《專業(yè)英語》☆Elementsof1-36Hydrogen[‘haidradson]n.氫Helium[‘hi:ljom]n.〈化〉氦Lithium[‘liOiom]n.鋰Beryllium[bo'riljom]n.鈹(Be)Boron[‘bo:ron]n.硼Carbon[‘ka:bon]n.碳Diamondsarepurecarbon.鉆石是純凈的碳。Nitrogen氮Oxygen氧Fluorine[(fluori:n]氟Neon[ni:on]n.〈化〉氖Sodium[，soudiom]n.鈉Magnesium[m刪g'ni:zjam]n.鎂Aluminum[，髭lju:-，minjom]n?鋁Silicon[,silikon]n.硅Phosphorus[(fbsforos]n.磷Sulfur[,sAlfo]n.硫磺，硫黃；vt.用硫磺處理Chlorine[,klo:ri:n]n.〈化〉氯，氯氣Argon[,a:gon]n.氬Potassium[po't冊siom]鉀Calcium[,k冊lsiom]鈣Scandium[‘k?ndiom]銃(Sc)Titanium[tai’teiniom]鈦Vanadium[vo'neidiom]帆，Chromium[,kroumjom]銘Manganese[，m冊qgoni:z]錳Iron[,aion]鐵Cobalt[ko,bo:lt,’koubo:lt]鉆(Co)Nickel[(nikol]銀Nickelcanbeusedformakingcoins.銀可做成錢幣。Copper[(kopo]銅Copperconducts electricitywell.銅是電的良導體。Zinc[ziqk]鋅Brassisanalloyofcopperandzinc.黃銅是銅和鋅的合金。Gallium[(g刪liom]錢Germanium[d3o:'meiniom]鍺Arsenic[,a:sonik]種;三氧化二砷;砒霜Selenium[si'li:niom]硒Bromine[(broumi:n]溴krypton[(kripton]氪☆常用:ppm:partspermillionppb:partsperbillionpH:potentialofhydrogen1.化合物的命名：規(guī)則：金屬建某些非金屬)元素+陰離子名稱(1)MgCl2magnesium[mffig,ni:zjm]chloride(2)NaNO2 sodiumnitrite[‘naitrait](3)KNO3 potassium[p’t史sim]nitrate [‘naitreit](4)硝酸nitricacid(5)NaHCO3 sodiumhydrogencarbonate練習：FeBr2（NH4）2SO4NH4H2PO4KMnO4亞硫酸sulfurousacidH2SNO2有機物命名Hydrocarbon{Aliphatichydrocarbon;AromaticHydrocarbon}Aliphatichydrocarbon（脂肪烴）{Alkane（烷）；Alkene（烯）；Alkyne（炔）}Alcohol醇Aldehyde醛Ketone[‘ki:tun]酮Carboxylicacid羧酸Aromatichydrocarbon（芳香烴）{benzene（苯）hydroxybenzene（酚）quinone（醌）無機物中關于數字的寫法mono-,di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-hexa-,hepta-,octa-,nona-,deca-一， 二，三，四， 五，六，七， 八，九，十有機物中關于數字的寫法meth-, eth-,prop-,but-,pent-,hex-,甲 乙丙丁戊已hept-, oct-,non-,dec-,cyclo-,poly-庚 辛壬葵環(huán)聚?庚醛?2-甲基壬酸?庚醛?2-甲基壬酸辛烷3,5-二乙基癸醇Lesson1Lithium[‘li0im]n.鋰Beryllium[b,riljm]n.皺(Be)Sodium[‘sudim]n.鈉Potassium[p’t史sim]鉀Rubidium[ru:'bidim]鋤Caesium['si:zim]銫Nucleus[‘nju:klis]原子核，是nuclear的復數Halogen['h田ldsn]鹵素generalchemistry普通化學positive['pztiv]ion陽離子orbitalelectron軌道電子effectivenuclearcharge有效核電荷atomicradius原子半徑，raddi的復數ionicradius離子半徑negativeion陰離子electroncloud電子云VanderWaalsnon-boundedradius單質分子晶體中相鄰分子間兩個非鍵合原子核間距離的一半稱為范德華半徑Lesson2metallic[mi,t田lik]character['kffirikt]金屬特性electropositive[I’lektru'poztiv]a.帶正電的Ionization['ainai,zeijen]energy電離能carbon碳 germanium[d30:,meinim]鍺tin[tin]錫 lead[led]鉛sodium['sudim]鈉 magnesium[m磔’ni:zjm]鎂silicon['silikn]硅 chlorine[,klo:ri:n]氯nonmetallic['nonmi't史lik]adj.n.非金屬的，非金屬Electronegativity電負性Metallicoxide 金屬氧化物Metallichydroxide[hai,droksaid] 金屬氫氧化物Hydroxyl[hai‘droksil]ions 氫氧根離子insoluble[in,soljubl]不溶解的Ionic[ai'onik]adj.離子的Transitionelement 過渡元素Basicity[b,sisiti]n.堿性，堿度Oxyacid[,oksi’史sid] 含氧酸Carbonate['ka:bneit]碳酸鹽Nitrate['naitreit]硝酸鹽Sulphate['sAlfeit] 硫酸鹽=sulfateAmphoteric[,?mf’terik]adj.兩性的Acid['缶sid]n.adj.alkali['田lklai]n.adj.Hydration[hai’dreijen]水合作用Hydrolyze['haidrlaiz]vi.水解Oxysalt['oksiso:lt]含氧酸鹽Complex絡合物，復合物句子理解Metalsareelectropositiveandhaveatendencytolosselectrons,ifsuppliedwithenergy:MM++e.金屬是電正性的，如果供給能量，有失去電子的趨勢。Thestrongerthistendency,themoreelectropositiveandmoremetallicanelementis.(元素失電子)趨勢越強，其電正性和金屬性越強。Thussodiumandmagnesiumaremoremetallicthansilicon,whichinturn,ismoremetallicthanchlorine.因此，鈉和鎂的金屬性比硅強，以此類推，硅的金屬性比氯強。Which引導非限定定語從句，修飾SiliconOxides,whichareinsolubleinwater,areregardedasbasiciftheyreactwithacidstoformsalts.不溶于水的氧化物，如果和酸能夠反應生成鹽，則認為是堿性的。Weaklyelectropositiveelementsareunaffectedbywaterandaremuchlessreadilyattackedbyacids.弱電正性的金屬不與水反應，且不易與酸反應SaltsofstronglyelectropositivemetalshavelittletendencytohydrolyzeOnd|formoxysalts.強電正性的金屬鹽水解形成含氧酸鹽的趨勢很小。Itis+adj,+：totisadvantageoustoworkatlowertemperatureItispossibletodosth.Itseemsadvantageoustodosth.Itappearsusefultodosth.Itprovescorrecttodosth.Itbecomesobvioustodosth.Itisimportanttodosth.Itiscleartodosth.(明顯的)Itisapparenttodosth.(顯而易見的)Itisnecessary(forus)toknowhowtoconvertenergyfromoneformintoanother.Itis+adj.+thatItisapparentthatthedifferencebetweenelementsisinthestructureoftheiratoms.ItisimportantthatthepolymerizationproceedsundernitrogenatmosphereItis+過去分詞+thatItis+believed+that(accepted、mentioned、proposed、found、supposed、recommended、known)e.g.ItisfoundthatoxygenplaysanimportantroleinthereactionItis+名詞(動名詞)+thatItisworthnoting(mentioning)that 值得一提的是 e.g.Itisworthnotingthatthepolymerishighlysolubleinorganicsolvents.ItisnousethatItisafactthat……事實上It+不及物動詞+thaItturnsoutthat (seems、appears)Itfollowsthat……由此可見.….Itgoeswithoutsayingthat 毫無疑問 e.g.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthematerialdoesnothavegoodstabilityinair.It+系動詞+that (被動句型，SeeP29)Itisconsideredthat (understood、supposed、suggested、noticed、preferred)Itisgenerallyrecognizedthat Itcanbeforeseenthat Itmustbestressedthat Ithasbeenshownthat Lesson3VocabularyGalvanize[‘galvnaiz]vt.通電流于；電鍍;鍍鋅于iron[‘ain]鐵Zinc[zigk]鋅rusting[rAstig]n生銹anodic[’nodik]adj.陽極的Scratch[skratj]vt.&vi.擦傷，刮傷Sacrifice['s田krifais]n.vt.&vi.犧牲，舍身Magnesium[mffig,ni:zjam]n.鎂Pipeline[’paiplain]n.管道，管線hull[hAl]n.船體，船身Consolidate[kan,solideit]vt.&vi.（使）鞏固;（使）加強;合并，統(tǒng)一hydrogen['haidradsan]氫Copper[‘kopa]銅Disproportionate['dispra,po:janit]adj.不相稱的，不成比例的，不均勻的;歧化需掌握的詞匯Oxidation-reductionreaction氧化還原反應iron[‘aian]鐵Zinc[zik]鋅Forwardreaction正向反應spontaneous[spon,teinias]reaction自發(fā)反應anodicprotection陽極保護Magnesium[mffig，ni:zjam]n.鎂Reductionpotential還原電勢Strongoxidizing、reducingagent強氧化/還原劑Standardelectrodepotential標準電極電勢hydrogen['haidradsan]氫Thermodynamicfunctions熱力學函數Freeenergy吉布斯自由能Copper[‘kopa]銅Disproportionate['dispra,po:janit]adj.不相稱的，不成比例的，不均勻的;歧化Self-oxidizing/reducingagent自氧化（還原）劑Ferrous亞鐵Ferric三價鐵句子理解Oxidationistheremovalofelectronsfrom,andreductionistheadditionofelectronstoanatom.氧化反應是原子失去電子，而還原反應是原子得到電子。Considerthegalvanizingofiron,thatiscoatingfromwithzinctopreventrusting.（關于）鐵的電鍍，是用鋅作鍍層來防止鐵銹生成。Ifthegalvanizedsteel（鍍鋅鋼材）isscratched,allowingtheairtooxidizesomeiron,theFe2+producedisimmediatelyreducedtoironbythezinc,andrustingdoesnotoccur.如果鍍鋅鋼材被刮傷，部分鐵被空氣氧化，生成的Fe2+（可以）立即被鋅還原成鐵，這樣避免了銹蝕。Thisinformationisconsolidatedintoasinglediagram,inwhichthehighestoxidationstateiswrittenattheleft,andtheloweststateattheright.這一知識（可以）統(tǒng)一為專門的圖示，即高氧化態(tài)寫在左邊，低氧化態(tài)寫在右邊。MaterialswhicharegenerallyacceptedasoxidizingagentshaveE0valuesabove+0.8Volts,thosesuchasFe3+fFe2+ofabout0.8voltsarestable（equallyoxidizingandreducing）,andthosebelow0.8voltsbecomingincreasinglyreducing.通常作為氧化劑的材料其（還原電勢）E0大于0.8V,以及那些如Fe3+-Fe2+等于0.8V的材料是穩(wěn)定的（氧化和還原反應趨勢相等），而那些還原電勢低于0.8V的材料還原性增加。Sincethezincreactionintheforwardreactionproducesalargernegativepotential,thatisliberatesmoreenergy,thespontaneousreactionis 由于鋅的正向反應產生較大的負電勢，也即釋放較多能量，則自發(fā)反應是……Lesson4VocabularyPetroleum[pi'tr5uliSm]石油Geologic[dsie'lodgik] adj.地質（學）的Prohibitive[pre'hibitiv]adj.禁止的，抑制的Homologous[ho'moleges]adj.相應的，類似的，同源的Ingenuity[‘indgi'njuiti]n.機靈，獨創(chuàng)性，精巧，靈活性Terminology[‘te:mi'noledgi]n.術語學Acquisition['史kwi'zijen]n.獲得，獲得物Nomenclature[neu'meqkletje]n.命名法，術語Systematize[‘sistimetaiz]v.系統(tǒng)化Procurement[pre'kjuement]n.獲得，取得Lubricant[‘lju:brikent]n.潤滑劑Aliphatic['史li'f史tik]adj.脂肪族的Aromatic['ffireu'm田tik]adj.芳香物族的benzene['benzi:n]n.苯biological[‘baie'lodgikel]adj.生物學的isolation[‘aise'leiJen]n.隔絕，孤立，離析Elaborate[I'l史bereit]adj.精心制作的，詳細闡述的，精細丫工精心制作，詳細闡述v.詳細描述Painstaking[‘peinz'teikiq]n.苦干，辛苦adj.辛苦的，辛勤的，艱苦的criterian.標準empirical[em'pirikSl]adj.完全根據經驗的，經驗主義的，[化]實驗式molecular[meu'lekjule]adj.分子的，由分子組成的coincide[‘keuin'said]withvi.一致，符合assignment[e'sainment]n.分配，委派，任務，作業(yè)unambiguous[,An?m'bigjues]adj.不含糊的，明確的Standpoint[‘standpoint]n.立場，觀點需要掌握的詞和短語organicchemistry有機化學organiccompound有機化合物homologousseriesofcompounds同系物aliphaticcompounds脂族化合物aromaticcompounds芳香族化合物benzenederivative苯衍生物empiricalformula實驗式，經驗式molecularformula分子式structuralformula結構式molecularweight分子量qualitativeanalysis定性分析quantitativeanalysis定量分析常用短語beformedthroughbederivedfrombedescribedasbedefinedasbeentitledbedividedintoInsummary句子理解Oncethestructuralrelationshipsofcertaintypicalmembersofaparticulargrouporfamilyofcompoundsareunderstood,thesestructuralfeaturesareunderstoodforanyoneofthemanymembersofthefamily,eventhoughsomemaynotbeknowncompounds.一旦了解了某一特定類或族中典型化合物的結構關系，則可以推斷這一族中任一化合物的結構特點，(包括)那些(即使)未知化合物的結構特點。Anotherimportantphaseofthestudyoforganicchemistryiscommunication,orexchangeofinformation,amongorganicchemists.Study此處為研究Phase方面Thisscienceofnomenclature[nu'megkltJ。]hasreceivedconsiderableattentionduringthedevelopmentoforganicchemistry,anditwillconstituteasecondimportanttopicforconsiderationinconnectionwitheachhomologousseriesofcompoundstobestudied.這種命名法在有機化學的發(fā)展過程中受到相當重視，它將構成研究每一同系物時要考慮的第二個重要主題Athirdimportanttopicforconsiderationinconnectionwitheachhomologousseriesofcompoundsisprocurement[pr'kjument].與各種同系物相關的第三個主題是（如何）制?。ㄔ擃愇镔|）。Manyorganiccompounds,aspointedoutearlier,arenaturallyoccurring.Itismoreoftenused,IhoweveRtomeanthechemicalprocessofchangingorconvertinganavailablecompoundintothedesiredcompound,eitherinthelaboratoryorona_largerscale,asinamanufacturingplant.合成一詞是指由較小的單元構筑某種分子。然而更常用的是指在實驗室或生產規(guī)模的，由已知物質轉化成所要求的某種物質的化學過程。Inorderthattheaboveconversionofonecompoundtoanothermaybeaccomplished,thechemicalpropertiesofeachcompoundmustbeunderstood.為使上述轉化（由一種物質轉化成另一種物質）能夠實現，必須了解每一種物質的化學性質。Again,thesolutionofthisproblemwouldbeimpossiblewereitnotforthefactthatthechemicalpropertiesofafamilyofcompoundsaredocumented,thusmakingitpossibletopredictthechemicalpropertiesofanymemberofthefamily,eventhoughaparticularmembermaynotbeaknowncompound.再者，如果不是（因為）已經明確同系物的化學性質，使得預測同系物中任一物質、甚至未知物的化學性質成為可能（這一事實），則不可能有解決該問題的方法。Isolationproceduresareusuallyfollowedbytheapplicationofcertaincriteriaofpuritytothecompoundisolated.分離過程中通常將特定的純度標準應用于分離出的化合物。Thechemistmustestablishthattheisolationprocedurehasresultedintheeliminationofessentiallyallofthe“foreign”moleculesfromthecompound,andthatheisdealingwithasinglemolecularspecies.化學家必須確定分離過程使大部分異質分子從該化合物中去除，而研究的只是單一分子組成的物質。Extensivechemicalandphysicalmethodsforestablishingtheorderinwhichatomsarelinkedtogetherhavebeenworkedout.已采取大量的物理、化學方法來確定（分子中）原子之間的連接方式。Lesson5VocabularyHybridize[‘haibridaiz]v.（使）雜交,雜化Alkanes['田lkein]n.鏈烷，烷烴Flora['flo:ra]n.（某地區(qū)或某時期的）植物群Fauna['fo:na]n.動物群，動物區(qū)系,動物志Phyla['fails]n.（生物分類學上的）門，語群（比語系關系松散的一種語言）（phylum的復數）Assimilation[a,simi,leiJ5n]n.（被）吸收或同化的過程Segment['segment]n.部分，片段paraffin['p?rafin]n.煤油,石蠟,鏈烷烴divergent[dai’vQzdgant]adj.有分歧的；叉開的novice[‘novis]n.新手，初學者Exasperate[ig'zo:spareit]vt.激怒，觸怒charm[tJa:m]n.魅力，吸引力魔力，咒語vt.使高興，使著迷；吸引entrench[in'trentjvt.牢固地確立…Suffix[‘sfiks]n.后綴，詞尾vt.加后綴Derivative[di,rivetiv]n.派生物，引出物adj.模仿他人的；衍生的；派生的Prefix[‘pri:fiks]n.前綴vt.在…前加上Alkyl[‘slkil]n.烷基，烴基adj.烷基的Secondary-butyl仲丁基tertiary（tert-）[‘te:j9ri]adj.第三的，第三級的Pentyl[‘pentil]n.戊（烷）基Isopentyl[,aise'pentil]n.異戊基Neopentyl[,ni:eu,pentil]n.新戊（烷）基應掌握的詞匯和術語Alkane['田lkein]n.鏈烷，烷烴alkene['alki:n]n.烯烴，鏈烯Alkyne['田lkain]n.快Hybridize[‘haibridaiz]v.（使）雜交,雜化Derivative[di,rivetiv]n.派生物，引出物Alkyl[‘?lkil]n.烷基，烴基adj.烷基的Secondary-butyl仲丁基tertiary（tert-）[‘te:j9ri]adj.第三的，第三級的Pentyl[‘pentil]n.戊（烷）基Isopentyl[,aise,pentil]n.異戊基Neopentyl[,ni:eu’pentil]n.新戊（烷）基Saturatedhydrocarbons飽和烴Homologousseries同系物Sidechains側鏈，支鏈句子理解Theclassificationofcompoundsintofamilies,inwhichthememberspossesssimilarstructuresandsimilarchemicalproperties,providesoneoftheimportantgeneralizingprinciplesoforganicchemistry.（有機）化合物分成族的分類方法為有機化學提供了一個重要的普遍法則，（每一族）的所有成員具有相似的結構和化學性質。Thefirstofthesefamilies（classes）tobediscussediscalledthealkanesorparaffinhydrocarbons,thetermparaffinhavingbeenchosenbecauseofthegeneralchemicalinertnessofthesecompounds（Latin,parumaffinis,“slightaffinity”）.praffin[‘parfin]n.煤油，石蠟,鏈烷烴inertness惰性affinis[田'finis]近緣的affinity[,finiti]密切關系，親合力Similarly,themembersofanyparticularclassoforganiccompoundsdonotshowidenticalphysicalorchemicalbehavior,although,ingeneral,thesimilaritiesarestriking.類似地，盡管任何一族有機化合物的成員其物理化學性質不完全一致，但通常它們的相似性是驚人的。Bymeansof:用，以，依靠Toweld(焊接)metalsispossiblebymeansofheatproducedbyacurrent.利用電流產生的熱可以焊接金屬。byallmeans的意思是“一定”、“無論如何”、“用一切手段”。例：Youmustbringhimherebyallmeans.Thisprojectmustberealizedbyallmeans.byallmeans亦可用于回答，表示有禮貌的同意，作“好的”、“當然可以”。MayIhaveone?—Yes,byallmeans.我可以拿一個嗎？ 當然可以。Bynomeans的意思是"決不"，相當于notatall.Sheisbynomeansbright.她一點兒也不聰明。Iwillbynomeansconsent.我決不同意。請注意下列三點： _byallmeans和bynomeans的means永遠用復數形式。byallmeans與byallmannerofmeans通用；bynomeans可與bynomannerofmeans換用，但后者只作特別強調，不如前者普遍。byanymeans的意思是"總之”；bysomemeans(orother)的意思是“用某種方式(或方法)”。Locatethelongestcontinuouschainofatomsintheformulaforthecompound.找出化合物分子式中最長鏈的原子Namethecompoundasaderivativeofthehydrocarbon,whichcorrespondstothislongestcontinuouschainofcarbonatoms.derivative[di,rivtiv]adj.引出的n.派生物，派生詞命名該化合物為與最長鏈碳原子數相符的烴衍生物。Locateallsidechainsbynumbersothatthesumofnumberhasthelowestpossiblevalue.用數字確定所有支鏈位置，使(支鏈位置的)數字盡可能有最小值。Nameallsidechainsasprefixesbydropping"ane"fromthenameofthehydrocarbonhavingthesamenumberofcarbonatomsasthesidechain,andadding“yl”.把所有支鏈作為前綴，通過將具有相同碳原子數烴的名字中的-ane去掉后加上-yl來命名該支鏈。Example:2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylhexaneLesson6生詞和詞組Methane[‘me0ein]n.[化]甲烷，沼氣Bondangles鍵角parent父母，根源fadesinto減弱brethren[‘bredrn]n弟兄們，同胞.Primeval[prai,mi:vl]adj.原始的broth[br3(:)9]n.肉湯Morphine[m3:fi:n]n.嗎啡peptide[‘peptaid]n.縮氨酸symmetrical[si'metrikl]adj.對稱的，均勻的tetrahedral[‘tetr'hedrl]adv.有四面的，四面體的depict[di'pikt]vt.描述，描寫Symmetry[‘simitri]n.對稱，勻稱Representation['reprizen'teijn]n.表示法，表現，陳述，請求，扮演，畫像，繼承，代表Fashion[‘f司n]n.樣子，方式，流行,vt.形成，造，作，把...塑造成，使適應,使適合，改變ideality[‘aidi'田liti]n.理想ethane[‘eOein]n.[化]乙烷ConformationalIsomerism構象異構化[‘k3nf3:、meijnl]adj.[化]構象的Isomerism[ai's3mrizm]n.異性three-quartersview側視head-onview正視eclipse[I'klips]n.食，日蝕，月蝕，蒙蔽，衰落vt.引起日蝕，引起月蝕，超越，使黯然失色stagger[‘st史g]v.搖晃，交錯，搖擺adj.交錯的Isomer[‘aisum]n.異構體subtle[‘sAtl]adj.狡猾的，敏感的，微妙的，精細的，稀薄的twisting[‘twistin]扭曲Conformers順式異構體Rotamers旋轉異構體eclipsedconformation重疊構象staggeredconformation交叉構象intuitively直覺得interference['int‘firns]n.沖突，干涉Intramolecular['intrm‘lekjul]作用[存在、發(fā)生]于分子內的nonbondedinterference非成鍵干擾nonbondedstrain非成鍵張力ordinaryroomtemperature普通室溫interconversion互換現象conformations構型interconversionoftheconformations構型互換需要掌握的詞和詞組Methane甲烷bondangles鍵角molecularformula分子式sp3-hybridizedcarbonatomsymmetricalmolecule對稱的分子tetrahedralsymmetry四面體對稱Ethane乙烷three-dimensionalmolecule三維分子molecularweight分子量Isomers異構體absolutezero絕度零度ordinaryroomtemperatue普通室溫thermalenergy熱能句子理解Itisthesmalleststableorganicmolecule,anditssizefadesintoinsignificancewhencomparedwithsomeofitslargerbrethren.它是最小的穩(wěn)定的有機分子，與其他較大的同系物比較，它的大小顯得重要。fadeinto變暗淡，漸漸退去Onthebasisofabundantexperimentalevidence,methaneisnowrecognizedtobeasymmetrical[si’metrikl]moleculeinwhichthefourhydrogensareattachedtothecentralcarbonbytetrahedrally['tetr’hedrli]directedbondsofequallength.以大量的實驗證據為基礎，現在認為甲烷是對稱分子，其中四個氫原子以相等的長度按照四面體定向連接在中心碳原子上。Thehydrogensaresaidtobeequivalent,foreachoneisrelatedtotheremainderofthemoleculeinpreciselythesamefashion.這些氫原子是等價的，因為分子中的每一個氫原子都精確地按照同樣的方式與其余原子相聯(lián)系。besaidtobe被說成是 havetobesaid不得不說Twoofthebondsinthemoleculehaveslightlymorepcharacterthanasp3hybridorbitalprovides,andtwoofthebondshaveslightlyless.分子中的兩個鍵比sp3雜化軌道提供的鍵具有稍強的P軌道特性，而另外兩個鍵則有稍弱的P軌道特性。Fortunately,thedeparturefromstricttetrahedralgeometryisusuallynomorethanafewdegreesinmostcompoundscontainingsp3-type-hybridizedcarbonatoms.幸運地是，在大多數包含5口3雜化碳原子的化合物中，偏離嚴格意義的四面體幾何結構通常不過幾度。nomorethan只是，僅僅，同 樣不，不過辨析：notmore 小@口=不如 nomore m2勾=和 一樣不（否定兩者）notless than=不如 不（指不如less后形容詞的反面）noless m2勾=和 一樣（肯定兩者）例：Youaremorecarefulthanheis.你比他仔細。Youarenotmorecarefulthanheis.你不如他仔細。Youarenomorecarefulthanheis.你和他一樣不仔細。Youarelesscarefulthanheis.你不如他仔細（你比他粗心）。Youarenotlesscarefulthanheis.你比他仔細（你不如他粗心）。Youarenolesscarefulthanheis.你和他一樣仔細。Consequently,thegeneralstatementscontainingthestructureandchemistryofthesecompoundsneednotbesignificantlymodifiedbythesesmalldeparturesfromideality.因此，在一般的論述這些化合物的結構和化學（性質）時無需特意修正這種小偏差。Thetwo-carboncalledethanehasthemolecularformulaC2H6andcontainstwosp3-hybridizedcarbons.含有兩個C（的烷烴）稱為乙烷，它的分子式為C2H6,含有兩個$「3雜化碳原子。Letus,forthemoment,concentrateourattentiononjustoneofthepossibilities,specificallytheoneshowninFig.1,inwhichthehydrogenofCH3groupsasclosetoeachotheraspossible.現在，讓我們注意其中一種可能的情況，特別是圖1中的那種，甲基中的氫原子都是盡可能地互相靠近。Thisstructurecanberepresented[jrepriZentid]byaathree-quartersview”orbya“head-onview”,inwhichtheviewerlooksdirectlydowntheaxisofthecarbon-carbonbond（oftenreferredtoNewmanprojection）.這種結構可以由3/4視圖或正視圖來表示，正視圖是指觀察者直接沿著碳-碳鍵軸觀察（通常指紐曼投影圖）Quiteclearly,thehydrogensonthe“front”CH3grouparedirectlyinfrontofthehygrogensonthe“back”CH3group,eclipsingthem.很清楚，前面甲基中的碳原子直接位于后面甲基中碳原子的前面，遮住了它們。Amoresubtlekindofisomerismisillustratedbytheeclipsedandstaggeredformsofethane.一種更微妙的異構現象是乙烷（表現出）的重疊構象和交叉構象。Theyaresaidtobeconformationalisomers（alsocalledconformersorrotamers）;anyparticulartwistformiscalledconformation.它們被稱為構象異構體（也叫順式異構或旋轉異構）；任何特定的扭曲形式都稱為構象。Theideathatthestaggeredconformationisatalowerenergylevelthantheeclipsedconformationisintuitivelyappealing,forthegreaterdistancebetween

thehydrogensinthestaggeredconformationproduceslessinterferencebetweenthehydrogensthanintheeclipsedconformation.交叉構象比重疊構象能量低這一觀點是直觀的，因為交叉構象中原子之間的較大距離產生的干擾比重疊構象的干擾小。主語idea，系詞is表語appealing令人感興趣的that從句做后置定語修飾ideaFor引導原因狀語從句原因狀語從句中thegreatdistance做主語Produces做謂語Intramolecularencounterofthissortisoftencalled“nonbonded”interference,indicatingthattheinteractinggroups（e.g.,thehydrogensinthecaseofethane）arenotdirectlybonded:thestrainarisingfromthisencounteriscalled“nonbondedstrain”.這種分子內的相互作用通常被稱為非成鍵干擾，表明相互作用的基團不是直接成鍵的：由這種（分子內的）相互作用引起的應力稱為非鍵合應力。Thestaggeredconformation,lowerinenergy,willalwaysbemoreheavilypopulatedthantheeclipsedconformation,butthelifetimeofanyparticularmoleculeinanyparticularconformationwillbeshort（＜10-6sec）.交叉構象，（由于）能量較低，將總是比重疊構象更占優(yōu)勢，但是任何構象的壽命都很短（小于10-6秒）。Lesson11Lesson11Macromolecules生詞:macromolecule[,m田kru'molikju:l]高分子polymer[‘polim]聚合物（體）molecular[mu'lekjul]adj.分子的dimer[‘daim]n.二聚物trimer[‘traim]三聚體，三聚物tetramer[‘tetrm]n.四聚物synthetic[sin'。etik]adj.合成的，人造的ellulose[‘seljulus]n.纖維素Protein[‘pruti:n]n.蛋白質hypothesis[hai'po9isis]n.假說，假設，前提Laureate[‘lo:riit]n.資金[榮譽]獲得者Fiber[‘faib]纖維Fabric[‘f田brik]織物，布Vulcanization[vAlknai'zeijan]n（橡膠）硫化Merit[‘merit]n.長處，優(yōu)點Polysaccharide[poli's史kraid]n.多醣,聚糖，solubility[,solju'biliti]可溶解性；Fusibility可熔性Graphite[‘gr缶fait]n.石墨Configuration[kn,figju'reijan]n.形狀，外貌Asymmetric[缶si'metrik]adj.不均勻，不對稱的Enantiomer[I'n田ntium]n.對映（結構）體Isotactic[,aisu’t出k