PAGEPAGE137LESSONONEANINTRODUCTIONOFH.D.SHIPYARD(1)H．D．船廠的介紹（1）H.D.Shipyard,situatedontheeasternbankoftheHuangPuRiverinShanghai,isacomprehensiveenterprisespecializedinthemanufactureofocean-goingvesselsaswellasmarinedieselenginesofmediumandlowspeedwithfullcapabilityincasting,forgingandmechanicalprocessing.Twoslipways,withoneforshipsunder40,000tonnageandanotherforshipsunder70,000tonnage,andeightberthsforshipsof5,000Tdwthavebeenconstructedintheyard.Theoutfittingquay,some700metersinlength,iswellequippedwithabout3,600kindsofvariousequipments.Theshipyardisnotedforitshighcomprehensiveproductivityandfacileadaptability. H．D．船廠位于上海黃浦江的東岸，是一個(gè)綜合性企業(yè)，尤其是在遠(yuǎn)洋輪的建造，和船用中低速柴油機(jī)的鑄造，鍛造和機(jī)加工方面具有很強(qiáng)的實(shí)力。該船廠建有兩個(gè)傾斜船臺(tái)，一個(gè)4萬(wàn)噸，另一個(gè)7萬(wàn)噸，和八個(gè)5千噸水平船臺(tái)。舾裝順岸式碼頭，有700米長(zhǎng)，裝備了大約有3600種不同的設(shè)備。該船廠以其高綜合生產(chǎn)能力和靈活的適應(yīng)能力而著名。Uptonow,morethan1,200vesselsofdifferenttypeshavebeencompleted,amongwhichweretheself-designed25,000Tocean-goingbulk-cargocarriersthathavebeenservingtheocean-goingfleetaroundtheworldforyears.Startingfrom1981,ithasacceptedordersfromforeigncustomersforbulk-cargocarriersoftheclassof36,000TdwtwhichwerejointlydesignedwithJapan,anchorhandlingsupplyvesselsforoffshoreservicesofjointdesignwithEnglandwhichtooktheleadintheworldin1980’s,62,000TdwtoiltankersforChile,52,000Tdwtoilstoragetankerswhichactasanoilrefineryatsea,2,700containervesselsofthefuturetypeintheninetiestothedesignofwhichWestGermanymadeherpartofcontribution,andguided-missilefrigatesofself-designwhichhavebeenexportedtotheRoyalThainavyandtheEgyptiannavy. 到目前為止，該船廠已建造完成1200條不同類(lèi)型的船舶。在這些建造完成的船舶中，有其自行設(shè)計(jì)的25000噸遠(yuǎn)洋散裝貨輪，而且該船已為遠(yuǎn)洋艦隊(duì)服役多年。從1981年起，他們接到的定單有：與日本聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)的36000噸遠(yuǎn)洋散裝貨輪；與英格蘭聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)的近海作業(yè)的錨操縱工作船(這條船在二十世紀(jì)八十年代居于世界領(lǐng)先地位)；為智利建造的62000噸油船；52000噸儲(chǔ)油船(可在海上進(jìn)行原油加工)；西德方面協(xié)助設(shè)計(jì)的，具有九十年代先進(jìn)水平的未來(lái)型2700箱集裝箱船；還有自行設(shè)計(jì)的已在泰國(guó)海軍和埃及海軍服役的導(dǎo)彈護(hù)衛(wèi)艦。H.D.Shipyardhasahistoryofover40yearsinmarinedieselenginemakingwithanindependentproductionsystem.Inadditiontospecifiedtechnologyandproductsofitsown,theyardhassignedlicenseagreementswithSEMTofFranceandB&WCo.ofDenmarktomakePC2-5medium-speeddieselenginesandB&Wlow-speeddieselengines,theactualproductionofwhichtheyardhassuccessfullymadeareality. H．D．船廠有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的柴油機(jī)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，生產(chǎn)的船用柴油機(jī)已有超過(guò)四十年的歷史。除了擁有自己的專(zhuān)有技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品，還與法國(guó)熱機(jī)協(xié)會(huì)和丹麥的B&W柴油機(jī)公司簽約制造PC2-5的中速柴油機(jī)，及B&W低速柴油機(jī)。并已成功的生產(chǎn)出這些產(chǎn)品。H.D.Shipyardhasatechnicalforceofdistinguishedengineerscoupledwithadvancedtechniquesinscientificresearch.Anengineeringandtechnicalteamofmorethan2,000personsengagedinnewtechnologyresearchandphysical-chemicalexperimentssharestheresponsibilityoftheresearchanddesignofthevesselsanddieselengines.Tomostthedevelopmentofshippingandtheneedofmodernmanagement,theshipyardisequippedwithgeneral-purposeelectroniccomputers,LargeNCdrawinginstrumentsandimportedimagedisplaysystems.Computertechniqueshavebeenappliedanddevelopedeffectivelyinresearch,designandproduction. H．D．船廠的技術(shù)力量雄厚，擁有在科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域具有從事高新技術(shù)研究能力的工程師。擁有一支超過(guò)2000人的技術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)，他們正在進(jìn)行新技術(shù)研究以及理化實(shí)驗(yàn)，共同肩負(fù)著研究和設(shè)計(jì)輪船與柴油機(jī)的責(zé)任。為了造船行業(yè)的最大發(fā)展和適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)管理的需要，船廠裝備了通用的電子計(jì)算機(jī)，大型的數(shù)控繪圖儀和進(jìn)口的圖象顯示系統(tǒng)。計(jì)算機(jī)已廣泛的應(yīng)用于船舶的研究，設(shè)計(jì)，生產(chǎn)，并得到有效的發(fā)展。H.D.Shipyardhaspossessedgreatindustrialpotentialitiesandisreadytoservecustomersallovertheword. H．D．船廠已具備了大型工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)建造能力，并已準(zhǔn)備好為來(lái)自世界各地的客戶(hù)服務(wù)。NewWordsandExpressionsshipyard(yard) n.船廠shipbuilding n.造船manufacture n.&v.生產(chǎn)，制造ocean-goingvessel 遠(yuǎn)洋船marinedieselengine 船用柴油機(jī)mediumspeed 中速lowspeed 低速casting n.鑄造mechanicalprocessing 機(jī)加工forging n.鍛造slipway n.（傾斜）船臺(tái)tonnage n.噸位berth n.（水平）船臺(tái)deadweight(dwt) n.載重量outfitting n.舾裝quay n.（順岸式）碼頭equipment n.設(shè)備comprehensiveproductivity 綜合生產(chǎn)能力facileadaptability 靈活的適應(yīng)能力self-designed a.自行設(shè)計(jì)的bulk-cargocarrier 散裝貨輪ocean-goingfleet 遠(yuǎn)洋船隊(duì)order n.訂單，定貨class n.船級(jí)anchorhandling 錨操縱supplyvessel 工作船offshoreservice 近海作業(yè)jointdesign 聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)oiltanker 油船oilrefinery 煉油廠oilstoragetanker 儲(chǔ)油船containervessel 集裝箱船thefuturetype 未來(lái)型guided-missilefrigate 導(dǎo)彈護(hù)衛(wèi)艦navy n.海軍license n.專(zhuān)利廠SEMTofFrance 法國(guó)熱機(jī)協(xié)會(huì)B.&W.Co. 丹麥柴油機(jī)公司technicalforce 技術(shù)力量physical-chemicalexperiment 理化實(shí)驗(yàn)shipping n.航運(yùn)management n.生產(chǎn)管理general-purpose a.通用的electroniccomputer 電子計(jì)算機(jī)NC,numericalcontrol 數(shù)控drawinginstrument 圖像顯示系統(tǒng)Notes(be)situatedat 位于(be)specializedin 專(zhuān)攻，專(zhuān)門(mén)從事aswellas conj.以及withoneforshipsunder40,000tonnage,andanotherforshipsunder70,000tonnage,獨(dú)立主格，其中one(slipway)和another為邏輯主語(yǔ)beequippedwith 裝備有benoted(famous)for 以......聞名amongwhichweretheself-designed25,000Tocean-goingbulk-cargocarriers非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，由于受到的影響，句子到裝，其中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)foryears 等于bejointlydesignedwith 與......聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)takethelead 居于領(lǐng)先地位actas 充當(dāng)，擔(dān)當(dāng)makecontributionto 對(duì)作出貢獻(xiàn)inadditionto 除......之外signanagreementwith 與......簽約makesomethingareality 付諸實(shí)施(be)coupledwith 與......結(jié)合(be)engagedin 從事share(shoulder)theresponsibilityof 肩負(fù)......的責(zé)任bereadyto 準(zhǔn)備好，樂(lè)意COSCO 中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)洋公司LESSONTWOANINTRODUCTIONOFH.D.SHOPYARD(2)H．D．船廠的簡(jiǎn)介（2）Ships船舶H.D.Shipyardiscapableofbuildingnotonlybulk-cargocarriers,passenger-cargovessels,oiltankers,supplyvessels,containervesselsandguided-missilefrigatesbutalsovariouskindsofengineeringvessels,suchasmulti-purposeoceanographicresearchvessels,geo-physicalprospectingvesselsandmarinegeologicalresearchvessels.Thetwooceanographicresearchvessels,Xiangyanghong09andShijian,whichenteredfortheUnitedNations’atmosphericsurveyinthenameofP.R.China,hasaccomplishedtheassignmentwithgreatsuccess.H．D．船廠不僅有能力建造散裝貨船，客貨船，油船，儲(chǔ)油船，補(bǔ)給船，集裝箱船和導(dǎo)彈護(hù)衛(wèi)艦，而且可以建造各種各樣的工程船，例如，象多用途的海洋調(diào)查船，地質(zhì)物理調(diào)查船，海洋地質(zhì)調(diào)查船?！跋蜿?yáng)紅09”和“時(shí)間”這兩艘海洋調(diào)查船，代表中華人民共和國(guó)參加了聯(lián)合國(guó)的大氣環(huán)流調(diào)查，并且圓滿(mǎn)的完成了任務(wù)。Inhulllines,structureandpipingsystem,mathematicalloftingskilliswidelyadopted,andaccurateandeffectivemanagementiscarriedoutinshipbuilding.Steelplatepretreatmentbyshot-blastingandpaintinghasbeenputintoservice.NCcuttingmachineisappliedtoagreatextent.Imported3-rollerbendingmachineand7-rollerplanningmachineandotherlarge-sizeequipmentsincreasetheircapabilityinmechanicalprocessing.船體型線、結(jié)構(gòu)及管系的設(shè)計(jì)工作，廣泛采用了數(shù)學(xué)放樣技術(shù)，因此精細(xì)有效的生產(chǎn)管理，在船廠得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。目前正采用噴丸和涂漆對(duì)鋼板進(jìn)行預(yù)處理。數(shù)控切割機(jī)也被廣泛的應(yīng)用。同時(shí)，引進(jìn)了三輥彎?rùn)C(jī)，七輥校平機(jī)和其他的大型設(shè)備，提高了機(jī)加工能力。DieselEngines柴油機(jī)H.D.Shipyardcandesignandmakelow-speedmarinedieselenginesofupto30,000BHPandmedium-speedmarinedieselenginesofupto12,000BHP.Theexcellentpowerplantssuppliedbytheyardarenowwidelytakenonfreighters,passenger-cargovessels,oiltankers,containervesselsandavarietyofengineeringvessels.ItisalsoworthmentioningthatinthelastfewyearsH.D.hasbeeninvolvedinland-baseddieselenginemaking.H．D．船廠能夠設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)軸功率最高可達(dá)到30000軸馬力的低速船用柴油機(jī)和軸功率最高可達(dá)到12000軸馬力的中速船用柴油機(jī)。船廠提供的優(yōu)越的動(dòng)力裝置正被廣泛的用在貨船，客貨船，油船，集裝箱船及各種工程船上。另外值得一提的是，在近幾年，H.D.船廠開(kāi)始制造陸用柴油機(jī)。H.D.Shipyardhasappliedadvancedtechnology,superiortestingfacilitiesandprecisiontestinginstrumentstothemakingofdieselengines.Withhighcapabilityinforging,castingandmechanicalprocessing,theyutilizetheirownmachiningworkshopsinmakingdieselenginesrangingfromblankforgingandcastingtofinishedproductsofelementsandpartswhichareserializedontheirownefforts.H.D.船廠采用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，先進(jìn)的測(cè)試設(shè)備，精準(zhǔn)的測(cè)試儀器進(jìn)行柴油機(jī)的制造。他們?cè)阱懺?，鑄造及機(jī)加工方面具有很高的能力，他們利用自己的機(jī)加工車(chē)間就能完成從鍛造、鑄造毛坯到零部件成品的整個(gè)加工過(guò)程。AffiliatedFactories附屬工廠Apartfromtheshipbuildinganddieselenginemakingsystems,therearethreeaffiliatedfactoriesundertheshipyard,namely,thesteelcastingfactory,thevalveplantandtheelectricalappliancefactory,specializingrespectivelyinthemanufactureofcastingproducts,valvesandmarineelectricalequipments.除了造船、柴油機(jī)制造系統(tǒng)外，船廠旗下還有三家附屬工廠，即鋼鐵鑄造廠，閥門(mén)廠和電器設(shè)備廠，他們分別專(zhuān)門(mén)從事鑄件，閥門(mén)和船用電器設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)。Technology技術(shù)Theshipyardownsatechnicalstaffofover2,000members,amongwhomsome300havewonthetitleofseniorengineersequaltoprofessorsandvice-professorsandmorethan800haveobtainedthetitleofengineersequaltolecturers.And,ashipbuildingtechnologyresearchinstituteanelectroniccomputerinstitute,amarineengineeringresearchinstitute,aweldinglaboratoryaphysical-chemicalexperimentshavebeenestablished.船廠擁有一個(gè)超過(guò)2000人的技術(shù)團(tuán)體，這其中已經(jīng)有大約300人獲得了高級(jí)工程師的職稱(chēng)，有800多人獲得了工程師的職稱(chēng)。此外，他還建立了造船工藝研究所，電子計(jì)算機(jī)中心，造機(jī)研究所，焊接實(shí)驗(yàn)室，理化中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室，計(jì)量實(shí)驗(yàn)室和其他的技術(shù)部門(mén)。H.D.Shipyardisindependentlycapableofdesigningvesselsanddieselengines.Itisresourcefulinnewtechnologyresearchandphysical-chemicalexperiments.Furthermore,theyardhasrichpracticalexperiencesintheapplicationofcomputertechniquestoscientificresearchproductionandmanagement.BusinessWiththeirshipssailingacrossthefouroceansandtheirfriendsallovertheworld,theywishforgenuinecooperationanduniversalprogress.Emphasizingonmutualbenefitanddealinginbothexportandimportbusinesstheyarekeeninlearningadvancedforeigntechniquestoensurehighqualityproductsandtopromoteforeigntradeaswellasinternationalcooperation.NewWordsandExpressionspassenger-cargovessel客貨船engineeringvessel工程船multi-purposea.多用途的，綜合的，oceanographicresearchvessel海洋調(diào)查船geo-physicalprospectingvessel地質(zhì)物理調(diào)查船marinegeologicalresearchvessel海洋地質(zhì)調(diào)查船atmosphericsurvey大氣環(huán)流調(diào)查hulllines船體線形structuren.結(jié)構(gòu)pipingsystem管系mathematicalloftingskill數(shù)學(xué)放樣技術(shù)managementn.生產(chǎn)管理steelplatepretreatment鋼板預(yù)處理shot-blastingn.噴丸處理paintingn.涂漆NCcuttingmachine數(shù)控切割機(jī)3-rollerbendingmachine三輥彎?rùn)C(jī)planningmachine校平機(jī)BHP-thebrakehorsepower軸馬力powerplants動(dòng)力裝置freightern.貨船land-baseda.陸基的testingfacilities測(cè)試設(shè)備testinginstrument測(cè)試儀器machiningn.機(jī)加工blankn.毛坯finishedproduct成品elementn.機(jī)械零件partn.部件serializevt.使。。。。。。成系列affiliatedfactory附屬工廠valven.閥件electricalappliance電器附屬設(shè)備technicalstaff全體技術(shù)人員seniorengineer高級(jí)工程師titlen.職稱(chēng)shipbuildingtechnologyresearchinstitute造船工藝研究所marineengineeringresearchinstitute造機(jī)研究所weldinglaboratory焊接實(shí)驗(yàn)室physical-chemicalexperimentalcenter理化實(shí)驗(yàn)室measurementlaboratory計(jì)量實(shí)驗(yàn)室Notesbecapableof具有。。。。。。的能力enterfor參加theUnitedNations聯(lián)合國(guó)inthenameof以。。。。。。的名義bewidelyadopted廣泛采用beputintoservice得到應(yīng)用Itisalsoworthmentioningthat。。。。。。It為形式主語(yǔ)；that為主從連詞，引出主語(yǔ)從句，worth充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)形容詞，其后通常跟賓語(yǔ)beinvolvedin卷入rangefrom從。。。。。。。到。。。。。。；范圍為apartfrom除。。。。。。之外namely即，就是，specializein專(zhuān)門(mén)制造，專(zhuān)門(mén)從事(be)equalto等于beresourcefulin在。。。。。。方面是強(qiáng)有力的withtheirshipssailingacrossfouroceansandtheirfriendsallovertheworld獨(dú)立主格wishfor需要，渴求dealin經(jīng)營(yíng)，做買(mǎi)賣(mài)bekeenon喜愛(ài)，渴求foreigntrade外貿(mào)LESSONTHREEPRINCIALDIMENSIONSIfyouturnupatechnicalspecificationwhichisregardedasthecodeofshipbuilding,youwillalwaysfindthatMainGroup1intheindexisShipGeneral.AndcontentsunderShipGeneralwill,generallyspeakingandinspiteofsomeslightdifferencesamongindividualspecifications,includegeneraldescription,materials,dimensions&tonnage,stability,classification,drawings,supervision,test&trialsdelivery,etc.Butinthislittlepassagewewouldliketoconcentrateontheseakeepingperformancesonly.Performancesofvesselshavemuchtodowithprincipaldimensionsandshipforms.Soitisquitenecessarytodiscusstheprincipaldimensionsandgeometricalcharacteristicsofhullattheverybeginning.1.Elementsofgeometricalcharacteristics.1.1.Threecrosssectionsofhullverticaltooneanother:Themiddlelongitudinalcrosssection—alongitudinalverticalplanealongthecenterlineofshiplengthandasymmetricalplanebetweenportandstarboard.Themidshiptransversecrosssection—atransverseverticalplaneatmidship.Thedesignwaterplane–ahorizontalplanethroughdesignwaterline.1.2.Principaldimensions.Thelengthoverall–themax,horizontaldistancefrombowtostern.ThelengthB.P.–thehorizontaldistancebetweenthetwoperpendiculars,i.e.stemandstern.ThelengthW.L.–thelengthofdesignwaterlineorthelengthoffull-loadwaterline.Thebreadthmoulded–themax,breadthatdesignwaterline.Thedepthmoulded–theverticalheightfromtheuppersurfaceofkeeltothesurfaceofupperdeckwithinthemidshiptransversecrosssection.Draft(draught)–theverticalheightfromtheuppersurfaceofkeeltodesignwaterline.1.3.Coefficientsofshopform.Therearemainlyfourcoefficientsforshipform.Theyarethedesignwaterplanecoefficient,themidshiptransversecrosssectioncoefficient,thedisplacementcoefficient(referredtoasblockcoefficientaswell)andthelongitudinalprismaticcoefficient.Coefficientsofshipformwillhelpyouhaveabetterunderstandingofthehullshapeunderwaterandthevariationalongshiplength,anddirectlyaffectsea-keepingperformancesofvessels.Needlesstosay,achoiceofappropriatecoefficientshastobemadeinthelightofthepurpose,performanceandspeedandthelikeofaship.2.Deadweightanddisplacement2.1.DisplacementDisplacementfallsroughlyintolight-shipdisplacement(light-loaddisplacement)andfull-loaddisplacement.Thelight-shipdisplacementreferstothedisplacementunderwhichashipisloadedwithcrew,crew’spersonalbelongings,spareparts,sparegearsandprovisionsintheabsenceofcargo,fuelandotherconsumablesonboardtheship;whereasthefull-loadonboardofcargo,complement,fuelandsoonhasreachedtothefullestextent.Besides,forwarships,anothertwoconcepts,normaldisplacement,andstandarddisplacementarealsoadoptedfortheweightcalculation.2.2DeadweightItsohappensthatanownerwillbargainwithayardtoaskforasbiggestdeadweightaspossible,because,inasense,deadweightisamatterofmoney.For,yousee,deadweightisthemax,weightofcargoandpersonalashipcancarryundertheconditionoffull-loaddisplacement.Or,inotherwords,deadweightequalstofull-loaddisplacementminusthesumoflight-loaddisplacementandtheweightofconsumablesonboard,suchaswater,oil,etc.Astothevesselvolume,itisputasthetotaltonnageorthenetregisteredtonnage,iscalculatedonthebasisofthetotalvolumeofallcompartmentsandspacesthatcanbeenclosed;whilethenetregisteredtonnageidequaltothetotaltonnageminusthevolumeofthecompartmentsandspacesthatarenotforcargoesorpassengers.NewwordsandExpressionsprincipaldimensions主尺度technicalspecification(spec)技術(shù)規(guī)格書(shū)indexn.索引shipgeneral概況，總體tonnagen.噸位stabilityn.穩(wěn)性classificationn.船級(jí)drawingn.圖紙supervisionn.監(jiān)造test&trials試驗(yàn)與試航deliveryn.交船，交貨sea-keepingperformances航海性能geometricalcharacteristics幾何特性hulln.船體crosssection剖面，截面verticala.垂直的，直立式的longitudinala.縱向的planen.平面centerlinen.中心線symmetricala.對(duì)稱(chēng)的portn.左舷starboardn.右舷midshipn.a.adv.舯部transversea.橫向的designwaterplane設(shè)計(jì)水線面horizontala.水平的，臥式的designwaterline設(shè)計(jì)水線thelengthoverall全長(zhǎng)max.(maximum)a.最大bown.船艏sternn.船艉thelengthB.P.兩柱間長(zhǎng)perpendicularn.垂線stemn.艏柱thelengthW.L.水線長(zhǎng)full-loada.滿(mǎn)載的thebreadthmoulded型寬thedepthmoulded型深keeln.龍骨draft(draught)n.吃水freeboardn.干舷coefficientsofshipform船型系數(shù)displacementn.排水量blockcoefficient方形系數(shù)prismaticcoefficient菱形系數(shù)deadweightn.載重量light-shipdisplacement(light-loaddisplacement)輕載排水量full-loaddisplacement滿(mǎn)載排水量crewn.（全體）船員spareparts備件sparegears備品cargon.船貨consumablesn.消耗品normaldisplacement正常排水量standarddisplacement標(biāo)準(zhǔn)排水量ownern.船東thetotaltonnage總噸位thenetregisteredtonnage凈登記噸位compartmentn.分隔艙spacen.艙室complementn.定員Notesturnup翻閱，查找code法典MainGroup1第一大部分index索引，目錄generallyspeaking一般來(lái)說(shuō)inspiteof不管，任憑wouldliketo很想，愿意concentrateon集中于havemuchtodowith與。。。有很大關(guān)系attheverybeginning從一開(kāi)始英語(yǔ)中的強(qiáng)調(diào)，一般有強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和強(qiáng)調(diào)詞匯三種手段。此處的very即是強(qiáng)調(diào)詞匯。willhelpyouhaveabetterunderstanding在動(dòng)詞help之后充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式，均可省去不定式的標(biāo)志“to”needlesstosay不用說(shuō)fallinto分成onboardtheship在船上underwhichashipisloadedwithcrew…介詞+with引出賓語(yǔ)從句tothefullestextent到達(dá)最大限度undertheconditionof在。。。條件下inotherwords換句話說(shuō)sum兩數(shù)相加之和beputas表達(dá)為intheabsenceof缺少，缺乏inasense從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō)LESSONFOUROTHERSEA-KEEPINGPERFORMANCES(1)Apartfromprincipaldimensions,sea-keepingperformancescoverfloatability,rollandpitch,fastspeed,floodabilityandmaneuverability.FloatabilityOneoftheimportantsea-keepingperformancesisfloatabilitythatindicatestheabilityofvesselfloatingpositivelyonwaterundertheconditionofacertainamountofdeadweight.Whenwedealwithfloatability,wemustfirstbeclearaboutthefollowingtwotechnicalterms,i.e.reservebuoyanceandload-linemark.Thenwhatisthereservebuoyance?Yousee,whenashipissailingatsea,ithastoobtainacertainamountoffreeboard.Thatistosay,togiveyouaconcreteidea,anyvesselistoretainsomevolumeabovewaterforthesakeofextrabuoyancesothatitsdraftisallowedtoincreasewithoutasinkingtragedyunderparticularbutrareconditions,suchastoughseaorseriousfloodingduetohulldamage.Thisextrabuoyanceiscalledreservebuoyance;or,tobeextra,thereservebuoyancewhichismeasuredbyfreeboardreferstothewater-tightvolumeofhullaboveloadline.Inrespectofload-linemark,itdenotesavarietyofthemax:draftsofvesselsindifferentseasonsandatvariednavigatingzones.InChina,ZChasworkedout“TheRulesforLoadLine”StabilityOnemoresea-keepingperformanceisstabilitywhichistheabilitythatvesselswillinclinewhenaffectedbyanexteriorforce,suchaswind,wave,etc,andwillrestoreitsoriginalpositionontheforceremoval.Stabilityis,ofcourse,ofgreatimportancetoshipbuildingsinceitsfailurewillalwaysleadtoheavylossoflife.HistoryhassadlywitnessestragicsinkingofvesselssomanyatimeowingtopoorstabilityVesselinclinationmaybedividedintotrimandheel.Asthemetacenteroftransverseinclinationismuchmoreessentialthanthatoflongitudinalinclination,theemphasisisinvariablylaidonthetransversestabilityanddiscussionsareoftenlimitedtosmallmetacentricangleunder15degrees.Inordertoobtainfinestability,precautionswillnormallybetakenintwodifferentways.Ononehand,gravitycentreistobelowered;ontheother,metacentertoberaised.Thegravitycenteroashipistobecalculatedbymeansofaninclinationtest.Thetestisgenerallytobeperformedincalmwaterandwithlovelyweather.Ifyouhavegotadrydockforthetest,somuchthebetter.FastSpeedAnothersea-keepingperformanceisfastspeedorrapiditywhichdescribestheabilityofashiptogainfasterspeedatlowerconsumptionofpower.Vesselswillbeaffectedmainlybywaterresistanceduringvoyage.Wedonotbotherourbrainaboutairresistancebecauseitisfarsmallerthanwaterresistance.Perhaps,theonlyexceptionishigh-speedboats.Waterresistancestobeencounteredbyashipconsistoffrictionresistance,swirlresistanceandwave-forming(wave-making)resistance.Therearetwowaysraiseshipspeed,namely,tominimizewaterresistanceandtoincreasemainenginepower.Todothis,abulbousbowiswidelyusedinmanytypesofshipsandtheratedhorsepowerofmainenginesisgenerallytobetwotimesasbiggerastheeffectivehorsepowerofships.NewWordsandExpressionfloatabilityn.漂浮性stabilityn.穩(wěn)性rolln.橫搖pitchn.縱搖fastspeed(rapidity)快速性floodabilityn.不沉性maneuverabilityn.操縱性floatingpositively正浮technicalterm技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)reservebuoyance儲(chǔ)備浮力loadlinemark載重線標(biāo)志roughsea波濤洶涌的海面water-tighta.水密的navigatingzone航區(qū)rulesn.規(guī)范，規(guī)則inclinev.傾斜exteriorforce外力inclinationn.傾斜trimn.縱傾heeln.橫傾themetacentreoftransverseinclination橫傾穩(wěn)心themetacentreoflongitudinalinclination縱傾穩(wěn)心transversestability橫穩(wěn)性smallmetacentreangle小傾角gravitycenter重心inclinationtest傾斜試驗(yàn)drydockn.干船塢high-speedboat高速艇swirlresistance渦流阻力frictionresistance摩擦阻力wave-forming(wave-making)resistance興波阻力bulbousbow球鼻艏theratedhorsepower額定馬力mainengine(ME)主機(jī)theeffectivehorsepower有效馬力Notesvesselfloatingpositively……vessel為動(dòng)名詞floating之邏輯主語(yǔ)dealwith涉及，處理，應(yīng)付beclearabout弄清Yousee?（親切語(yǔ)）你明白嗎?togiveyouaconcreteidea插入語(yǔ)，說(shuō)的具體一點(diǎn)anyvesselistoretain……英語(yǔ)中，be+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)表達(dá)“計(jì)劃，允諾，應(yīng)該，命令，預(yù)計(jì)”等意思forthesakeof為了。。。。。。的緣故tobeexact插入語(yǔ)，確切地說(shuō)inrespectof就。。。。。。來(lái)說(shuō)somanyatimesomanytimesbelaidon落在belimitedto局限于somuchthebetter這樣就更好了botherone’sbrainabout為。。。。。。傷腦筋LESSONFIVEOTHERSEA-KEEPINGPERFORMANCES（2）RollandPitchWhenfloatingonwaterorsailingatsea,vesselswillrollorpitchowingtowavemotionsaswellastheinfluenceofwind,currentandpropeller.Thefatalresultsofexcessiverollandpitchartasfollows:First,theshipupsettingarisingfromexcessiveinclinationduetorollNext,thehullstructuredamage,oreventhehullmightbreakbecauseofsharprollandpitchaswellasthemovementofbulkcargoes.Then,theaffectiononthepropulsionplant,i.e.,theincreaseofwaterresistanceandthereductionofspeedbyreasonofrollandpitch.S