatGrandTeton's100orsomountaingoatsthreatenabout80bighornsheep.Thebighornsheepnumberedasmanyas125justafewyearsago.Thestronggoatsspreaddiseaseandcompetewithbighornsheepforfood.Unlikesmall-sizedbighornsheep，GrandTeton'smountaingoatsaren'tnativetothepark.Theywereintroducedtotheparkinthe1960s.GrandTetonspokeswomanDeniseGermannsaid，“We'vegotamanagementresponsibilitytoprotectthenativespecies.Afterhearingfromthepublicontheproposal(提議)inJanuary,parkofficialsexpecttodecideassoonasmid-Februaryonwhattodoaboutthemountaingoats.”Thegoatsarereproducingrapidly.Nowmightbethebesttimetoreducetheanimalsbeforethey'retoomanytobringundercontrol,accordingtotheParkService.Onewildlifebiologistwhostudiesbighornsheeppraisedtheproposal.“Mountaingoats'originalhabitatisnowhereclosetowherethey'vebeenintroducedintheUStoprovidehuntingopportunities，”saidRobRoyRameyⅡ，withNederland,Colorado-basedWildlifeScienceInternational,Inc.“WildlifemanagersshouldgetridofmountaingoatsnotonlyinGrandTetonbutelsewheretohelpstrugglingbighornsheep.Unfortunately,statewildlifeagenciessellnon-nativewildlifeviewingopportunitiestothepublic，”Rameysaid.“Thisisnotazoointhewilderness.Itshouldreallybefornativewildlife.”語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。大蒂頓公園引進的石山羊品種威脅了當?shù)卮蠼茄虻纳妗?．Whatcanbelearntaboutthebighornsheepinthepark?A．Theirsizeishuge.B．Theirnumberisdecreasing.C．Theyarrivedinthe1960s.D．Theythreatenlocalspecies.解析：選B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“mountaingoatsthreatenabout80bighornsheep”“Thebighornsheepnumberedasmanyas125justafewyearsago.”可知，現(xiàn)在大角羊有80只，幾年前多達125只，因此公園里大角羊的數(shù)量在減少。2．Howdidthepublichelpparkofficialsprotectthebighornsheep?A．Byprovidingsuggestions.B．Bydrivingawaymountaingoats.C．Byvolunteeringinthepark.D．BytakingoverGrandTeton解析：選A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Afterhearingfromthepublicontheproposal(提議)inJanuary”可知，公眾對此事提出了建議。3．WhatisGermann'sattitudetowardsthebighornsheep?A．Curious. B．Proud.C．Surprised. D．Concerned.解析：選D觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，尤其是“We'vegotamanagementresponsibilitytoprotectthenativespecies.”可推知，Germann對大角羊是關(guān)心的。4．Whatwasthepurposeofbringinginmountaingoatsinthebeginning?A．Toofferhuntingchances.B．Tosellnon-nativewildlife.C．Tosatisfywildlifemanagers.D．Toincreasediversitiesofsheep.解析：選A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第二句可知，引進石山羊的最初目的是提供狩獵機會。BWhileelephantsbornwithouttusks(長牙)arenotunheardof,theynormallyformjust2to6percentofthepopulation.However,thatisnotthecaseatMozambique'sGorongosaPoolesaysbeforethecountry's15-year-longconflict,theparkwashometoover4,000elephants.However,bythetimetheconflictendedin1992,about90percentofthemhadbeenkilledforivorytogetmoney.Ofthelessthan200survivors,over50percentofadultfemaleshadnotusks.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatthepark'stusklesselephantpopulationhasgrowngreatly.Thisisnotthefirsttimeresearchershaveobservedagreatchangeinthepopulationofelephants.AtZambia'sSouthLuangwaNationalParkandLupandeGameManagementArea,areaswhichwereheavilyhuntedinthe1970sand1980s,35%ofelephants25yearsoldorolderand13%ofthoseyoungerthan25arenowwithouttusks.A2008studypublishedintheAfricanJournalofEcologyfoundthatthenumberoftusklessfemalesattheRuahaTherecentbanonivoryinboththeUSandChinashouldhelpgetridof,oratleastreduceelephanthunting.However,scientistsarenotsurehowlongitwilltakeforelephantswithahigherrateoftusklessfemales,tochangethetrend.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。在1992年，在莫桑比克的Gorongosa國家公園，有33%的雌象出生時就沒有長牙。大象行為專家認為，這是人們?yōu)榱双@得珍貴的象牙，而對大象進行持續(xù)不斷地獵殺而造成的非自然的進化。5．WhatistheprobablecauseofthephenomenonmentionedinParagraph1?A．Illegalhunting. B．Constantfarming.C．Apurecoincidence. D．Naturalevolution.解析：選A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段尾句可知，由于持續(xù)不斷地獵殺大象以獲取珍貴的象牙，我們可能正在目睹該物種的非自然進化。據(jù)此可知，第一段中提到的現(xiàn)象的可能原因是非法獵殺大象，故A項正確。6．WhydidpeoplekillsomanyelephantsduringtheconflictinMozambique?A．Togetmoneybysellingivory.B．Todevelopnewdecorations.C．Toprovidefoodforlocalpeople.D．Tomakeivoryproducts.解析：選A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句可知，人們獵殺大象是為了通過銷售象牙來獲得錢，故A項正確。7．Whichofthefollowinghadtheearliestrecordontusklesselephants?A．GorongosaB．SouthC．RuahaD．LupandeGameManagementArea.解析：選C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的第二句和第三段可知，Ruaha國家公園是最早記錄無長牙雌象的地區(qū)，故C項正確。8．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thetrend”inthelastparagraphreferto?A．Elephantsfacinggreaterdanger.B．Elephantsgrowingmoreslowly.C．Fewerfemaleelephantsstayingalive.D．Morefemaleelephantsbeingtuskless.解析：選D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)尾段第二句可知，科學家們并不確定對擁有較高比例無長牙雌象的大象們來說需要多長時間才能改變這種趨勢。據(jù)此可推知，畫線詞指代“更多的雌象沒有長牙”，故D項正確。Ⅱ.閱讀七選五HaveyoueverwonderedhowthetrainersatSeaWorldgetthe19,000-poundwhaletojump22feetoutofwaterandperformtricks?Theygetthatwhaletogooveraropefartheroutofthewaterthanmostofuscanimagine.1.SohowdothetrainersatSeaWorlddoit?Thefirstthingtheydoisreinforce(強化)thebehaviorthattheywantrepeatedly—inthiscase,togetthewhaletogoovertherope.2，inapositionwherethewhalecan'thelpbutdowhat'sexpectedofit.Everytimethewhalegoesovertherope,it'sgivenpositivereinforcementandgetsfedwithfish.Butwhatwillhappenwhenthewhalegoesundertherope?Nothing—nocriticism,nowarningsandnofeedback.3.Positivereinforcementisthekeyofthatsimpleprinciplethatproducessuchsplendidresults.Andasthewhalebeginstogoovertheropemoreoften,thetrainersbegintoraisetherope.Itmustberaisedslowlyenoughsothatthewhaledoesn'tstarve.4.Makeabigdealoutofthegoodandlittlestuffthatwewantconsistently.Secondly,under-criticize.Peopleknowtheyneedhelpwhentheymessup.5，peoplewillnotforgettheeventandusuallywillnotrepeatit.Soweneedtosetupthecircumstancessothatpeoplecan'tfail.Over-celebrate,under-criticize...andknowhowfartoraisetherope.A．ThisisagreatchallengeB．AndthewhalestaysrightwhereitisC．IfwefigureoutawaytomotivatethewhaleD．TheystartwiththeropebelowthesurfaceofthewaterE．Ifweunder-criticize,punishanddisciplinelessthanexpectedF．Whalesaretaughtthattheirnegativebehaviorwon'tbeacknowledgedG．Thesimplelessonlearnedfromthewhaletrainersistoover-celebrate語篇解讀：在馴獸師的訓練下，體型龐大的鯨能躍出水面進行跳繩表演。馴獸師訓練鯨的秘訣是：如果鯨完成被要求的動作，則給它獎勵；如果沒有完成被要求的動作，則不給出任何反饋，以此讓它知道這樣的行為是得不到認可的。1．選A根據(jù)空處所在位置可知，空處起著承上啟下的作用；由空處上文可知，在馴獸師的訓練下，鯨能躍出水面22英尺進行跳繩表演；據(jù)此可推知，這是一個很大的挑戰(zhàn)，故A項正確。2．選D根據(jù)空前一句可知，馴獸師訓練鯨的第一步是反復強化他們想要讓鯨做的動作，在這種情況下，讓鯨跳繩；由此可推知，此處表示開始時，他們會將繩子放在水中，故D項正確。3．選F根據(jù)上文可知，如果鯨完成被要求的動作，則會得到魚作為獎賞；如果鯨沒有完成被要求的動作，則不批評、不警告，也不給它反饋，由此可推知，這樣做是為了讓鯨知道，如果它沒有完成被要求的動作就得不到認可，故F項正確。4．選G根據(jù)空后一句“Makeabigdealoutofthegoodandlittlestuffthatwewantconsistently”和尾段第二句中的“Over-celebrate”可推知，在訓練鯨的過程中，當它完成了被要求的動作時我們應當多贊揚，故G項正確。5．選E根據(jù)上文中的“Secondly,under-criticize”可知，該處講的是從馴獸師那里學到的第二個道理：少批評；據(jù)此可推知，此處講的應是“少批評”的好處，故E項符合語境。Ⅲ.語法填空Anamusementparkorthemeparkisagroupofentertaining1(attract),rides,andothereventsinalocationfortheenjoymentofvariouspeople.Formany,there'sonlyonegoodreason2(go)toanamusementpark：therollercoaster.Others,however,wouldratherhidebehindtheclosestcandystand3gonearacoaster.Rollercoastersoftenappealto(吸引)kidswhoselivesare4(bore),stressfulorcontrolled,anexpertsays.“Thesummers5kidscouldbekidsandfloatdownariverinaninnertubeareover.Rollercoastersareawayof6(break)outofroutines(常規(guī))inwhichtoomuch7(expec