drawillustrationofhowstaticstabilityofregionofthevariesdifferentvaluesthelapserate–dT/dzthecondensationareincluded.請(qǐng)出靜穩(wěn)大受凝響隨同減-dz的化初始狀態(tài)的未飽和氣塊被外力抬升而干絕熱上升，其溫度按干絕熱減溫率

下降，因?yàn)楸葷?/p>

對(duì)應(yīng)著露點(diǎn)

T在干絕熱過(guò)中沒(méi)有相變所以氣塊的比濕不變其露點(diǎn)將沿著等比濕線

降低。當(dāng)氣塊干絕熱上升到溫度與露點(diǎn)相等處，就達(dá)到飽和而發(fā)生凝結(jié)。該點(diǎn)的氣壓

和溫度

T

分別稱為凝結(jié)氣壓和凝結(jié)溫度，凝結(jié)氣壓所在的高度就是抬升凝結(jié)高度LCL之后，飽和濕空氣塊將以假絕熱過(guò)程上升，溫度按濕絕熱減溫率下，其比濕等于該空氣塊的溫度和壓強(qiáng)所對(duì)應(yīng)的飽和比濕。theinitialstateofairblockisraisedbyexternalforce,thusrisesadiabatically,itsdeclineswiththedrycoolingrateof

Thehumidity

corresponds

T.humidityoftheairremainunchangedbecausephasetheadiabaticprocess.Inwaythedewtheairblockwillalongthe

theairblockdryrisewheretemperatureandtheequals,itsaturateThe

temperature

T

ofthepointiscalledthecondensationcondensation

Theheightofthecondensationliftinglevel(LCL).Afterthat,moistblockwouldriseinfakeadiabaticprocessandtemperaturewoulddecreasewithmoistadiabatic

shumidityequalssaturatedhumiditytemperaturepressureofairblock.tocomprehendthattheatmosphereisphysicalsystem?如理大是個(gè)理統(tǒng)Theatmosphereisasystemsatmosphereanaturalinwhichawideofprocessestakes（大氣是一個(gè)物理系統(tǒng)。地球大氣是一個(gè)自然實(shí)驗(yàn)室，其中有許多復(fù)雜多樣的物理過(guò)程發(fā)生①Theatmosphereconsistsaofidealgases:althoughmolecularmolecularbyvolume,minordioxide,waterozoneplaycrucial（大氣由理想氣體混合而成：雖然分子氮和分子氧占主要體積但占主導(dǎo)地位的次要成分的二氧化碳水蒸汽和臭氧發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用②Theatmosphereiscontinuallybombardedbyphotonsatinfra-red,ultra-violetwavelengths.（大氣被太陽(yáng)光子不斷通過(guò)紅外線、可見(jiàn)光及紫外線電磁波轟炸③Theatmosphereisgenerallyclosetohydrostaticintheonis,theofslabofissupportedthedifferencepressurebetweenitslowerupper（除了小尺度大氣在垂直方向上是接近靜力平衡的就是說(shuō)大氣的每一個(gè)水平面厚度的重量是由其上下平面的壓力差的不同決定的Givenadensitystrati?cationofthiskind,asmallportionofairthatisdisplacedupwardsfromitsequilibriumpositionwillbenegativelybuoyantcomparedwithitshencewillfallbackequilibrium,undergravity;similarlyawillrisebackitsequilibriumposition.（鑒于這種密度分層部分空氣從它平衡位置向上運(yùn)動(dòng)環(huán)境相比將會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)浮力，因此在重力作用下會(huì)返回并趨向于平衡樣下沉的部分會(huì)上升回到它的平衡位置④Thermodynamicareessentialformanyatmosphericprocesses.Inatmosphericphysicsweusetheusualmacroscopicde?nitionsofthetemperaturepressureofa（描述許多大氣過(guò)程的熱力學(xué)原理是必不可少的。在大氣物理學(xué)中我們通常使用某種氣體的溫度和壓力的宏觀定義⑤Animportantfeatureofthebuoyancyrestoringeffectinastablystrati?edatmospherethatcansupport?uidwaves,knownasgravityinwhichthe?uidpressure,density,temperatureandvelocity?uctuatetogether.（在一個(gè)穩(wěn)定分層大氣中復(fù)浮力效果的一個(gè)重要特征是能支持被稱為重力波的流體動(dòng)力學(xué)波，其中流體的壓力、密度、溫度和速度一起波動(dòng)brieflydescribetheoftheatmosphereinglobalclimate.請(qǐng)要述氣全氣中作。describetwogrowthprocessesinwarmclouds.請(qǐng)述云兩主進(jìn)。giveexactreasonsofbluesky.

請(qǐng)出為么藍(lán)的切因giveeffectofNitrousOxideradiativeforcings.請(qǐng)出氧物射迫影。(a)Brieflytheidealizedglobalcirculationpatternproposedby簡(jiǎn)描喬哈雷出理化球流。(b)WhatareshortcomingsofHadleymodelandhowwasittoproperlyformorerealisticcirculations.哈雷型缺是么它如修以當(dāng)解更實(shí)環(huán)流？describetheofcloudseeding.請(qǐng)述工雨制(a)Adifferentparcelofaircontains3.5gramsofwaterperkilogramofair.Ifstartsat35℃andiscooled,atwhattemperaturewilloccur?一不的團(tuán)千包3.5克如它35開(kāi)冷在什溫會(huì)生凝(b)awinterday,thedewpointoutsideis.Whatistherelativehumiditythisairwhenitisbroughtindoorsandheatedto20℃?冬室露溫為20℃，這空被入內(nèi)加溫20時(shí)的對(duì)度多少相對(duì)濕度

/ws水汽壓6.11*10

(7.5*t/(237.3飽和水汽壓

ss

(*b))

e（對(duì)水面s,

ttd

代入上式中，求得

w=5%8.Whatisdifferencewarmandcoldcloudprocess?冷云程區(qū)是么云是水蒸組成。習(xí)慣上。根據(jù)它的溫度可分為云和云兩。暖云只有水珠溫度以上在上氣流頂托，這些水珠不會(huì)掉下來(lái)，是漂在空形成云層。如果在暖云中噴撒干，它溫度會(huì)驟，使水氣到飽程度水珠不斷增大變成了雨滴下來(lái)，形成人工雨。丙）冷云氣溫0以下滿著亮的晶和珠們小又輕，在上氣流托下不會(huì)掉下來(lái)。如果在冷云中播撒冰，會(huì)使變得冷，冰晶積越，越越大?？諝馔胁蛔∷?，就會(huì)往下。?aairrises,dryadiabaticlapserate(～℃itreachestheatwhichpointanyfurtheratadiabatic(0.5-0.9℃/100m),ofthelatent?relativehumidity>100%

?nucleineededcondensationefficientAitken(0.01-0.1m)typicalfromland,5million/lairover1million/lairoverocean?droplets<mradius,whileofof?cloudscontinuouslyformingandlive5?dropletsdirectimpactandcollisioninthewakeofcloudprocess:?saturationvaporpressureisice=>icecrystalsgrowinofliquid?icecrystalsareveryefficientcondensation?mostefficientmidlatitudeslowenoughtheOverwhattwosurfacesisitdetermineaerosolthicknessfromocean,desert,forest,snow?哪個(gè)面容確來(lái)太的溶光厚：洋沙，森，？WhatareChinookwinds?Explaintheirphysicalmechanism.什是風(fēng)闡他的理制焚風(fēng)是指氣流過(guò)山以后形成的干而暖的地方性風(fēng)。潮濕的氣流經(jīng)過(guò)山脈時(shí)被強(qiáng)迫抬升達(dá)到凝結(jié)高度后水汽繼續(xù)上升后其溫度將按照假絕熱減溫率變化凝結(jié)出的水分部分或者全部降落氣流越過(guò)山頂以后由于水分已全部降落或部分降落將干絕熱下沉或先濕絕熱下沉待剩余水分蒸發(fā)后再干絕熱下沉因此在山前山后的同一高度上，氣流的溫度、濕度都不同，背風(fēng)面出現(xiàn)溫度高、濕度小的干熱風(fēng)。Theaofdown-slopewindthatindownwindofmountainrange.Themoistureisforcedupwardthewindwardmountainslopes,coolingittheofhigherIf,however,itreachesitscondensationtheiswhatreducedtothereoflatentthatfromcondensingintoliquidtheairflowstheleewardslopes,Itiswarmeditencountersthegreaterpressuresofaltitudes.Thiswarming,however,isgreaterthecoolingoccurredduringascentifwasaddedtoasaofcondensation,thatisbothanddrierthanoriginally.whencirculationstrongenoughtotheinshortperiodofnatureofthefoehninlocalethetheofcirculation,thesupplyonthewindwardsideoftheWhatarethedifferencesbetweenthehomogeneousheterogeneous均成和相核區(qū)是么

均相成核假如空氣非常純凈沒(méi)有雜質(zhì)和離子則凝結(jié)或凝華過(guò)程只能靠水汽分子自身聚合才能實(shí)現(xiàn)云滴的均相成核出現(xiàn)在過(guò)飽和水汽中冰粒的均相成核在零攝氏度以下的過(guò)飽和水汽中和過(guò)冷卻水滴中。異相成核浮在大氣中的氣溶膠粒子以及大氣中的電離過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的大量離子提供了氣粒轉(zhuǎn)化的基底和有利的水汽凝聚中心而水汽在氣溶膠粒子和離子上的氣粒轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程，稱為異相成核。均相成核的能力隨著溶液的飽和程度的增大而增大。異相成核的決定因素：粒子的大小、核化物質(zhì)和基底之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系。nucleation:iftheairpure,withoutimpuritiesion,theprocessofcondensationcanbevapormoleculesaggregate.theofclouddropletsappearinthetheoficyparticlesinsteamandcoolingdropletswhichunder℃：particlessuspendedatmospherealargeofwhichproducedbyatmosphericprocess,theyprovidedthebasementofgas-particletransformationfavorablevaporThegas-particletransformationofthewateronparticlesbeenheterogeneousTheabilityofwiththeofdegreeofthesaturatedsolution.Theofheterogeneous:betweentheparticlesize,hesystem.Homogeneousawayfromasurface.Describeinwordsandasimpleequationwhatismeantby“thickness”appliedtoatmosphere.Whyisthisanimportantconcept?光厚應(yīng)于們大時(shí)什意，語(yǔ)和次程來(lái)描。什這一個(gè)要概？Temperaturecreatepressuredifferences,which,inturn,produceOnasmallscaletheseabreezeandassociatedlandbreezeillustrateprinciple溫變產(chǎn)壓差而生小度風(fēng)相聯(lián)陸很的明這原。Describehowtheseabreezeandlandbreezeform.Themostintenseseaalongtropicalcoastsadjacenttocooloceancurrents.Why?描海和風(fēng)如形的最烈海沿道岸近冷海發(fā)，什？1)Thegroundmorequickerthanoceancapacityofmuchthewater.2)Duringheatedairoverlanddensealsotoaoflowland.

theocean,windblowslandtomakeupverticalmotionland.Airalsosinksovermakethatistowardsland.4)Aloft,divergenceoverland,andthewindblowstoward5)Theoccurduringnight.Nearsurface,windblowsfromlandocean.Aloft,windblowsfromland.seaneartropicaltocooloceanofthestrongerdu