GuessingmeaningsofwordsReadingComprehension--NewEnglishCurriculumStandardsForGuessingMeaningsofWords

新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)閱讀理解之猜測(cè)詞義的要求

正確理解文章中單詞或短語(yǔ)的含義是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基礎(chǔ)。詞義并非完全等同詞典中所標(biāo)注的漢語(yǔ)意思，其在不同的語(yǔ)境中會(huì)有所不同。根據(jù)上下文正確理解靈活變化的詞義，才算是真正初步具備了一定的閱讀理解能力。閱讀文章時(shí)，對(duì)未見(jiàn)過(guò)的詞，可以通過(guò)上下文推斷出來(lái)，這是閱讀理解中經(jīng)常考查的一種能力。Statisticsonthetypeofquestions:YearPassageQuestion2019(Ⅰ)B25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inparagraph2referto?2019(Ⅱ)A21.Whodoes"I"refertointhetext?2019(Ⅲ)B26.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takingon"inparagraph4mean?2018(Ⅰ)C29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominant"underlinedinparagraph2？2018(Ⅱ)B26.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?2016(Ⅰ)C29.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph1?2015(ZJ)D56.Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningto"Themediumoneisthesuckerinthepack.”(Paragraph3)?StatisticsonthetypeofguessingmeaningsofwordsYear201920182017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ1(單詞stumbles的含義)1(單詞dominant的含義)2(代詞that的含義；短語(yǔ)thewatercatcher的含義)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ2(代詞I的含義；短語(yǔ)tugattheheartstrings的含義)1(短語(yǔ)ajuicer的含義)2(代詞that的含義；句子thetablesareturned的含義)全國(guó)卷Ⅲ1(短語(yǔ)takingon的含義)1(短句moreismore的含義)1(單詞displaced的含義)

掌握詞義猜測(cè)題的考查角度猜測(cè)單詞的含義猜測(cè)代詞所替代的內(nèi)容(it,one,they,them,this,that...)考向3考向2考向1猜測(cè)短語(yǔ)和句意[典例]

(2018·北京卷)...Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefielded

byride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues.Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.49．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean?AEmployedBReplacedCSharedDReduced.field(n.場(chǎng)地)fieldvt.運(yùn)用=employ(使用，運(yùn)用)利用構(gòu)詞法（詞性轉(zhuǎn)換）---猜測(cè)詞意考向1：猜測(cè)單詞含義方法1.considerconsiderationconsiderate派生break+throughbreakthrough合成It'swarm.Putonacoattowarmhimself.轉(zhuǎn)換方法2.

[典例]1.Cleaningupwaterwaysisanenormoustask.Thejobissolarge,infact,thatthegovernmentmaynotbeabletosavesomeoftheriversandlakeswhichhavebeenpolluted.2.(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)BytranslatingtherichandhumoroustextofLove’sLabour’sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL,DeafinitelyTheatrecreatesanewinterpretation

ofShakespeare’scomedyandaimstobuildabridgebetweendeafandhearingworldsbyperformingtobothgroupsasoneaudience.

生詞

同義詞/近義詞（上下文語(yǔ)境）largetranslating

1.Mostofusagreed,however,Billdissented.2.(福建卷)Ifyou'retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored，youcanattendanupbeat

groupfitnessclassthat'llkeepyourworkoutontrack.

Q:Theunderlinedword“upbeat”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“________”．A．cheerful B．a(chǎn)verageC．seriousD．temporary生詞

disagree信號(hào)詞(but,however,yet,although...)/反義詞（上下文語(yǔ)境）利用同義詞，近義詞，反義詞猜測(cè)詞意(上下文)方法3.

Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitionsinoneday.

[典例](2019·北京卷)Phytoplankton(浮游植物)livesattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxideintotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen....Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow...

43．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Sensitive B．BeneficialC．Significant D．Unnoticeablelarge

因果利用邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞意(因果，轉(zhuǎn)折，解釋)方法4．

Todayyoungcouplesoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.[典例](2018·Ⅰ)Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominant

languagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.29．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”inparagraph2?A．Complex B．AdvancedC．PowerfulD．Modern家用電器劃線生詞信號(hào)詞結(jié)合信號(hào)詞推測(cè)詞義（上下文語(yǔ)境）利用例證猜測(cè)詞意(

suchas,like,forexample...)方法5.

Theself-drivingvehicleisagreatemblemofthisdataage,andthatistosay,itisasignoftime...

[典例](2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“softserve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.26．Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A．AdessertB．AdrinkC．AcontainerD．Amachinesymbol劃線生詞同等關(guān)系信號(hào)詞關(guān)鍵詞（上下文）推測(cè)詞意利用同等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞意(

thatis,or,thatistosay...)方法6.Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient，heusuallygivesan

anesthetictomakehimunconscious，becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpain

ortoknowwhatishappeningtohim.麻醉藥物利用生活常識(shí)和文化背景考向2：

代詞的指代意義(this,that,it,them,these,those...)[典例](2017·全國(guó)卷)Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat....

29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A．Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B．Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C．Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D．Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵信息__________________________________________第二步定位到原句，并找出該詞所代替的內(nèi)容(就近上指)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第三步綜合判斷得出答案__________________________________________________________theunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations分析：that指代爵士樂(lè)聽(tīng)眾的數(shù)量減少并且趨于老齡化，不受年輕人喜歡。代入替換，確定答案就近原則，向上(向下)搜索關(guān)鍵詞找出指代詞(it,they,them,this..)代詞指代

考向3：句意猜測(cè)題——意義吻合定句意

[典例](2019·浙江卷)Moneywithnostringsattached.It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”24．Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A．Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B．Moneynotlegallymade.C．Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D．Moneynottiedtogether.第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵信息__________________________________________第二步定位到原句，并找出與該句相關(guān)的信息句__________________________________________第三步綜合判斷得出答案__________________________________________盡你所能，取你所需---無(wú)條件提供錢結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，準(zhǔn)確分析原句語(yǔ)法和邏輯關(guān)系找出關(guān)鍵詞句，合理推斷，歸納總結(jié)句意猜測(cè)猜測(cè)詞意代詞指代題詞義猜測(cè)題短語(yǔ)句意題step2:微觀入手就近原則(上下搜索)替換構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè):合成派生轉(zhuǎn)換同義，近義詞&反義詞猜測(cè):likebuthowever...邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè):因果轉(zhuǎn)折并列解釋...例證猜測(cè):suchasforinstance...同等關(guān)系猜測(cè):thatisthatistosay...生活常識(shí)文化背景:上下文語(yǔ)境結(jié)合常識(shí)對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)義上進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確分析，結(jié)合上下文合理推斷step1:宏觀把握結(jié)合語(yǔ)境分析原句合理推斷Practise：1.(2016年全國(guó)卷)Encouragingthiskindofthingkinghasadownside.Irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking....AmistakeBdrawbackCdifficultyDburden2.Otherroadusers,includinghorseriders,managetoobeytherulessowhynotcyclists?Itisabouttimetheyhadtoberegisteredandinsured,sothentheydohitapedestrianoravehicle,orcauseanaccident,atleattheycanbetracedandtheremightbeanopportunitytoclaim.AaccidentsBvehiclesCpedestrainsDcyclists

downside構(gòu)詞法down&side同義詞drawback---draw&back3.2017（Ⅲ）GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedSt