上課素材ethnicminorityagroupthathasdifferentnationalorculturaltraditionsfromthemajorityofthepopulationThesenumerousethnicgroupsshareChina'svastlandsbutatthesametimemanyliveintheirindividualcommunities.Therelationshipsbetweenthedifferentethnicgroupshavebeenformedovermanyyears.AlthoughtheymakeuponlyasmallproportionoftheoverallChinesepopulation,the55minorityethnicgroupsaredistributedextensivelythroughoutdifferentregionsofChina.TheregionswheretheyaremostconcentratedareSouthwestChina,NorthwestChinaandNortheastChina.NomatterwhetheritisInnerMongolia,Xinjiang,Ningxia,Guangxi,Tibet,Yunnan,Guizhou,QinghaiorSichuan,Gansu,Hubei,Hunanoranotherprovince,onecanfindChineseethnicminorities.Fromtheareaslistedabove,thegreatestnumberofminoritiescanbefoundin(25ethnicgroups).hasthelargestpopulation(morethan16million)ofminorityethnicgroups.Inordertoensurethatthe56Chineseethnicgroupslivetogetherinharmony,theChinesegovernmentintroducedaseriesofpoliciesincludingonestosecuretheequalityandunityofethnicgroups,giveregionalautonomytoethnicminoritiesandpromoterespectforthefaithandcustomsofethnicgroups.Amongthesethepolicyofregionalautonomyforethnicminoritiesisthemostfundamental.Underthispolicy,fiveautonomousregions;InnerMongolia,Xinjiang,Guangxi,NingxiaandTibet,aswellasnumerousautonomousprefectures,counties,nationalitytownshipsandtownshavebeensetup.WithguidancefromtheChinesegovernment,theethnicminoritiesinareasthathavebeengivenregionalautonomyareentitledtodealwiththeirownaffairs.TogetherwiththeHanpeople,theChineseethnicminoritiesaremakinggreateffortstobuildaprosperousChina.

Learnmoreabouttheintroductionto,orgothroughthefollowinglistof55ethnicminoritiestofindtheoneyouareinterestedin.Guizhou&GuangxiMinoritiesTourStartingfromGuizhouandextendthetourtoGuangxi,thepicturesquesceneryalongthewayandtheoriginalethnicflavorwillmakeupandtakeallyourtirednessaway.LivingintheMiaostylewoodenhouses'Diaojiaolou',tryingtheirspicyfoodandhome-madealcohol,youcanbethebestfriendofMiaopeople.Yunnan-GuizhouMinoritiesCultureExperienceTourVirtuallyalltheethnicgroupsinChinalovetosinganddance.Ithasbeensaidthatwhentheseminoritieslearnhowtospeak,theycansingandwhentheylearntowalk,theycandance.Singinganddancingareanintegralpartoftheirmakeupandaretheprimaryvehiclesforexpressingpassionandoptimism.You'llhaveanopportunitytoexperiencefirst-handthemusicandcultureofthesefascinatingpeople.Sister'sMealFestivalofMiaoPeopleTheSister’sMealFestivalisheldeveryMarch15ontheChineselunarcalendar.ThisisamajoreventforMiaopeopleintheShidongarea.Thisfestivalprovidesanoccasionforyoungmenandwomentosocializeandmaybeevenfindamarriagepartner.Itisamemorablepageantfeaturingexoticcostumesandthetellingoflegendarystoriesthroughsonganddance.TransfertoKailiandcheckinthehotelfor1nightstay.Afterthat,payavisittoalocalfamousLong-skirtMiaoVillage.ThereyoucanexperiencethelifeinthelocalfamiliesandappreciatethetypicalarchitectureMANZHA,China—Tuckedawayin’ssteamytropicalsouthwestarethe,famousthroughoutthecountryforaraucousannualtradition:awater-splashingfestivalwheretheDaidouseoneanotherforthreedaysinthestreetsusinganycontainertheycangettheirhandson—buckets,washbasins,teacups,balloons,waterguns.ButinManzhaandfoursurroundingvillages,thespringtimefestivalhastakenonaddedsignificance—orinsignificance,dependingonhowyoulookatit.ImagineanonstopMardiGraswithfirehoses:atasitecalledtheDaiMinorityPark,water-splashingextravaganzastakeplaceeveryday.YuppiesfromChina’sboomcitiesarrivebythebusloadtotakepartinawildfrenzyofdousinganddunkinganddrenchingwith100Daiwomendressedinbrightpink,yellowandbluetraditionaldresses—“ourwarmestandsweetestDaiprincesses,”asanannouncercallsthem.“Alotoftouristswanttocomeseethis,butit’sonlyafewdaysayear,”saidZhaoLi,oneofthemanagementofficeemployees,whoarevirtuallyallHan,thedominantethnicgroupinChina.“Sowedecidedtomakeiteveryday,soeveryonecanexperiencewatersplashing.”TheDaipark,withitswoodenstilthomes,groomedpalmtreesandelephantstatues,ispartofanincreasinglypopularformofentertainmentinChina—theethnicthemeplayground,wheremiddle-classHancometoexperiencewhattheyconsiderthemostexoticelementsoftheirvastnation.Thereisnocomprehensivecountofthese-likeparks,butpeopleintheindustrysaythenumberisgrowing,asarevisitors.TheDaipark,whosegroundsencompass333actualDaihouseholds,attractsahalf-milliontouristsayearpaying$15each.Theparksaremoney-makingventures.Butscholarssaytheyalsoserveapoliticalpurpose—toreinforcetheideathattheChinesenationencompasses55fixedethnicminoritiesandtheirterritories,allruledbytheHan.“They’reonepieceinthepuzzleofthelargerprojectofhowChinawantstorepresentitselfasamultiethnicstate,”said,ahistorianatwhostudiesChina’sethnictaxonomy.“Theendgoalispolitical,whichisterritorialunity.Parkslikethat,evenifthey’rekitschy,kindoflikeLegoland,theystillplayandoccupyapoliticalposition.”China’s1.3billionpeopleareofficially96percentHan;therestrangefromTibetanstoNaxitoManchus,categoriesfixedafterthe1949Communistrevolution.ThecompaniesrunningtheparksaregenerallyHan-owned,sayindustryworkers.TheDaiparkwasstartedbyaHanbusinessmanfromGuangdongProvinceinthelate1990sandsoldtoastate-runrubbercompanyin1999.Themostfamouspark,the,isacombinationofmuseumandfairground.EthnicworkersfromacrossChinadressupintheirnativecostumesformostlyHantourists.(Forawhile,EnglishsignstherereadanunfortunatetranslationoftheChinesename.)Insomeparks,Hanworkersdressupasnatives—apracticegivenlegitimacybythegovernmentwhenHanchildrenmarchedoutinthecostumesofthe55minoritiesduringtheopeningceremonyofthe2023SummerOlympics.Yunnan,inthesouthwest,isoneofChina’smostdiverseprovinces,with25officialethnicgroups.TheDai,oneofthelargest,arerelatedtotheThai.ManylivenearLaosandMyanmarintheregioncalledXishuangbanna.Daifarmersgrowriceandhaverubberplantationsinthehills.EvenintheDaipark,mostvillagersstillfarmrubberfortheirprimaryincome.ThevillagersalsomakesomemoneyfromleasingthelandonwhichtheylivetoGanlanbaFarm,thestate-ownedrubbercompanythatoperatesthepark.Inexchange,theyhavetofollowruleslaiddownbytherubbercompanymanagers—nosignificantchangestotheirstilthomes,forexample.Bycontrast,somevillagersoutsidetheparkusebrickandconcretetobuildhomesnow.About500residentsworkhereandputonthedailyshow,includingwater-splashingfestivalsanddragonboatraces,heldonanearbystretchoftheMekongRiver.SometouristspaytosleepinfamilyhomesthatstaytruetoDaitradition.“Ifyouknowhowtorunabusiness,youcanbenefitfromthepark,”saidAiYo,afatheroftwowhorunsoneof27officialhomestays.“Butifyoudon’tdobusiness,there’snorealbenefit.”Residentshadbecomedissatisfiedwiththeannualleasepricefortheirland,hesaid.Therubbercompanywaspayingthevillagers$73ayearperone-sixthofanacre.Onlyinrecentmonthshasthecompanyagreedtopayabout20percentmoreinrent.HomestayownershavetossedoutsometraditionstomeettheneedsofHantourists.Thefirsttouristssleptwiththeirhostsonthefloorofalargeroom,accordingtoDaicustom,butvisitorssooncomplained,Mr.AiYosaid.Sohomeownersbuiltseparatebedrooms.Traditionally,too,theDaiwereskittishaboutallowingstrangerstolookinsidetheirbedrooms,becauseofabeliefthatthegazeofstrangerswouldfrightenawayancestralspirits.Overall,though,hesaystourismhasbetteredhislife.“Ihadricepaddies,andIworkedmorningtonightanddidn’tseenanymoney,”hesaidwhilesittingoutsidehishomeonewarmmorning.AtanothertableoutsideweretwoHantouristsfromthecityofChongqing.ZhengJing,abig-belliedmanwieldingaCanoncamera,wasarepeatvisitor.HesaidthisparkwastheonlyplaceintheDairegionwherehewouldeverconsiderstaying.“Therearemanyvillagesaround,andthey’reallprimitive,”hesaidasaHanmotorcycleclubpulleduptoMr.AiYo’shouseforlunch.“It’snotsuitableforustogothere.Theydon’tspeaktheHanlanguage.Youcan’thaveexchangeswiththem.”ThatkindofattitudepuzzlesDairesidentslivingrightoutsidethepark.“Theculturehereisthesameasinsidethepark,”saidAiYong,32,arubberfarmerinMannaovillage.“You’regettingcheatedinside.Youcomeouthere,youcanseeeverythingforfree.”Thisisanin-depthtourintheculturallyrichminorityregionsofSouthwestChinaincludingTibet,Sichuan,Yunnan,andGuizhou.Jointhistour,youwillnotonlywitnessthecolorfulminoritycultureandtheiradmirablelifestyle,butalsobeamazedbytheincrediblenaturalbeautiesandculturalheritagesintheregion.\壯族PopulationandDistribution:

Withapopulationofabout16,178,811,theZhuangethnicminorityisthelargestminoritygroupinChinawithalonghistoryandgloriousculture.Over90percentoftheZhuangpeopleliveinGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion.TherestoftheZhuangpeopleresideinYunnan,Guangdong,GuizhouandHunanProvinces.LanguageandCharacter:

TheZhuangethnicminorityhasalanguageofitsownthatbelongstotheZhuang-DaibranchofZhuang-DongAustronesian(anaustronesianbelongstotheSino-Tibetanfamilyoflanguages).Thelanguageisdividedintotwodialectsalthoughtheyhavefewdifferences.

Chinesecharacterswereusedbefore1955forwriting,howeversince1957,awritingsystembasedontheLatinalphabethasbeencreatedwiththehelpoftheChinesegovernment.TheLatinalphabethasbeenadoptedtopublishmanybooks.Sincethen,theZhuangethnicminorityhashadtheirownlanguage.Intheyearof1982,theZhuanglanguagewasrevisedandhasbeengreatlyusedamongtheZhuangpeople.Belief:

Sincetheancienttimes,theZhuangpeoplehavehadnumerouskindsofbeliefs.Theybelieveinthepropagation,thetotem,andtheirancestors.Now,mostofthemarepolytheists,believingthepowerofmanyinanimatethingsinnature,suchasgianttrees,highmountains,cavity,theearth,thesun,waterandsoon.Sacrificeactivitiesareusuallyheldbecauseoftheirbeliefsofbeingblessedbythedivinityandtopreventallkindsofdisasters.FoodandFoodCulture:

TheZhuangpeople'sprimaryproductsaretropicalandsubtropicalcropssuchasriceandcornduetothemildclimateandabundantrainfall.Thepeopleeatallkindsofmeat,includingbeef,mutton,porkandchicken,etc.Thevegetablesoftheirdailylifeareofvariouskinds.Poachedandpickledvegetablesarethefavoredones.TheZhuangpeoplearesohospitablethatanyguestsarehonoredbythewholevillage.Wineisamustwhentreatingtheguests.Guestsareshownauniquewayofdrinkingeachotherswineinthespoonbycrossingeachother'sarms.Theelderpersonisshownrespectbynobodyeatingbeforehimorher.

Clothes:

ThestyleofclothingthattheZhuangpeopleweardiffersaccordingtodifferentareas.Thereislittledifferenceforthemen'swear,incomparisonwiththepeople'sstyle.TheZhuangwomenhowever,havenumerousstyles.Forexample,thewomenlivinginthenorthwestGuangxiusuallywearthecollarless,embroideredjacketsbuttonedtotheleftalongwithlooseandwidetrousers,orpleatedskirtsandembroideredbelts.ThewomenfromthesouthwestGuangxiprefercollarlessjacketsbuttonedtotheleftwithblacksquareheadbandsontheheadandloosetrousers.Mostofthemcomplementtheiroutfitswithsilverornaments.Crafts:

Likesomeotherethnicgroupwomen,theZhuangwomenareskilledatweavingandembroidering.Thesewomenhaveagreatreputationforthedistinctivedesignsofcottonwovenyarnbrocadetheymakeincolorfulvelour.Zhuangbrocadeisrenownedforitscolor,luster,durabilityandthewiderangeofuse.Anotherskillsuchasdyingwithwaxisalsopopular.Youcanappreciatetheexcellentskillsusedinhandcraftingcarpets,aprons,bedcovers,waistbands,tableclothandcurtainsasabeautifulpurchaseforhomesallovertheworld.Now,ZhuangbrocadeisnotonlyawonderfulhandicraftfavoredbythepeopleinChinabutalsohaswoninternationalfameandenjoysalargemarketbothathomeandabroad.Festivals:

BesidessharingsimilarfestivalswiththeHan,theZhuangminorityhasitsuniqueonesincluding:theDevilFestival,theOxSoulFestival,andtheSingingFestival.TheDevilFestival,heldonJuly14thofthelunarmonth,isregardedasanoccasionsecondtotheSpringFestival.ThedaybeforetheDevilFestival,everyfamilydoesathoroughhousecleaningandmakesspecialpreparationsofoutfitsusedinthesacrifice.Onthatday,duck,porkandgoodwinesalongwithsomecandiesandfruitsmustbeofferedinordertoshowgreatrespecttotheirancestors.TheOxSoulFestivalheldonApril8thofthelunarmonthistocelebratethebirthdayofthekingofoxenandtoshowtheirloveandrespecttotheox,therefore,eachoxisrelievedfromtheiryokesandfreefromplowing.Peoplegive