從句學(xué)習(xí)定語從句與狀語從句定語從句Idon’tlikelazypeople.我不喜歡不守信用的人Idon’tlikepeoplewhoneverkeeptheirword.兩個(gè)重要的概念先行詞關(guān)系詞AttributiveClause（定語從句）概念在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句.被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。HeisanEnglishteacher

wholikessingingsongs.定語從句先行詞引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系代詞:who﹑whom﹑that﹑which﹑whose關(guān)系副詞:where﹑when﹑why關(guān)系詞在定語從句充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?關(guān)系詞用作從句的主語簡單句變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句Thewomanisafamousdancerandshelivesnextdoor.Thewomanwholivesnextdoorisafamousdancer.2簡單句合并為一個(gè)含有定語從句的句子Ilikeguysandtheyhaveagoodsenseofhumor.Ilikeguyswhohaveagoodsenseofhumor.關(guān)系詞用作從句中動(dòng)詞的賓語i’reallyliketofindafriendandIcantrusthimcompletely.I’dreallyliketofindafriend…Icantrustcompletely.更多例句他是我見過的最好的法語老師HeisthebestgrammarteacherwhoIhaveeverseen.It’shardtohaveafriendwhoyoucantrustcompletely.Heisthestudentwhotheteacherlikestopraiseforhishardwork.關(guān)系詞用作從句中介詞的賓語I’mtalkingaboutfriendandyoucansharealmosteverythingwiththem.I’mtalkingaboutfriendwhoyoucansharealmosteverythingwith.Who充當(dāng)介詞的賓語我這里說的朋友，是指那些你幾乎可以把一切與之分享的人。注意：定語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象作賓語的關(guān)系詞可以省去1I’dreallyliketofindafriend()Icantrustcompletely.2I’mtalkingaboutfriends()youcansharealmosteverythingwith.3IhopeIneverhaveaboss()Ican’ttalktoaboutmyproblems.注意：在從句中作主語的關(guān)系詞無法省去。比如：不能說Ilikeguys()haveagoodsenseofhumor.關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的搭配關(guān)系關(guān)系代詞：關(guān)系副詞：Whom,which,that,whose,when,where,why1先行詞指人,用關(guān)系代詞：whowhom2表示人或物的所有關(guān)系，用whose3先行詞指物，用關(guān)系代詞which4that可以指代人，也可以指代物。關(guān)系詞先行詞所指關(guān)系詞在句中作用關(guān)系代詞that人/物主、賓、表which物主、賓、who人主、賓whom人賓whose人/物定as人/物/事情主、賓、表關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語why原因原因狀語

關(guān)系詞的作用：

1、連接作用把主句和從句連接起來

2、替代作用

在從句中代替在它前面 的先行詞

3、成分作用

在從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分例

1.Theman__________gaveyouthetalkyesterdayisourteacher.that/who指人:that/who(主語)例2:Theboy_________________thenurseislookingafterismyfriend.(who/whom/that)指人:who/whom/that(賓語,可省略)例3:Thecar________________isredwasdamagedyesterday.that/which指物:that/which(主語)例4:Thequestion_______________Idon’tunderstandisaboutgrammar.(that/which)指物:that/which(賓語,可省略)Titanicistheship___________sankafterhittinganiceberg.which/that__________Beijingisthecityhasgotthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGames.____thecity/getthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGameswhich/thatYeXinisanursediedinthefightagainstSARS.

anurse/dieinthefightagainstSARSwho/that1.Thegirl_______issittinginthechairisagoodsinger.2.Theskirt__________Maryboughttwoyearsagoisold.3.Isthisthenovel__________youintroducedtome?4.Whereistheboy_______brokethewindow?5.Luckilynoneofthepeople_________Iknowwerekilledintheearthquake.who/thatwhich/thatthat/whichwho/thatwho/whom限制性與非限制性定語從句限制性:不用逗號(hào)隔開對(duì)一個(gè)名詞提供必要的信息，一說明定語從句所修飾的先行詞的身份和性質(zhì)。Idon’tlikepeople.Idon’tlikepeoplewhoareneverontime.Idon’tlikepeoplewhoneverkeeptheirwords.Therearetwofactors.Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Heisamanwhoisofvaluetothepeople.判斷下面句子1Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.2somepeoplethinkthatitisanancientChinesecustomwhichshouldbepreserved.非限制性定語從句---用逗號(hào)隔開非限制定語從句用來提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是對(duì)先行詞作進(jìn)一步的解釋，補(bǔ)充或說明。如果去掉定語從句，整個(gè)主句的意義一樣很明確，不會(huì)引起誤解和歧義。分類學(xué)習(xí)一專有名詞如果定語從句修飾一個(gè)專有名詞，一般要用逗號(hào)分隔先行詞與定語從句。Mymother,whois50thisyear,liveswithmenow.Iaskedmymother,whois80,whethershe’deverseensnowinIraqbefore,andheranswerwasno.Beijing,whichisthecapitalofchina,hasdevelopedintoaninternationalcity.Hawaii,whichconsistsofeightprincipalislands,isafavoritevacationspot.二類指名詞普通名詞作為先行詞的情況，普通名詞若是用來表示類指，即表示的是同一類事物，而非具體的某一個(gè)事物，此時(shí)，用非限制性從句。Anelephant,whichistheearth’slargestlandmammal,hasfewnaturalenemiesotherthanhumanbeings.Oneoftheelephantswhichwesawatthezoohadonlyonetusk.(象牙)用或不用逗號(hào)，句義有差別在英文中，還有一類句子，用限制性或非非限制性定語從句都可以，但強(qiáng)調(diào)的意義不一樣，即句義不同，試比較。Hehasadaughterwhoworksinahospital.Hehasadaughter,whoworksinahospital.Thefoodwhichwasn’tinthefridgeallwentoff.Thefood,whichwasn’tinthefridge,allwentoff.Thecabdriverswhoknewaboutthetrafficjamtookanotherroad.Thecabdrivers,whoknewaboutthetrafficjam,tookanotherroad.非限制性定語從句的翻譯注意：現(xiàn)制定定語從句一般翻譯成定語的形式……的，而非限定定語從句往往會(huì)譯成各種狀語形式。1Thefood,whichwasn’tinthefridge,allwentoff.(譯成原因狀語從句)食物都?jí)牧?因?yàn)闆]有放在冰箱里.2TheAmbassadorgaveadinnertothescientists,withwhomheespeciallywishedtotalk.（譯成原因狀語從句）大使宴請(qǐng)了那些科學(xué)家,因?yàn)樗貏e想與他們交談一下.3Thepeopleweredesperateforwork,anywork,whichcouldsupporttheirfamily.（譯成條件狀語從句）人們急于找到工作，什么工作都行,只要能養(yǎng)家糊口.4Themillionairehadanotherhousebuilt,whichhedidn’tneedatall.(譯成讓步狀語從句)那位百萬富翁又建了一幢房子,盡管他并不需要.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)分關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：that引導(dǎo)的定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別。二者在結(jié)構(gòu)上有相似性，都是名詞+that從句，這里的名詞都稱作先行詞。1從結(jié)構(gòu)上區(qū)分：that是否作成分。2從意義上區(qū)分：that引導(dǎo)的從句的意義不同。1從結(jié)構(gòu)上區(qū)分：that是否做成分That在定語從句中要充當(dāng)成分，比如作從句的主語或賓語；而that在同位語從句中不作任何成分，僅起連詞的作用。也就是說：定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是“名詞+that+不完整的句子，”同位語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞+that+完整的陳述句例句分析:判斷下列句子分別是什么從句。11）Therumorthathespreadeverywhereturnedouttobeuntrue.2）TherumorthatTomwasathiefturnedouttobeuntrue.21）Thefactthatwetalkedaboutisveryimportant.2)Thefactthathesucceededintheexperimentpleasedeverybody.2從意義上區(qū)分：that引導(dǎo)的從句的意義不同。定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞，對(duì)先行詞起修飾，描述和限制的作用；同位語從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，對(duì)其前面名詞餓內(nèi)容的具體表達(dá)，二者是同位關(guān)系。11)Thenewsthatyouheardisnottrue.2)ThenewsthatLincolnwasmurderedatatheateristrue.21)Thefactthatyoupointoutmademeinterested.2)Thefactthattherearenolivesonthemoonisknowntousall.思維訓(xùn)練請(qǐng)判斷下列句子是定語從句還是同位語從句。Heturneddowntheproposalthatsheofferedatthemeeting.Heturneddowntheproposalthatsheshouldbesentabroadtostudy.狀語從句練習(xí)狀語從句種類時(shí)間狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語從句原因狀語從句目的狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句條件狀語從句讓步狀語從句比較狀語從句原因狀語從句練習(xí)常見連詞Because,for,as,since當(dāng)中because能用強(qiáng)調(diào)詞only,just,perhaps等修飾.例句學(xué)習(xí)1我的哥們都不喜歡我,是因?yàn)槲议L相英俊又事業(yè)又成.Myclosefriendsdon’tlikemebecauseIamhandsomeandsuccessful.2可能因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的大多數(shù)跨國婚姻都是基于真愛,所以夫婦倆都很努力地克服雙方的差異.Perhapsbecausemostoftoday’scross-culturalmarriageoccurbecauseoftheirtruelove,thesecouplesmakegreatefforts/workhardtoovercometheirdifferences.原因狀語從句練習(xí)3我們明天沒有課,為什么不出去野餐呢?4你是學(xué)英語專業(yè)的,我猜想你能幫我解決這個(gè)句子.Sincewedon’thaveclassestomorrow,whynotgooutforapicnic?SinceyouareanEnglishmajor,Iguessyoucanhelpmewiththesentence.原因狀語從句練習(xí)連詞as與since的用法差不多,所引出的理由在說話人看來已經(jīng)很明顯,或已為聽話人所熟悉而不需要because加以強(qiáng)調(diào).1由于周一是法定假日,所有的政府機(jī)關(guān)都將休息.Nationalholiday/governmentofficesAsMondayisanationalholiday,allgovernmentofficeswillbeclosed.連詞for表示推斷的理由,是對(duì)前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或說明.昨晚下雨了,因?yàn)榻裉煸缟系囟紳窳?Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.連詞總結(jié)比較而言:as和for引導(dǎo)的主,從句,二者處于平等位置.Because引導(dǎo)的從句顯得比主句重要,強(qiáng)調(diào)原因.since引導(dǎo)的從句顯得次要,而主句重要,以說明將要做什么事.用介詞表示因果關(guān)系常見的介詞有:Becauseof,dueto,owingto介詞后面不能接從句Wehadanaccidentbecausehewascareless.Wehadanaccidentduetohiscarelessness.Owingtohiscarelessnesswehadanaccident.思維訓(xùn)練1____youareleavingtomorrow,wecaneatdinnertogethertonight.2____thecoldweather,wedicidednottogoout.3Itwas___hewassoyoungthathecould’tdoit.目的狀語從句常用的從句連接詞sothat,inorderthat,that,另外,在目的狀語從句中常含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,比如may/might或could/can等.1我關(guān)掉了電視,好讓我的室友安靜地學(xué)習(xí).IturnedofftheTVinorderthatmyroommatescouldstudyinpeaceandquite.2小的時(shí)候,我常常睡覺時(shí)候帶著手電筒上床,這樣我就可以偷看連環(huán)畫冊(cè)而不被父母發(fā)現(xiàn).WhenIwasachild,IwouldtakeaflashlighttobedwithmesothatIcouldreadcomicbookswithoutmyparents‘knowingaboutit.結(jié)果狀語從句常見連接詞:so…that,such…that1我們學(xué)校食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量真差,練蒼蠅都飛到那里去減肥.Thefoodinourschoolcante